on the Government during his whole administration from January, 1859, to March, 1867, without a constitutional revision.

On Geffrard's downfall, however, another fundamental instrument was adopted restricting still closer the powers of the Executive, and this was further modified in 1874, 1879, and 1889, each modification or revision following, as it may be said, a revolution; for although Saget is credited with having retired at the end of his term in 1874, yet it was in the face of demonstrations which clearly signified hostilities if he did not so retire.

A learned review of the constitutions of Haiti has recently been issued at Paris by a Haitian citizen. (Les Constitutions d'Haïti par le Docteur Louis Joseph Janvier: Paris, 1890.)

It is interesting to note that the essential principles of free republican government have been preserved in all these instruments since the time of Dessalines, and that in general, the changes made in them from time to time have shown a steady tendency toward liberalism-less power to the Executive, greater freedom of choice to the people. For example, in addition to the provisions as to the inviolability of the territory and the absolute freedom of religious worship hereinbefore mentioned, the equality of citizens before the law, the independence of the judiciary, the trial by jury, individual freedom, exemption from unlawful domiciliary visits and arbitrary arrests, encouragement of education, primary school attendance being made obligatory, the freedom of the press and of speech, the sacredness of the secrecy of epistolary correspondence, the inhibition of ex post facto laws, the inviolability of property rights, individual responsibility for any public function— all these find a place in the existing Constitution of Haiti known as that of 1889.

Although citizenship was, until a recent period, restricted to persons of Indian or African origin, and the right to possess real property goes with citizenship, just as it did in Great Britain and her colonies up to 1870, and just as it does now to some extent in

some of the States of the American Union, yet the Constitution expressly provides that every foreigner can become a citizen by fulfilling the regulations established by law. (Tout étranger est habile à devenir haïtien suivant les règles établies par la loi. See the Constitution of 1889, Title 11, Chapter 1, article 4.)

It is further declared that the national sovereignty resides in the whole body of citizens, and that that sovereignty is delegated to three powers, which are the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, and of which each one is independent of the other two.

For purposes of convenient administration, the Republic is divided into five departments, each department into arrondissements, each arrondissement into communes, and each commune into sections. Every one of the divisions and subdivisions has a chief executive officer, who is assisted in most cases by what is called a council, the whole system being thus closely modeled after that of France.

The principal divisions may be summarized somewhat as follows:

*Some changes made in 1889-'90 increased the number of communes by several.

The Legislature or National Congress (Corps Législatif) is composed of two Houses-a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The former consists of members elected by free suffrage from each commune according to the population, but every commune is entitled to at least one Deputy, so that the lower house has now 95 members. This house chooses the Senators from two lists submitted to it, one by the executive and one by the electoral assembly.

Wesleyans being the first to respond, and thus they began their work in Haiti. The teachers made favorable reports to the missionary committee at London, and in 1818, three pastors of that denomination were sent to the island. Their work there has been encouraged and maintained ever since. The Rev. M. B. Bird, now succeeded by the Rev. T. R. Picot at Port au Prince, was the leading pastor for more than forty years, and pastors are still supplied from England or Jamaica. After more than seventy years of existence in the country, not a single regularly installed native clergyman of that denomination is to be found, but there are six principal stations now in good working order, there being one each at the capital, at the cape, Gonaïves, Jacmel, Jérémie and Petit Goâve, together with some few outposts. An official report made in 1884 placed the number of faithful and professing Wesleyans at 3,000. The Government allotted to their work $2,490.66 in 1891-'92.

The African Methodist denomination was introduced by the colored emigrants from the United States in 1824. This church has at present only one principal station at the capital and one outpost, but it has ordained two native pastors with several lay helpers. It received $1,500 of the Government appropriations of 1891-'92.

The Baptists also owe their establishment to the colored emigrants from the United States in 1824, but they have had pastors from England and from Jamaica as well as from the United States. They have at present five principal stations in as many cities of the Republic and several important outposts, chiefly in the north, and they have also two native ordained pastors, two from Jamaica, and no lack of lay helpers. They had $3,000 of the last Government appropriations.

The Episcopalian Church was also introduced there by colored American immigrants, a colony of them having come out from New Haven, Conn., in 1861, partly for that purpose, with their