arms of Warren, is ornamented on its sides with the barbel and cross crosslets of the house of Bar; and also, in allusion to his descent from Hameline Plantagenet, the son of Geffrey Earl of Anjou, the shield is surmounted by the lion passant guardant of the house of Plantagenet.*

The seal of Joan of Bar, the Countess of Warren and Surrey, shows, by the various arms upon it, her ancestral honours, the object of all armorial arrangement. The Countess was the daughter of Henry Count of Bar and Eleanor daughter of King Edward I. The Warren arms are placed in a lozenge in the centre of the seal, and between the arms of Bar.

The arms of her mother, a princess of England, are in chief and in base; and in the smaller compartments into which the surface of the seal is tastefully divided, are the arms of her grandmother, Castile and Leon alternately, in direct allusion to her Spanish descent. This seal, impressed in red wax about 1347, fully illustrates the method pursued by the heralds of disposing various arms, previously to the adoption of quarterings, or the arrangement of the whole in one shield according to modern practice.‡

The house of Bar merged into that of Lorraine in consequence

*Watson's Earls of Warren.

Sandford's Royal Genealogy, p. 139.

On monuments erected before the reign of Edward III. separate coats of arms, denoting the honourable alliances of the family, are to be observed, as on the tombs of the Valences, Earls of Pembroke, in Westminster Abbey, which were erected before the practice of quartering arms was adopted.

of the marriage of Eleanor, daughter of Henry Count of Bar, with Rudolph Duke of Lorraine, who was slain at the battle of Crecy in 1346. Isabel, Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, daughter of Charles the Brave, the grandson of Rudolph, married René d'Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, whose arms, quartering Bar, are described in a contemporary poem by his King of Arms, Croissant d'or, the name also of an order of knighthood peculiar to Naples.

De trois puissans royaumes sous tymbre coronné
Porte en chef en ses armes, le noble Roy René,
bongríe, et Sícíle, bierusalem aussi,

Aínsí que boir poubez en cet escrit ici

Anjou et Bar en pieds, duchez de grand renom,

Et un roíal escu sur le tout d'Arragon.⁕

Rene d'Anjou, King of Naples, was the father of Margaret, the queen of Henry VI. of England. Her arms in the windows of Ockwell House in Berkshire, with the motto, bumble et loíall, are engraved in Lysons's Berkshire, and in Willement's Regal Heraldry. The same, surrounded by a border vert, are the arms of Queen's College at Cambridge University, founded by the Queen.

The house of Lorraine came from the same ancestors as the house of Hapsburg. Gerard, descended from the Landgraves of Alsace, was created Duke of Lorraine in 1048 by the Emperor Henry III. They bore for arms, quarterly, 1st, Hungary, as descendants of Charles Martel, the father of a line of kings, whose epithet of Martel, the hammer, was expressive of his weighty and irresistible strokes when opposed to the Saracens ; the 2nd quartering Naples; 3rd, Jerusalem; 4th, Arragon; 5th, Anjou; 6th, Gueldres; 7th, Juliers; and 8th, Bar; the whole surmounted by the arms of Lorraine, or, on a bend gules, three alerions argent. The alerion, an eagle without beak or feet, was assumed as an anagram on the name of Lorraine.

These arms are generally found surrounded by a mantle, bear

* The three great realms under a crowned crest,

Noble King Rene bears as chief and best,

Hungary, Sicily, and Jerusalem,

And here you behold the royal stem,

Anjou and Bar, duchies of great renown,

And over all the shield of Arragon.

ing the same quarterings, one of the earliest instances of the use of the mantle in heraldry, which, according to Menestrier, was adopted about 1530.

Stephen, son of Leopold, succeeded his father as Duke of Lorraine in 1729. He ceded that duchy to Stanislaus, King of Poland, and became Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1739. In right of his wife, Maria Theresa, he had the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, and in 1745 was elected Emperor of Germany.

The arms of the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary consist of twenty-four quarterings, now belonging to the house of Austria. One of the quarterings containing fish, gules, two barbel addorsed or, are the arms of Pfyrt in Suntgau, a fief which accrued to the Archduke Albert in 1324, in right of his wife Jane, daughter and heiress of Ulric Count of Pfyrt: this was one of the six happy marriages of the house of Austria.⁕ The arms are shown on a banner carried in the splendid representation of Maximilian's Triumph by Hans Burgmair.

Azure, two barbel addorsed, and between them a fleur-de-lis in chief, and another in base or, one of the heraldic badges of the Stafford family, appears to be composed from the charges in the arms of Anjou and those of Bar. The representative of a family assumes the right to use its badge, an appendage of rank, formerly worn by the retainers of eminent personages on a conspicuous part of their dress.

The house of Stafford descends by ten different marriages from the royal blood of England and France; and the badge, one of eighteen, is stained on marble, with the well-known Stafford knot repeated many times, on the monument of John Paul Howard, Earl of Stafford, who died in 1762, which is in St. Edmund's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.

The knots of silk cord, heraldic ornaments of early use, are each distinguished by the names of families to which they individually belong, as the Stafford knot, the Bourchier knot, Wake's knot, and Dacre's knot.

Azure, two barbel addorsed or, are the arms of the family of Montbeliard of Bar; their descendants, De Montfaucon, who took the name of Montbeliard, bore for arms, gules, two barbel addorsed or. * Montfaucon de Dampierre, in Franche Comte, bore gules, two barbel addorsed within a double tressure or. The family of the learned French antiquary, Bernard de Montfaucon, was originally of Gascony, and descended from the Lords of Montfaucon le Vieux, first barons of the Comte de Comminges.

Azure, two barbel addorsed between four roses or, were the heraldic distinction of the ancient Counts of Barby, on the Elbe, the last of whom died in 1659. These arms were afterwards quartered by the Electors of Saxony, the Grand Marshals of the Empire. Barby, after having formed part of Jerome Bonaparte's kingdom of Westphalia, was annexed to Prussia in 1815.

* Palliot, Science des Armoiries, page 10.

The barbel appears to be a very common bearing in the heraldry of the Continent. A few early instances only will be mentioned where this fish has been adopted evidently as a play upon the name of the person.

Azure, semée of cross crosslets fitchy, two barbel addorsed or, are the arms of the family of Bar de Buranlure; that of Bartet de Bonneval bears, azure, three barbel in bend sinister or; Bardin, azure, three barbel naiant in pale argent; and Barfuse, gules, on a fess argent two barbel naiant azure.

As an example of the term mal-ordonnés, or false disposition of the charges in the shield, when one figure is placed above two, contrary to the usual mode of two in chief and one in base, Palliot gives the arms of Barbeau in Burgundy; party per fess argent and gules, three roses, mal-ordonnées of the last, in chief, and two barbel chevronwise or, in base.

This fish is very rarely borne singly in armorial ensigns; an instance is afforded in the arms of Marchin, a Flemish family, one of whom was in the service of King Charles II. during his Majesty's residence in Holland; argent, a barbel gules.

John Gaspar Ferdinand de Marchin, Count of Graville, Marquis of Clairmont d'Antrague, Baron of Dunes, Marchin, Mezers, and Modane, Captain-General in the service of the King of Spain, and Lieutenant-General of the forces of King Charles II. of England, was elected Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter at Antwerp in 1658: he was installed in 1661.