company, he favored the withdrawal of its special privileges, and advocated free trade between India and England. Just after the death of Sir William Jones in 1794, Colebrooke was transferred from the financial to the judicial branch of the service. The code of laws compiled under the direction of Warren Hastings, and published in 1776, being very imperfeet, at the solicitation of Sir William Jones the government had determined to have a more extensive and accurate compilation made. This was performed chiefly by a learned pundit, Jagannatha, and was to have been translated by Jones, but the task was committed to Colebrooke. The work was published under the title, "A Digest of Hindu Law on Contracts and Successions, with a Commentary by Jagannatha" (4 vols. 4to, Calcutta, 1797-'8). From that time until his death Colebrooke stands forth as the first of European Sanskrit scholars. While occupied with this work he had resided at Mirzapore, near Benares, the chief seat of Hindoo learning. In 1798 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Nagpore, the capital of Berar; in 1801 he returned to Mirzapore, and shortly after was summoned to Calcutta, and appointed a member of the court of appeal. He was also appointed professor of Sanskrit in the college then recently established at Fort William, but he took no active part in teaching, acting rather as a director of the course of studies and as an examiner. In the same year appeared his essay on the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, which showed that he was bringing within the range of his studies every part of Hindoo literature. In 1805 he became president of the court of appeal. During this interval from 1801 to 1805 he worked on the supplement to his " Digest of Laws," and at deciphering ancient inscriptions, assisted Roxburgh in the preparation of his "Flora Indica," wrote the first volume of his "Grammar of the Sanskrit Language," and prepared several essays. The first volume of his "Sanskrit Grammar" was published in 1805, and though it was never finished, it forms the best existing introduction to the study of the native grammarians. In the same year he published his famous essay "On the Vedas or Sacred Writings of the Hindus," which will always be rezarded as a landmark in the history of the study of Sanskrit literature by Europeans. In 1806 he became president of the Asiatic society, and he contributed to its volumes essays "On the Sect of Jina," "On the Indian and Arabic Divisions of the Zodiac," and various others. The highest honor of a civilian in the service of the East India company, a seat in council, was conferred upon him in the same year. In 1810 he published translations of two important treatises on the Hindoo law of inheritance. In 1815, after having resided in India 33 years, he returned to England. The remainder of his life was devoted almost uninterruptedly to the prosecution and promotion of Sanskrit studies. In 1817 he published VOL. V.-4 "Algebra, with Arithmetic and Mensuration, from the Sanskrit of Brahmagupta and Bhāskara," preceded by a dissertation on the state of the sciences as known to the Hindoos. In the following year he presented to the East India company his collection of MSS., one of the most valuable ever brought to Europe. Pecuniary matters compelled him to spend a year at the Cape of Good Hope, and on his return to England in 1822 he was elected president of the astronomical society, succeeding Sir William Herschel. He also exerted himself to found the royal Asiatic society, of which he declined the presidency, but became its most active member; and for several succeeding years he contributed to its volumes essays upon the philosophy of the Hindoos, the value of which is yet unimpaired. These were his last contributions to the study of oriental literature. Many of his works yet remain unpublished. A collection of his miscellaneous essays was published in London in 1837; a second edition appeared in 1858; and in 1872 a third, in 3 vols. 8vo, including a selection from his correspondence, and a biography by his son, Sir Edward Colebrooke. COLEMAN, a W. county of Texas, watered by Pecan bayou, Jim Ned creek, and other affluents of the Colorado; area, 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 347, of whom 7 were colored. The surface is broken and rocky, adapted to stockraising. Timber is scarce, and the climate dry and salubrious. