DEL NORTE tively employed. Lately the hydrate of chloral has been used to keep the patient quiet while his system is being built up by the administration of nourishing and easily digested food, which should be held in view as the main point in the treatment, the medicine being used more to keep the patient within control than for any certain effect. ulants, in the form of wine, ale, and someAlcoholic stimtimes distilled liquors, are also generally of service, and are sometimes indispensable. Dr. Daw in the "British Medical Journal" for May, 1873, recommends the use of hydrocyanic His method is to combine it with bicarbonate acid in place of opium and other narcotics. of potash, chloric ether, and camphor, in doses of two or three minims of the officinal solution every two, three, or four hours. DELISLE. See LISLE. ince of Saxony, on the Lober, 17 m. N. E. DELITZSCH, a town of Prussia, in the provof Merseburg and 12 m. N. by W. of Leipsic; pop. in 1871, 8,112. It contains a castle, three churches, a hospital, and manufactories of hosiery, gloves, shoes, and tobacco. The town is old, and has several annual fairs. that a disease so well marked and so easily recognized as delirium tremens should up to the early part of the present century have been confounded with inflammation of the membranes of the brain, and that, thus misled by a name, most physicians bled, blistered, and mercurialized their patients, thus adding vastly to the mortality of a complaint already sufficiently fatal. Delirium tremens sometimes makes its appearance in consequence of a single debauch; commonly it is the result of protracted or long continued intemperance. Occasionally, where the indulgence is very excessive, the attack occurs while the patient still continues his potations; more generally it is the result of some cause by which they are temporarily interrupted; the patient's stomach gives out, and refuses the accustomed draught, he receives a hurt, or he is affected by some of the ordinary causes of illness. He is now nervous, uneasy, and restless; he is startled by any sudden noise, as the opening of a door or the entrance of a visitor; the hands and tongue are tremulous; he complains of inability to sleep, and if he dozes for a moment he is awakened by frightful dreams; with all this, his skin is commonly cool and soft, his pulse slow, and his tongue moist. Soon delirium manifests itself; if questioned in Leipsic, Feb. 23, 1813. He studied at the DELITZSCH, Franz, a German theologian, born the patient often answers rightly enough, but university of his native city, and in 1846 was if left to himself he begins to talk or mutter; appointed professor of theology at Rostock. He he imagines himself surrounded by frightful or removed in 1850 to Erlangen, where he became loathsome animals; he is pursued by some one who has a design upon his life; he has terri- called Erlangen school, which is an exponent one of the strongest representatives of the soble and ghastly visions. Though most commonly of a frightful or terrifying character, the publications were mostly studies in oriental of the strictest orthodox theology. His earliest delirium is not invariably so; occasionally the philology, including Geschichte der jüdischen appearances are droll or ludicrous, and the pa- Poesie (Leipsic, 1836), and Jesurun (1838). He tient seems amused by them. dangerous; He is rarely devoted himself subsequently to exegesis, and his predominant emotion is fear; published Habakuk (Leipsic, 1843), Das Hohebut in the effort to escape an imaginary enemy, he may commit a murderous assault, or lied (1851), Die Genesis (1852), Die Briefe an more probably take his own life. The deli-matical work Das Sakrament des wahren Leibes die Hebräer (1857), and Hiob (1864). His dogrium continues until he dies exhausted, or sinks into a sleep from which he awakes comparatively rational. When the strength of the patient has not been seriously impaired by long continued excesses, delirium tremens is rarely fatal; but those whose constitutions have been thus broken down frequently succumb. In such cases death is often sudden; the patient rises for some trivial purpose, and falls into a faint from which he never recov ers. At other times, after passing many nights without sleep, he sinks into a state of coma, which terminates in death. The same habits which cause repeated attacks of delirium cause likewise organic affections of the viscera, more particularly of the liver and kidneys, and these seriously influence the result of each new attack.