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carriage manufactory of James Brewster, in New Haven, and, while there, he, with six other apprentices, formed "The Mechanics' Association," which has since grown into one of the most valuable institutions of that beautiful and prosperous city. While yet an apprentice, Mr. Andrews nearly fitted himself for college, and subsequently pursued his studies at Schenectady, New Haven and at the law school of Judge Gould at Litchfield ; and, in 1834, was admitted to the bar of Connecticut, and practised law for some years in that State in partnership with the late Hon. Truman Smith. In 1837, he entered the ministry of the Congregational Church, and was, soon after, settled as pastor of the Congregational Church in West Hartford, Connecticut. In 1840, he was offered the pastorate of the Broadway Tabernacle Congregational Church in the city of New York. This church had just been organized and was the first of this order established in that city; but, although small in its beginning and weak in its resources-and, at first, without the sympathy and support of those churches of the city which, it was supposed, would naturally affiliate with it—yet during the four or five years of Mr. Andrews' pastorate it grew rapidly, the congregation became the largest in the city, and foundations were laid on which has arisen one of the most substantial, influential and useful churches of New York. In 1845, Mr. Andrews was settled as pastor of the Second Street Presbyterian Church at Troy, where he remained several years. In 1853, he was appointed, by President Fillmore, on the Board of Visitors at West Point, and, by appointment of the Board, prepared its report to Congress. In the fall of that year, on motion of Henry E. Davies, seconded by Daniel Lord, Mr. Andrews was admitted as a member of the bar of the State of New York, and practised law in the State until the spring of 1862. At this time, a commission was offered him, by Governor Morgan, to aid in raising a regiment of infantry, for the war, in the Congressional district embracing the counties of Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam. Under this commission, Mr. Andrews addressed numerous mass-meetings held in these counties to secure enlistments, and when the regiment was raised went with it to the seat of war as captain of one of its companies, and continued with it until January, 1863, when he accepted an invitation from General W. W. Morris, U.S. A., then commanding the defenses of Baltimore, to become his chief of staff and assistant adjutant-general. Shortly after, Mr. Andrews was transferred to the Adjutant-General's Department of the Army, and mustered out of the volunteer service. In this position he remained for two years, and until he left the service near the close of the war. Mr. Andrews had three sons, a son-in-law, and a brother in the army-his brother commanding for a time the Thirty-sixth Ohio Volunteers.

Shortly after the close of the war, he accepted the position of counsel

for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in the State of West Virginia, and has since devoted himself chiefly to the practice of the law. He is now a resident of New York.

XXX.

JAMES C. WELLING.

JAMES C. WELLING was born in Trenton, N. J., on the 14th of July, 1825. After graduation at Princeton College, in 1844, he studied law, but renounced its practice to become Associate Principal of the New York Collegiate School in 1848. In 1851, he became literary editor of the National Intelligencer at Washington, D. C., and, a few years later, succeeded to Joseph Gales in the political conduct of that old and influential journal. During the Civil War his relations with the members of President Lincoln's Cabinet were intimate and often confidential. Before, during, and after the war, Mr. Welling stood steadfastly by the Constitution and the Union, without, however, always approving the civil policies of the Administration. He resigned his editorial position in 1865, because of broken health. For several years he was one of the clerks of the United States Court of Claims. In 1870 he was appointed Professor of Belles Lettres in Princeton College, and, a year afterward, was called to the presidency of the Columbian University-an office which he still holds. During his administration of that institution it has received a new charter from Congress, has erected a new University building in the heart of Washington, and has enlarged the scope of its operations by adding a scientific school to the other schools already comprised in its system. By joint resolution of Congress in 1884, he was appointed a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and is Chairman of its Executive Committee. He is also the President of the Board of Trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, and takes a deep interest in the prosperity of that institution-the most richly endowed institution of its kind in the country.

XXXI.

JOHN CONNESS.

JOHN CONNESS was born in Ireland in 1821. He was the youngest son of Walter Conness, a man distinguished among his neighbors for high character, great wisdom and intellectual accomplishments. Coming to New York City, he was fortunate enough to have as a teacher Hon. William A. Walker, subsequently a member of Congress, and connected later with the Board of Education of that city.

In the high example set to his pupils, his power to impress, and the never-ceasing force applied in his profession, Mr. Walker might be said to have been peerless; and his pupils, among whom were John A. Stewart, Abram Hewitt and Edward Cooper, are examples of his conscientious faithfulness.

In 1849, Mr. Conness went with the first American emigrants, after the discovery of gold, to California. There, he engaged in mining and other pursuits, but when the attempt was made by Southern men to change the free institutions of the young State, and to dominate opinion by strategy and force, Conness joined his efforts to those of Broderick in favor of freedom on the Pacific coast.