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,050 bushels of Indian corn, and 35 tons of hay. There were 14,198 cattle. Capital, Camp Colorado. COLEMAN, William, an American journalist, born in Boston, Feb. 14, 1766, died in New York, July 13, 1829. He was educated for the bar, and commenced practice in Greenfield, Mass. During Shays's rebellion he took up arms against the insurgents. In 1794 he removed to New York, where for a short time he was a partner of Aaron Burr in the practice of law. Subsequently he was appointed reporter of the supreme court of the state of New York, a position which he lost after the defeat of the federal party in 1800. In 1801 Hamilton and other leading federalists conceived the idea of establishing a daily paper in the city of New York, and Coleman was selected to conduct it. The new organ, under the name of the "Evening Post," appeared Nov. 16, 1801, and for nearly 20 years Coleman remained its sole editor. His connection with it ceased only with his death. His attachment to federalist principles never wavered, and even after the party became extinct he continued to be its warm defender. He enjoyed the reputation of an able, honest, and fearless man. COLENSO, John William, D. D., an English clergyman and colonial bishop, born in Cornwall, Jan. 24, 1814. He took his degree at St. John's college, Cambridge, with distinguished honor, in 1836, and became fellow of his college. In 1838 he became assistant master at Harrow, in 1842 tutor of St. John's college, and in 1846 rector of Forncett St. Mary. In 1854 he was appointed bishop of Natal, S. Africa. He had previously published text books in arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry, a volume of sermons, and an edition of the communion service, with selections from the writings of F. D. Maurice. In 1861 he published "The Epistle to the Romans, newly translated, and explained from a Missionary Point of View," and in 1862 "The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua, Critically Examined." This last work, in which he called in question many of the statements contained in those books, excited much animadversion, and was formally condemned by the convocation of the province of Canterbury, and he was declared by the bishop of Cape Town to be deposed from the office of bishop. An appeal to the privy council was taken upon the ground that the crown had no right to create a bishop in any colony where there was an independent legislature, and that therefore there was in law no bishop either of Cape Town or Natal. In England he found many sympathizers, and previous to his return to Natal in 1865 a public meeting was held, and he received a testimonial of £3,300. In 1866 he published a volume entitled "Natal Sermons," and several papers justifying his course in the controversy. In January, 1869, the Rev. William Kenneth Macrorie was consecrated bishop of Maritzburg in Natal, it being held that the see was duly vacated by his predecessor; but in 1872 the colonial assembly passed an act vesting in Dr. Colenso the property belonging to the see of Natal. In 1871 he published "The new Bible Commentary, by Bishops and other Clergy of the Anglican Church, critically examined." In 1872 appeared an abridgment of his work on the Pentateuch, and in 1873 "Lectures on the Pentateuch and the Moabite Stone," with appendices. COLEOPTERA. See BEETLE. COLERAINE, a maritime town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, county of Londonderry, situated on both sides of the river Bann, 4 m. from the sea, and 47 m. N. W. of Belfast, on the railway from Belfast to Portrush; pop. in 1871, 6,236. It is distinguished for the manufacture of a fine quality of linen called coleraines. It is fast improving in spinning and weaving factories, and also in pork-curing establishments. There is regular connection by steamer with Toome, and arrangements were completed at the beginning of 1873 to increase the depth of water in the river Bann, so as to enable larger vessels to discharge their cargoes on the quay of Coleraine. It is connected by a handsome bridge over the Bann with the village of Killowen or Waterside. COLERIDGE, Hartley, the eldest son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, born at Clevedon, near Bristol, Sept. 19, 1796, died at Rydal Water, Jan. 6, 1849. His birth was commemorated by his father in two sonnets, and his early peculiari ties were described and his wayward career almost prophesied in an exquisite poem addressed to him when six years old by Wordsworth. He was reared in the lake district in the north of England, and after a visit to London in 1807 he and his brother Derwent became day scholars of a clergyman at Ambleside. Yet the best part of his education was by intercourse with the friends of his father; and he speaks of himself as having been formed by the living voice of Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, Lloyd, Wilson, and De Quincey. In his school days he showed both imaginative and conversational powers by weaving long and wild stories, the recital of which would occupy him and his listeners night after night for months. In 1815, having become a student at Merton college, Oxford, his accomplishments and brilliant conversation gained him numerous invitations to social gatherings, and