-Treatment. In severe cases, opium is the article which has been mainly relied on by practitioners, and in most instances it will not disappoint their expectations; still there is a class of cases rebellious to its influence, whatever dose may be given, and in these the inhalation of chloroform has sometimes been effec der biblischen Psychologie (1855), have passed und Blutes Jesu Christi (1844), and his System through numerous editions. His Handschriftliche Funde (1861-2) contains valuable critical remarks on the text of the Apocalypse. Since 1863 he has been engaged with Keil in preparing a complete commentary on the Old Testament; several volumes have appeared, and, like most of his works, have been translated and republished in Edinburgh. His latest production is Studien über indo-germanischsemitische Wurzelverwandschaft (1873). DELIUS, Nikolaus, a German scholar, born in Bremen in September, 1813. He graduated at Berlin, and has been since 1855 professor of Bonn, qualified himself for a professorship in Sanskrit and of Provençal and English literature at Bonn. He has published a critical edition of Shakespeare's works (7 vols. and supplements, Elberfeld, 1854-'65), and other works relating to the English dramatists and to Provençal poetry. nia, bordering on Oregon and the Pacific ocean; area, 1,440 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,022, of whom 217 were Chinese. The Klamath river forms a part of the S. border, and also intersects the E. part. A great part of the surface is mountainous. Forests are abundant, but the chief wealth is mineral. Gold is found on the Klamath and branches, and in the sands of the seashore, and copper in the mountains. The chief productions in 1870 were 7,423 bushels of wheat, 14,955 of oats, 2,550 of barley, 20,495 of potatoes, 869 tons of hay, and 35,853 lbs. of butter. The total value of live stock was $65,888. Capital, Crescent City. DELOLME, Jean Louis, a Swiss author, born in the city of Geneva in 1740, died in the canton of Schwytz, July 16, 1806. Having published a pamphlet which gave umbrage to the authorities of his native city, in which he had been established as a lawyer, Delolme repaired to England, where he became an earnest student of British institutions. He was the author of various works and essays on political affairs, but his fame rests upon his great work, Constitution de l'Angleterre, ou état du gouvernement anglais comparé avec la forme républicaine et avec les autres monarchies de l'Europe. First published at Amsterdam in 1771, it met with a favorable reception, which induced Delolme to enlarge and improve it, and to publish a new edition in English, which appeared in 1772, and was several times republished. An edition with life and notes by J. Macgregor, M. P., was published in 1853. Delolme wrote several other works in English. He was finally reduced to great poverty, and returned home through charity. DELORME, Marion, a French courtesan, born near Châlons-sur-Marne about 1612, died in Paris in 1650. She was the daughter of a tradesman, and received little if any education. Endowed with extraordinary personal attractions, and with intelligence and wit equalled only by the recklessness and frivolity of her disposition, she captivated as soon as she came to Paris the hearts of many of the most brilliant gentlemen of the French court. Among her most devoted admirers was the marquis de Cinq-Mars, who was on the point of marrying her privately in order to put an end to the attentions paid to her by Richelieu, when this occasion is said to have suggested to the cardinal his law prohibiting secret marriages, the effect of which was to separate the lovers and to make Marion yield herself to the powerful minister. Her house soon became a centre for the most distinguished people. She shared her empire with Ninon de l'Enclos, who, however, was greatly her superior in mental culture, and who survived her half a century. Her favors were extended successively or simultaneously to the learned Saint-Evremond, the brilliant duke of Buckingham, and many other more or less eminent men. During the minority of Louis XIV. she took an active interest in the movements of the Fronde. Her social circle, once the fashionable resort of the VOL. V.-50 wits and roués of Paris, now became a focus of politicians and conspirators. In June, 1650, Mazarin ordered her arrest, but she died just before the officers came to take her to prison. Reports of her having only simulated death, to make good her escape, and other romantic stories in regard to her, were rife at the time, and have since been repeated, although they are not authenticated by facts. DELOS, or Delus (now Dili or Sdilli), an island of the Grecian archipelago, one of the smallest in the group of the Cyclades, in lat. 37° 23′ N., lon. 25° 17' E. It is little more than 5 m. in circumference, and consists for the most part of barren rock, culminating in Mt. Cynthus, about 400 ft. high. At the foot of this are the ruins of the ancient town of Delos. The only present inhabitants are a few shepherds, and even these do not spend the entire year in the island.