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in 1520, was buried in his cathedral, under an intagliated slab with his portrait. The arms of Bishop Attwater, a variation from the original coat, were granted in 1509, by Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms, and are here copied from the Parliament roll of 1515, the sixth year of the reign of King Henry VIII. Barry wavy, ermine and gules, on a chevron between three crayfish or, a rose between two lilies gules, stalked vert, impaled with the arms of the see of Lincoln; gules, two lions passant guardant in pale or, on a chief azure, the Virgin Mary with a sceptre, holding the infant Jesus, all or. They are evidently composed of those of William the Conqueror, in whose reign the bishopric was established at Lincoln; the arms having the Virgin Mary, to whom the cathedral is dedicated, in the chief, or placed above the insignia of the King.

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A crayfish vert, is the crest of the family of Dykes, of Dykesfield in Cumberland, now represented by Fretchville Lawson Ballantine Dykes, Esq. of Dovenby Hall, near Cockermouth, sheriff of the county. The crayfish is not uncommon in the heraldry of France. Or, three crayfish gules, are the arms of Thiard of Burgundy; or, a chevron between three crayfish gules, are those of Aleschamps. Adexter is a term of blazonry for any inferior charge in arms placed on the dexter side of the principal; of

this Palliot gives an instance in the arms of Platen of Saxony— azure, a crayfish in bend gules, having on the dexter side of the shield three etoiles argent.

Prawns are assumed in the heraldry of the family of Atsea of Herne, in Kent, one of the heiresses of which married Edward Craford of Mongham: their arms are, barry wavy of six, or and gules, three prawns naiant in the first and of the second.

The crab, the emblem of inconstancy, appears on a shield of Francis I, one of the finest specimens of art in the collection of armour at Goodrich Court; and according to Sir Samuel Meyrick the crab was intended as an allusion to the advancing and retrograde movements of the English army at Boulogne, under the celebrated Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, in 1523. The shield, the work of Negroli, a Milanese armourer, was presented by the Parisians to their gallant king after the retreat of the Duke.

A golden crab, one of the cognizances of the Scrope family, was painted on the portrait of Henry Lord Scrope.* The crab also appears as a crest on the seals of several members of this noble family.+

Argent, a chevron engrailed sable, between three crabs gules, are the arms of the family of Bridger of Warminghurst, in Sussex, the heiress of which married Sir George Shiffner, Baronet, of Combe Place, near Lewes.

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Azure, a chevron argent, between two fleurs-de-lis in chief and a crab in base or, are the arms of the family of Crab of Robslaw, in Scotland; and argent, a chevron engrailed between three crabs gules, those of the family of Bythesea of Ightham, in Kent.

* Willement's Heraldic Notices of Canterbury, 1827.

Engraved in the Scrope and Grosvenor Roll, 1832; a document possessing the highest interest for the descendants of old English families.

Another family of Bythesea, formerly of Axbridge in Somersetshire, now of Week House, near Trowbridge, bears for arms, argent, on a chevron engrailed sable, between three crabs, the claws towards the dexter gules, a Roman fasces erect, surmounting two swords in saltier, and encircled by a chaplet or. A crab erect or, is the crest of the Yorkshire family of Danby.

The turtle, or sea-tortoise, is found in heraldry in some few instances. Argent, a chevron between three turtles gules, are the arms of the family of Ribb; and vert, a turtle passant argent, is the ensign of that of Gouldie of Scotland.

The assumption of starfish in heraldry has been already mentioned in the attempt to assign the origin of the mullet, or fivefinger.* One of this species, the sea-urchin,† common to the shores of Great Britain and Ireland, is borne in arms; it varies in its form, being sometimes found almost spherical, and sometimes much depressed, which has led zoologists to suppose that several species are included under that name. It is usually of a reddish colour with white spines, which are, in some instances, tipped with purple. The sea-urchin lives in various depths of water, and usually congregates in greatest numbers on clear sea bottom.

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Gules, three sea-urchins in pale argent, are the arms of the family of Alstowne; and azure, three sea-urchins argent, those of Alstanton.

With this the heraldry of fish is naturally concluded; the variety of examples it affords is by no means exhausted, but might readily have been carried to a much greater extent, and should the selection here made induce the reader to pursue the

* At page 107, ante.

Echinus sphæra, the sea-egg of the fisherman.

examination of the subject farther, he will soon find an abundant field for research. It is almost unnecessary to repeat, that in the earlier ages of heraldry, where its chief interest lies, only the best-known and simplest objects were employed as ensigns on the banner, like the horse-shoes of Ferrers, or the heames, the badge of the family of St. John; that the zenith of heraldic splendour was at a period unenlightened by modern discoveries in natural history, and as nations became more civilized the importance of heraldry gradually lessened, excepting as a most interesting illustration of the manners of the times which produced and encouraged it, and of the state of the arts in which heraldry was constantly employed. It is pleasing to its admirers to reflect, that, however indifferent the presentage may affect to be with regard to the heraldry of early days, few persons disdain the honourable distinction conferred by a grant of arms, one of the necessary consequences of an admission to gentility. The celebrated Linnæus is only one amongst many who acquired nobility by literary and scientific pursuits. The peasant family of this universal naturalist derived its name from a remarkable linden tree, and it was not till after he had obtained eminence in the path he had himself chosen that he was enabled to purchase an estate, and assume the name of Von Linné, with a coat of arms expressive of the science he cultivated; at the same time receiving from his sovereign the order of the polar star and a patent of nobility. After his death, in 1778, this great naturalist was commemorated by a monument in the cathedral of Upsal, the ancient seat of the Swedish government.

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