he acquired habits of wine-drinking over which he afterward had little control. He passed a highly honorable examination for his degree in 1818, and obtained a fellowship at Oriel college; but before the close of his probationary year his intemperance caused the forfeiture of this position. The punishment fell heavily upon his sensitive temperament, and in his despondency and morbid consciousness of shame he resisted less and less the weakness which had caused the overthrow of his fortunes. He left Oxford and resided for two years in London, contributing his first sonnets to the "London Magazine." A scheme to receive pupils at Ambleside failed, and proved that he was unfit for any future exertion of the kind; yet he remained till his death in the lake district, excepting a short residence at Leeds, beloved by all his neighbors and watched over by the family in whose house he lived. His father expressed in his will great solicitude to secure to him the tranquillity necessary to the exercise of his literary talents, and by a bequest provided him with "the continued means of a home." Wordsworth was his near neighbor, and was most attentive to the child-like man whose life he had traced from the cradle. Ilartley was a diligent reader, a deep thinker, and an easy writer. His verse and his prose are alike exquisite. His sonnets are among the finest in the English language, and his volume of biography, the "Lives of Northern Worthies," is written in a pleasant, vivacious style, with a vein of fine philosophy. During his latter years he wrote a "Life of Massinger," and many short poems. His grave is in the Grasmere churchyard, by the side of that of Wordsworth. stone's "Commentaries" (4 vols., 1825), and a "Memoir of the Rev. John Keble" (1869). COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, an English poet and philosopher, born at Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, Oct. 21, 1772, died at Highgate, London, July 25, 1834. He was the youngest child of a learned and singularly amiable clergyman, and became an orphan at the age of nine years. By the kindness of a friend he was presented to Christ's hospital, in London, where he received the principal part of his education, and began a lifelong intimacy with Charles Lamb, who was one of his schoolfellows. His juvenile character prefigured his future career. He was a playless day-dreamer, solitary and uninterested in the ordinary amusements of childhood; yet he made great advances in classical knowledge, and was early distinguished by rare powers of discourse. Charles Lamb speaks of him as "the inspired charity boy, to whom the casual passer through the cloisters listened entranced with admiration, as he unfolded in deep and sweet intonations the mys odes, was recognized as a man of superior talent and scholarship, and was associated with Praed, Macaulay, Moultrie, and others of his university, in writing for "Knight's Quarterly Magazine." His papers, which were under the signature of Joseph Haller," treated chiefly questions of English history, and were distinguished for their soundness of opinion and breadth of view. On account of ill health in 1825 he accompanied his uncle, the bishop of Barbadoes, on a voyage to that island, and on his return published a lively and very successful narrative of his experiences, under the title of "Six Months in the West Indies." He was called to the bar in 1826, and attained a good practice in the court of chancery, but devoted his leisure to an assiduous study of literature, and to the society and conversation of his uncle, S. T. Coleridge, whose daughter he married. In 1830 he published an "Introduction to the Study of the Greek Classic Poets." A more important task devolved upon him as literary executor of his uncle, and under his care the volumes of the "Table Talk," "Liter-teries of Iamblichus or Plotinus, or recited the ary Remains," and "Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit" were given to the public. He endured a painful illness during the latter years of his life, and was often prostrated for months, but suffered with a cheerful mind. COLERIDGE, Sir John Duke, an English lawyer, son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge, born in 1821. He studied at Eton and at Balliol college, Oxford, and became fellow of Exeter college. He was called to the bar in 1847, was recorder of Portsmouth from 1855 to 1865, and, was made queen's counsel in 1861. In 1865 he was returned to parliament for Exeter, in 1868 was made solicitor general, and in 1871 attorney general. In 1873 he became chief justice of the court of common pleas. COLERIDGE, Sir John Taylor, an English judge, nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, born at Tiverton, Devonshire, in 1790. He received his education at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, where he