—With the ancients the island derived great importance from the religious beliefs connected with it. It was also called Ortygia, Cynthia, and sometimes Asteria, and still other names are occasionally found. The ancient legend, probably alluding to its origin from a volcanic eruption, represents it as having risen from the sea at a stroke of Neptune's trident and floated until it was moored to the bottom with adamantine chains by Jupiter, in order that it might become a place of refuge for Latona, who was delivered there, on a desert rock and under a shady tree, of Apollo and Diana, hence called Delius and Delia. To them, but especially to Apollo, the island was sacred; and in accordance with a vow of Latona a temple was erected by Erysichthon, son of Cecrops, at the foot of Mount Cynthus, which in due time was enriched by the gifts of nations, and remained unshaken by the earthquakes that often desolated neighboring islands. The oracle of Apollo, who gave responses here in summer, and at Patara in Lycia in winter, was regarded as the most distinct and trustworthy. Delian festivals were held here every four years; the Athenians sent yearly an embassy with choruses and dances. Latona had also her temple. Delos was colonized by the Ionians, became the centre of splendid festivals in honor of Apollo, and was ruled by kings, who at the same time performed the functions of priests. In later times it became dependent upon the Athenians, who performed there two purifications, first under Pisistratus, and secondly in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war (426 B. C., as described in the third book of Thucydides), by removing the tombs and dead bodies to a neighboring island, and who also enacted a law to guard the sacred grounds from the pollution of births and deaths. Its towns, having no walls, were guarded by their sanctity; its temple and immense treasures were untouched by the Persians in their invasion; and during the following wars it became the seat of the common treasury of the Grecian states. When this was removed to Athens, Delos decayed, but was still remarkable for commerce; and after the destruction of Corinth by the Romans (146 B. C.), it was the chief emporium of the slave trade, and a flourishing seat of art. The city and temple were plundered and destroyed by Menophanes, general of Mithridates, king of Pontus, and the women and children sent as slaves to Asia. At a later period the remains of the splendid ancient buildings were carried away by Venetians and Byzantines; but interesting ruins still exist. DELPECH, Jacques Mathieu, a French surgeon, born in Toulouse about 1775, murdered in Montpellier, Oct. 29, 1832. In 1793 he joined the army of the Pyrenees as an assistant in the medical corps, and after five years' service returned to Toulouse, where he was attached to the surgical service of the hospital St. Jacques. He finished his education at the medical school of Montpellier in 1802, and soon after took up his residence in Paris, where he acted as surgical assistant to Baron Boyer. In 1812 he was appointed professor of clinical surgery at the school of Montpellier, where he continued for the remainder of his life. He was assassinated in the street by a man who immediately afterward committed suicide, and whose motive was never certainly known. Delpech was distinguished alike for skill as a practitioner, especially in the treatment of deformities, eloquence and clearness as a lecturer, and generosity. His most important works were: Réflexions sur la cause de l'anévrysme spontané (Paris, 1813); Mémoire sur la complication des plaies et des ulcères connue sous le nom de pourriture d'hôpital (1815); Précis élémentaires des maladies réputées chirurgicales (3 vols. 8vo, 1816); Chirurgie clinique de Montpellier (2 vols., 1823'8); De l'orthomorphie par rapport à l'espèce humaine (2 vols., 1828-19); and Mémorial des hôpitaux du Midi et de la clinique de Montpellier (a monthly journal, 1829-'31). DELPHI (Gr. Aeλpoi), a town of ancient Greece, deriving its importance from its oracle of Apollo, the most famous in the ancient world. It was situated in the S. W. part of Phocis, in a narrow valley, on the river Plistus, at the foot of Mount Parnassus. The remains of the modern village of Castri, almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1870, now occupy a portion of its site. the nucleus around which the town grew up. The oracle was According to the legends, Apollo long searched for a spot on which to found a temple, and at last came to the valley at the foot of Mount Parnassus, which so charmed him that after he had slain a huge serpent which inhabited the place, he established his worship there. From the serpent's rotting (Gr. hev, to rot) in the ground, the Homeric hymn to Apollo ingeniously derives the name Pytho by which the temple was first known. To obtain priests for his worship, Apollo now changed himself into a dolphin, and conducted into the Crissæan gulf a Cretan vessel which was on its way to DELPHI Cnossus; the crew became his priests and worshipped him under the name of Apollo Delphinius (Gr. dɛλøíç, a dolphin, whence also the name Delphi). From the antiquity of these legends, which are themselves probably that the worship of Apollo was in some way mere attempts to explain the names, it appears established in this valley in the very earliest times. At the period of the Homeric poems a magnificent temple already stood there, said and his brother Trophonius, who however were to have been built by the architects Agamedes doubtless mythical characters. A city had also sprung up about the shrine of the