This, and not personal ambition, brought him to the center of political action, where he was an important factor up to the period of the Civil War.

In 1856, Broderick was elected to the United States Senate, but, in 1859, fell in a duel, having served two years of his term. Milton S. Latham succeeded Broderick, or served out the four years remaining of his term.

Latham's course in the Senate, and his support of Breckinridge and opposition to Douglas offended the loyal sentiment of California.

The supporters of Douglas and Broderick, there, united with the Republicans, and, meeting in convention together, they resolved to act, during the war, as supporters of the administration of Lincoln and of the Union. The result of this union of parties was the election of John Conness to the Senate of the United States in 1863, thus succeeding to Broderick's term and serving until 1869.

In the Senate Mr. Conness charged himself, first, with a support of all measures necessary to maintain the national power; and, thereafter, with the changes needed in the fundamental and statute law to maintain the new order of things resulting from the triumph of the national cause. Next, he gave persistent attention to legislation for the benefit of his

State, which had been neglected through the period of bitter controversy since the admission of California into the Union.

Immediately after leaving the Senate, in 1869, he married a lady of Massachusetts. It was their firm intention to have lived in California, but, through a series of events which occurred, it seemed to be impossible, and their home is made in the suburbs of Boston.

XXXII.

JOHN B. ALLEY.

JOHN B. ALLEY was born in Lynn, Mass., January 7, 1817, of Quaker parents. He went to school until twelve years of age, when he left.

When fourteen, he learned the trade of a shoemaker; at sixteen, he was a newspaper correspondent. He was a great student and lover of history. At eighteen, he delivered an historical lecture which was much praised.

When nineteen, he went to Cincinnati, purchased a boat, stocked it with goods, hired a crew and floated down to New Orleans, upon a trading expedition. His adventure was pecuniarily very successful. When twenty-one, he established a large manufacturing business, and, a little later, he added an importing branch; and became, in a few years, the most successful manufacturer and merchant that his native town has ever produced. Very early in life he took a very active interest in the anti-slavery cause, and was published in several cities of the South as an obnoxious abolitionist that Southern merchants ought to shun.

When a very young man, he was elected, by the Legislature of Massachusetts, a member of the Governor's Council-the youngest member in it. The following year he was elected to a seat in the Senate of Massachusetts and was appointed chairman of the Joint Committee on Railroads, at that time the most important committee of the Legislature.

When he retired from the Senate, he was nominated, then a very young man, for a seat in Congress, and received a large vote, but was not elected until several years after.

In 1858, he was elected to Congress, and continued to be nominated unanimously in '60, '62 and '64, thus serving as a member of Congress for eight years. In that body he served on several important committees, and was chairman for four years of the Committee on Post Offices

and Post Roads, from which committee he reported several very important bills in the interest of the country. We believe that no bill he ever reported and no measure he ever advocated, during his long term of service, failed to receive the approbation of the House.

He was a persuasive and effective speaker. At the expiration of his fourth term he voluntarily retired to private life, and has not since been a candidate for public office or been in public life, although offered some important positions, which he declined.

He was a member and chairman of the Republican State Committee for several years. For the last forty years he has been actively and successfully engaged, as he is now, in the hide and leather business in Boston, as the head of the house of John B. Alley & Co. He has been for many years engaged in large railroad operations in the West, and, it is said, has been remarkably successful. Mr. Alley was very intimate with Mr. Lincoln during the whole of his Presidency, and also numbered among his cherished and close friends, Charles Sumner and Chief Justice Chase; and the ties of personal friendship, notwithstanding political differences, continued until severed by death.

XXXIII.

THOMAS HICKS

MR HICKS is a native of Newtown, Bucks County, Penn., and commenced his studies in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in Philadelphia. Afterward he was a pupil of the National Academy of Design of New York and was elected Academician in 1851. He went to Europe in 1845. After making some studies in the National Gallery in London, he went to Paris, where he visited all the great galleries for which it is so renowned. After remaining in Paris for about a month, he started, with a companion, on a tour à pied through Switzerland. Reaching Basle by diligence, the walk commenced, and the first day brought him to Zurich; thence he went to the Rigi and Luzern, over the St. Gothard, through the valley of Tessin to Bellinzona, thence to Lake Como and to Milan. From Milan he proceeded to Florence by diligence, where he made the acquaintance of Hiram Powers and Horatio Greenough. After visiting the galleries and the great sculptures by Michael Angelo, Ghiberti, Benvenuto Cellini, and others, for which that city is famous, he proceeded to Rome, where there was already a colony of American artists which included J. E. Freeman,

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