for the Slave squadron. Ten millions a year, lately, before the war, for monopoly price of Cotton, and millions every year since 1846. Again, through buying of the barbarous South, our yearly imports have exceeded exports thereto by millions, and thus our transactions have been deranged, our circulation injured, and our specie withdrawn.

We may add that Mr. Buchanan, inaugurated in 1857, held "property in man, and Tariff duties, and protection to manufacturers."

In 1827, Georgia had resolved to submit only to State construction of the Federal compact, and in November, 1832, the day after the passing of the Tariff Act, a convention met in South Carolina and declared void the Tariff Act, void any act of Congress authorizing force, and void the obligations of that State to the general Government, from the date of any such Act. The State Legislature also ordered 10,000 stand of small arms to be procured, and the requisite military munitions. By a policy of strength and conciliation this question was put to rest.

The spectre of secession was quelled for the time by President Jackson, who was empowered to coerce Carolina, and the "Enforcement Bill" passed the Senate, 32 to 1, and the House, 150 to 35.* Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Delaware, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, North Carolina, and Alabama, and even Georgia, denounced nullifica

* Jackson afterwards declared that had Calhoun and his fellow conspirators persisted, he would have hanged them "as a terror to traitors to all time, and that posterity would have declared it the best act of his life."

tion. Virginia acted the part of conciliator. Jackson issued his famous constitutional proclamation, declaring the Constitution and the laws made under it to be the supreme law of the land,State laws or Constitutions, notwithstanding. In 1833, Clay's Compromise Tariff passed.

We have now the decisive authority of Mr. Cobden, who travelled in America in 1859, that "there was then no party formed, no public agita"tion, no discussion whatever upon the subject of "free trade and protection."*

Henceforward Slavery absorbed and involved all other questions, and the battle was desperate. Cotton monopolies had empowered, and Slavery had envenomed the South, and free progress and principle empowered and confirmed the North.

At risk of national freedom and life, by losses through a barbarous system of cultivation, by the suppression of the Slaves nationality; at the risk of starvation and commotions in England, and of the destruction of the American Union, the South has been upheld until now. Yet it complains of protection, and its advocates would have the world believe that the North had compromised its antislavery opinions for the sake of a Tariff!

In fact, in 1861, the South itself adopted a tariff similar in scale to that of the United States Bill of 1857.

The North did not expunge Slavery from the Constitution because all parties believed it to be evanescent. The coming decennial period, ending 1830, proved that human nature was against * Speech at Rochdale, Nov. 1863.

Slavery, and inaugurated that final term of struggle, wherein the South, by unity and desperation, would fain have retrieved the victory in the battle that Freedom and the North had set against it.

HISTORY.

CHAPTER III.

1833-1860.

BATTLE.

DECLINE OF SLAVE POWER.

"The immediate peril arises from the fact, that the incessant and violent agitation of the Slavery Question throughout the North, for the last quarter of a century, has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves, and inspired them with vague notions of freedom."-Buchanan's Message, Dec. 1860.

“We assert that fourteen of the States have deliberately refused for years past to fulfil their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own Statutes ("Personal liberty Bills," rendering inoperative the Fugitive Slave Law) for the proof."

Declaration of Causes of Secession, South Carolina.

"You may destroy the Oak as effectually by girdling it as by cutting it down.

It cannot be doubted that an administration of the Government based upon this policy (of having for its prime object the repression of Slavery as a permanent administrative policy, with a view to its ultimate extinction,) could operate far more effectually in bringing about the extinction of Slavery in the South, through official influence and patronage, than by any more direct mode of attack."-The Hon. John Bell, of Tennessee.

"We are told by the leading spirits of the South Carolina Convention, that, neither the election of Mr. Lincoln, nor the non-execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, nor both combined, constitute their grievances. They declare that the real cause of their discontent dates as far back as 1833.”—Governor Hicks, to the people of Maryland.

BATTLE.

"The question meant everywhere, ‘Is there anything of nobleness in you, O nation, or is there nothing? Are there, in this nation, enough of heroic men to venture forward, and to battle for God's truth versus the devil's falsehood, at the peril of life and more? Men who prefer death, and all else, to living under falsehood,— who, once for all, will not live under falsehood; but having drawn the sword against it (the time being come for that rare and important step), throw away the scabbard, and can say in pious clearness, with their whole soul: 'Come on, then! Life under falsehood is not good for me; and we will try it out now. Let it be to the death between us then!' Once risen into this divine whiteheat of temper, were it only for a season, and not again, the nation is thenceforth considerable through all its remaining history. What immensities of dross and crypto-poisonous matter will it not burn out of itself in that high temperature in the course of a few years! Witness Cromwell and his Puritans-making England habitable even under the Charles-Second terms for a couple of centuries more. Nations are benefited, I believe, for ages, by being thrown once into divine whiteheat in this manner. And no nation that has not had such divine paroxysms at any time is apt to come to much.”

"He who wants that (Loyalty to the Maker of this universe), what else has he, or can he have? If you do not, you man or you nation, love the truth enough, but try to make a chapman bargain with truth, instead of giving yourself wholly, soul and body, and life to her, truth will not live with you, truth will depart from you; and only logic, 'wit' (for example, London wit), sophistry, vertù, the aesthetic arts, and perhaps (for a short while) book keeping by double entry will abide with you. You will follow falsity, and think it truth, you unfortunate man or nation. You will right surely, you for one, stumble to the devil; and are every day and hour, little as you imagine it, making progress thither."

He that will prefer dilettantism in this world for his outfit, shall have it; but all the gods will depart from him; and manful veracity, earnestness of purpose, devout depth of soul, shall no more be his."

"Nations did not so understand it, but the question of questions for them, at that time decisive of their history for half a thousand years to come, was, Will you obey the heavenly voice, or will you not?"-Carlyle.