god. In the earliest times this was subject to the neighboring town of Crissa, and afterward to that city's rapidly increasing seaport of Cirrha, in which crowds of pilgrims landed on their way to the oracle, so enriching the harbor town that it rapidly gained a lasting superiority over Crissa. About the year 598 B. C. complaints arose that the people of Cirrha treated the pilgrims on their way to Delphi unjustly; and the amphictyonic league, comprising representatives of the countries of Greece, rose to avenge the alleged insult to Apollo. In this war, called the first sacred war (595 to 585), they defeated and destroyed Crissa, and solemnly dedicated its lands and the territory about it to the Delphic god. A portion was set apart for the Pythian games, which after this time were celebrated with great magnificence. matter of profane or ordinary usage was excluded under the gravest penalties from the Every sacred ground. (See AMPHICTYONS.) In 548 the temple was burned, and money was at it. The family of the Alemæonids, at that time once subscribed throughout Greece to rebuild under sentence of banishment from Athens, contracted to accomplish this for 300 talents, and gained the greatest popularity by far exceeding the terms of their contract, and by magnificent building than had been contemerecting mainly at their own cost a much more plated. Spintharus of Corinth was the architect. The front of the temple was of Parian marble, and the whole was decorated with the most costly and beautiful ornamentation. In spite of the immense wealth accumulated ing in constantly from all parts of Greece and in Delphi, from gifts and votive offerings poureven from other countries, the sacred character two centuries. The army of Xerxes, sent to of the place protected it from plunderers for sack it on that monarch's invasion (480), were, according to the legend, driven back in panic by the miraculous interference of Apollo. In 357, however, the Phocians themselves, having been found guilty by the amphictyonic council of an act of sacrilege, and condemned to pay an enormous fine, rebelled against the sentence and seized Delphi. In the war which followed to compel them to surrender it, they robbed the treasury of the temple to pay the expenses of their defence. Through the interference of Philip of Macedon the sacred city was restored to the custody of the amphictyons, and the Phocians were condemned to reestablish the splendor of the dismantled temple, which, however, they were too poor to do properly. In 279 Brennus and the Gauls planned the plunder of Delphi, but they also were said to have been driven back by a miracle. The temple was plundered by Sulla, and again by Nero, who silenced the oracle. Hadrian restored it, and in his reign Delphi enjoyed the greatest prosperity, its temple and other buildings being again decorated and enriched with their former magnificence. Constantine plundered the temple of some valuable works of art; but the oracle continued to flourish until Theodosius finally abolished it.-The ancient city of Delphi was built in the form of an amphitheatre on the S. W. side of Mount Parnassus, and extended into the valley across the Site of Delphi. Plistus. At the time of the visit of Pausanias, to whom we owe our best description of it, the general arrangement of its principal features was probably as follows: The temple and the buildings connected with the worship of Apollo were set apart within a sacred enclosure. Entering this by the eastern gate, and passing by the almost innumerable statues erected as offerings to the god, the visitor next came to the thesauri or treasuries, small buildings standing about a stone called the stone of the sibyl. The neighboring stoa, built by the Athenians, also served as a repository for the riches of the temple. The great altar of Apollo stood in the open air before the principal edifice. The temple appears to have been a hexastyle, the exterior Doric, the interior Ionic. Its dimensions were about 195 ft. by 82. The exterior was elaborately adorned with sculptures. The divisions of the interior were the pronaon, with walls inscribed with sayings of the seven wise men of Greece; the cella, where a perpetual fire burned on the hearth, and where was placed the omphalos or navel stone, supposed to mark the centre of the earth; and the adytum, where the oracles were delivered. This last division is supposed to have been in part, if not wholly, underground. Within it, and over a deep chasm from which issued a peculiar mephitic vapor, stood a tripod, upon which sat the Pythia, or priestess of the oracle, when she delivered its revelations. Preparing herself by chewing the leaves of the laurel, she was placed upon the tripod, where, inspired by the god, as was believed, and probably affected by the vapor from the chasm, she fell into a violent convulsive ecstasy, uttering groans and confused sounds, with disconnected words. These were carefully noted by the attending priests, and rendered into metrical forms as revelations from Apollo. In the earliest times the Pythia was a young girl; afterward only women over 50 were selected for the office. They must be natives of Delphi, and were bound to absolute chastity. Of the theatre little is known; and the only other noteworthy objects within the enclosure were the bouleuterion or council house of the Delphians, which stood near the Athenian stoa, and a great many monuments of various kinds. Outside the enclosure, opposite the eastern gate, was the Castalian fountain, the sacred spring in which all who visited Delphi for a religious purpose were obliged to purify themselves. Other temples and buildings in Delphi were the temple of Athena Pronæa, the sanctuary of Phylacus, and the gymnasium.