that "the plea of our North American Colonies of not being represented in the Parliament of Great Britain, may, by the same reasoning, be extended to all persons in this island who do not actually vote for members of Parliament." Without endorsing this idea to its full extent, we have still to combat the old Tory doctrine that representation is not in the Bill of Rights, and that Parliament holds power not as a representative body but in absolute trust. The fact is that the Commons represent the Peers, and that the masses have no suffrage. Chatham recommended the liberal aristocracy to join the People. But whether they do or not, political science has now armed the People with a new weapon, which will replace Prerogative with рориlar sovereignty, and Privilege with equality of conditions. Thus with the true British constitution as fulcrum, and the Principle of Popular AssocIATION as lever, the battle of the People and of the Constitution may be fought and won.

A word to the wise is enough. It were pity to waste even that word upon men who are neither good enough nor bad enough for practical purposes, -who show their hatred of sin by backing up the sinners, and their political honour by prostituting it to the Slavedriver or the Austrian,-who have no mental generative force, whether for good or evil,-who claim for single events, that "they establish a principle,”—and whose ill-digested facts, and faithless philosophy, recognise, and would have England recognise, that Nightmare of felons and fools,—a permanent Slave Empire!

AMERICAN NATIONALITY AND

DEMOCRACY.

THE ARGUMENT.

“The spirit of nationality is at once the bond and safeguard of kingdoms; it is something above laws, something beyond thrones, -the impalpable element of the inner life of states. But antinationality is the confusion and the downfall of kingdoms,—it is a blight and a mildew to the heritage of the people."-Burke.

“One event at least is sure, at a period which may be said to be near, the Anglo-Americans will alone cover the immense space between the Polar regions and the Tropics, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. ***

"One hundred and fifty millions of men will be living in North America, equal in condition, the progeny of one race, owing their origin to the same cause, and preserving the same civilization, the same language, the same religion, the same habits, the same manners, and imbued with the same opinions, propagated under the same forms. The rest is uncertain, but this is certain; and it is a fact new to the world,--a fact fraught with such portentous consequences as to baffle the efforts even of the imagination.'

De Tocqueville, pp. 453-6, vol. 2.

"The Sovereignty of the People is the last link in the chain of opinions which binds the whole Anglo-American world. That Providence has given to every human being a degree of reason necessary to direct himself in the affairs which interest him exclusively, is the grand maxim upon which civil and political society rests in the United States. The father applies it to his children, the master to his servants, the township to its officers, the province to its townships, the State to the provinces, the Union to the States; and when extended to the nation it becomes the doctrine of the Sovereignty of the People."-De Tocqueville, 428, vol. 2.

"The Union is an accident, *** but the republican form of Government seems to me the natural state of the Americans, which nothing but continued action of hostile causes, always acting in the same direction, could change into a monarchy.”

De Tocqueville, p. 424, vol. 2.

* * *

"Government is founded, not on force, as was the theory of Hobbes, nor on compact, as was the theory of Locke and the Revolution of 1688; nor on property, as had been asserted by Harrington. It springs from the necessities of our nature, and has an everlasting foundation in the unchangeable will of God. This supreme power is originally and ultimately in the people; and the people never did in fact freely, nor can rightfully make an unlimited renunciation of this divine right. Kingcraft and priestcraft are a trick to gull the vulgar. The happiness of mankind demands that this grand and ancient alliance should be broken off for ever. * * To bring the powers of all into the hands of one, or some few, and to make them hereditary, is the interested work of the weak and the wicked. * * *

*

“There can be no prescription old enough to supersede the law of nature, and the grant of God Almighty, who has given all men a right to be free.

"The grand political problem is to invent the best combination of the powers of legislation and execution: * * *but the first and simple principle is EQUALITY and THE POWER OF THE WHOLE.

"The colonists are men; the colonists are therefore freeborn; for by the law of nature, all men are freeborn, white or black. No good reason can be given for enslaving those of any colour.

"Nor do the political and civil rights of the British colonists rest on a charter from the crown. Old Magna Charta was not the beginning of all things; nor did it rise on the borders of chaos out of the unformed mass.

"Acts of Parliament against the fundamental principles of the British constitution are void."

“The world is at the eve of the highest scene of earthly power and grandeur that has ever yet been displayed to the view of mankind.

"Who will win the prize is with God. But human nature must and will be rescued from the general slavery that has so long triumphed over the species.”—Otis, on the American Crisis, 1764.

"Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of classical allusion, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance into futurity, and a rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence, he hurried away all before him. American Independence was then and there born.”—President Adams, on the speech of Otis against "writs of assistance" in 1761.

CONTENTS.

Conditions. -American nationality, freedom and Democracy. What is a nation ?What is the American nation ? -Prima Facie. With compensation or without.-Democracy and the South.-The South a faction.-Six reasons.— Precedents, Facts and Analogies. Objections answered.— "Strength of South."-Bases of national movements.-Principle or Interest.—Internal and External Strength.-Individual, State, Nation.-Relation between them.-The Tests of Peace. -The strongest Principles and greatest numbers." Statesmanship and Unity" of South.-Dilemma of South.-Slavery and Decay.-Freedom and Democracy. Election returns.Secession a minority in South.-Irreconcilable Interests.War of Principle and "live Stock."-Southern results so far.Argument from Strength; Material, Intellecual, Spiritual. Argument from nationality. — Elements of. --Questions of GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, CONSTITUTION, PRINCIPLES and NATIONALITY.--The making of the Nation.-Leading characteristics of America.-Unity and Community.-Six points.-The Royal Nation.-The South per contra.-The five monopolies on which it has lived.-Mean Whites, Slaves, and Despots.-Secession kills Secession. Narrow basis of South.- Universality and oneness of America.-Who shall separate?

“If the men of our time were led by attention and observation, and by sincere reflection, to acknowledge that the gradual and progressive development of social equality is at once the past and future of their history, this solitary truth would confer the sacred character of a divine decree upon the change. To attempt to check democracy would be in that case to resist the will of God."

De Tocqueville, p. 21, Introduction.

We have shown how we propose to prove that the South is no nation.

But it were a poor thing to establish only the nationality of America. It is our business to prove,

that America possesses all the elements and conditions of nationality in such complete and magnificent development, as to make it the royal nation of the future, and to carry it beyond all shadow of present parallelism, even with the great English nation that gave it birth, that colonized it with its best men, and laid the deep foundations of its glory in the common law, and traditionary rights of Englishmen.

During the greatest era England has known,the era of Sidney, and Raleigh, and Elizabeth, and Burleigh, and Milton, and Shakespeare, and Blake, and Cromwell-England sent forth many of her noblest, to reproduce and magnify herself in the great Anglo-Saxon Continent of the West.

We propose to discuss in this chapter certain general considerations respecting the conditions of American nationality; to state the specific form of proof which those considerations ought to assume; and also to institute a comparison between the characteristics of the Slave faction, and of the American nation.

The present epoch has to do with American nationality, and its struggles to complete itself against treason, sectional action, and oligarchic influences. American Democracy represents authority, nationality, and freedom. Its natural enemy is oligarchy, in the form of Slavocracy, attacking nationality, democracy, and order, all at once.

There is, therefore, first, the question of nationality and its guarantees; and secondly, the question of its character and conditions, as they exist in America.