-With regard to the ruins at Castri, and the more complete topography of the city, see Leake's Northern Greece" (London, 1835 and 1841), and Ulrich's Reisen und Forschungen in Griechenland (Bremen, 1840). DELPHIN CLASSICS, the name of a celebrated edition of the Latin classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV., by 39 scholars, for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini). DELPHINIUM, the name of an extensive genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the natural order of ranunculacea. They have handsome irregular flowers, resembling somewhat the fanciful figures of the dolphin or the spurs of larks, and are commonly known as larkspurs. The genus is nearly allied to the aconites. The seeds, especially of D. staphisagria (stavesacre) and D. consolida (branching larkspur), are powerfully cathartic, and owing to the violence of their operation are seldom given internally; they are, however, employed in destroying vermin. The extract (delphinia) has been used in tic dou- | loureux, paralysis, and rheumatism. The blossoms of the delphiniums are very showy, and in some sorts they are even extremely rich and magnificent. Those known as the rocket larkspurs have elegantly colored, flowers, though they are apt to exhibit too light and less showy tints. The double kinds of these are very attractive in early summer. Their seeds are sown in finely pulverized and rich soil in autumn, either in beds, in patches, or in single rows, as fancy or taste may dictate. If allowed to stand too close together, the flower spikes are not so well developed. Sometimes they are used to succeed the blooming of hyacinths, and are accordingly sown in or near hyacinth beds. The interstices of tulip beds are sometimes sown with them in the same way; and thus the period of the fading of the flowers of the bulbs is enlivened by the spikes Delphinium staphisagria. of the larkspurs bearing their hyacinth-like blooms. The few weeks previous to the proper time for taking up the bulbs exhaust the beauty of the larkspurs, so that they can be removed together. The perennial delphiniums are conspicuous for size and altitude. They vary, however, in both these particulars. Some grow from 5 to 6 ft. high in a few weeks, having spikes of coarse blue or pale blue flowers. Others are more supine, have weaker flower stems, and a more divided and more graceful and delicate foliage. The blossoms of such are proportionably more beautiful, varying from the intensest blue or azure to a paler color, and so shading off by degrees to a pearly or opalescent tint. Cultivation has produced many extraordinary and double sorts, of which the D. grandiflorum, or Chinese, as it is sometimes called, and Buck's seedling are among the finest. These perennials are, however, herbaceous, all dying down to the root and rising again with strong shoots in the next year. From a singular resemblance of the are D. exaltatum (Mx.), with a stem from 2 to 5 ft. high and purplish blue flowers, occurring in Pennsylvania; D. tricorne (Mx.), a pretty species of a foot high, seen in Ohio; and D. azureum (Mx.), a characteristic species in Iowa and Minnesota. One other has been naturalized, D. consolida (Linn.), having escaped from grain fields and appearing on the sides of the roads, like many other foreign species introduced by seeds from abroad, either for the garden or in field husbandry. A splendid scarletflowered delphinium was discovered by Dr. Parry in 1850, on the mountains east of San Diego; it is D. coccineum (Torrey, in "Mexican Boundary Survey "). Another scarlet-flowered species is known as D. nudicante. DELTA. I. A N. E. county of Texas, formed since the census of 1870 from portions of Fannin, Hopkins, and Hunt counties, lying between the N. and S. forks of Sulphur river; area, about 250 sq. m. The surface is partly prairie and partly timber land. The soil is good, and produces cotton, corn, and other grain. Capital, Cooper. II. A S. W. county of the upper peninsula of Michigan, washed by Lake Michigan and by Green bay; area, about 1,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,542. Big bay and Little bay des Noquets indent it, and it is intersected by several streams which fall into those bays. It has a hilly, well wooded surface, and contains abundance of limestone and sandstone. The Peninsula division of the Chicago and Northwestern railroad crosses it. The total value of farm productions in 1870 |