distinguished himself by brilliant scholarship, and in 1819 was called to the bar. For many years he went the western circuit, and in 1835 he was appointed a justice of the king's bench. For 23 years he occupied this post, retiring in June, 1858, when he was appointed a privy councillor. On the occasion of his retirement from the bench, in the presence of a full court, the attorney general addressed him in behalf of his associates at the bar in an impressive speech, to which Justice Coleridge feelingly replied. His remarks are memorable as containing advice to the younger members of the profession directly in conflict with the dogma of Lord Brougham, that the lawyer should know nobody but his client and no interests but his client's interests. He became editor of the "Quarterly Review" upon the retirement of Gifford in 1824; but resigned in 1825, on account of his professional engagements, and was succeeded by Lockhart. He published an annotated edition of Black Greek of Homer or Pindar." Before his 15th year he had read through a London circulating library, catalogues, folios, and all, and had bewildered himself in metaphysical studies and in meditating on the problems of theology. So great was his pleasure in abstract speculations that he describes himself as having lost all interest in particular facts, in history or romance, and even poetry seemed insipid to him. Without ambition or worldly wisdom, he at one time proposed apprenticing himself to a shoemaker whose shop was near the school. In his 17th year the sonnets of William Lisle Bowles were presented to him, and such was his admiration of them that he used frequently to transcribe them for presents to the friends for whom he had most regard. These simple poems recalled his idealizing mind to a juster estimate and love of realities, and having in 1791 become deputy Grecian, or head scholar, at Christ's hospital, he obtained a presentation thence to Jesus college, Cambridge. He remained in the university but two years, during which he paid no attention to mathematics, but gained the prize for a Greek ode. At the outbreak of the French revolution he became obnoxious to his superiors from his acceptance of the revolutionary principles. With an enthusiastic and hopeful view of human nature, and an impetuous zeal in the cause of freedom, he hailed the early events of that epoch of continental history as the promise of a new era. His feelings at this period form the theme of one of his odes, entitled "France," and pronounced by Shelley the finest ode of modern times. Suddenly leaving Cambridge in the midst of his university career, he wandered about for a day or two in London, gave his last penny to a beggar, and enlisted in a regiment of cavalry under the assumed name of Comberback. The poet, however, made but an awkward dragoon, and wrote letters for his comrades while they attended to his horse and accoutrements. After four months' service, a Latin sentence which he had inscribed on the stable wall under his saddle revealed his scholarship, and the captain of his troop, having succeeded in learning his real history, restored him to his friends. He now became associated at Bristol with two other poetical enthusiasts, Southey, a student from Oxford, and Lovell, a young Quaker. Southey, like Coleridge, was an ardent republican and Unitarian, and for his faith had just forfeited the honors of Oxford. These three conceived a splendid scheme of emigration. They determined to found amid the wilds of the Susquehanna a commonwealth which was to be free from the evils and turmoils which then agitated the world, in which a community of goods was to be enjoyed, and from which selfishness was to be proscribed. But this scheme of pantisocracy, as it was termed, failed from want of money and from other practical difficulties; and the three pantisocratists, having married in 1795 three sisters, the Misses Fricker of Bristol, began to turn their attention to the reformation of England. Coleridge had already collected a small volume of his juvenile poems, for which he had received 30 guineas from a benevolent and appreciative publisher, Mr. Joseph Cottle; and he now entered upon an undertaking from which he expected great results, namely, the establishment of a periodical in prose and verse to be entitled "The Watchman," and to advocate liberal opinions. He himself canvassed the northern manufacturing towns for subscribers, preaching wherever he stayed on Sunday in Unitarian chapels, and returned with a subscription list full of promise. Yet the periodical, owing partly to a want of punctuality in its, issue, partly to its learned philosophical contents, and partly to the fact that its opinions were not those which its supporters had expected, was dropped at the 10th number with a loss. In 1796 Coleridge took a cottage at Nether Stowey, in Somersetshire, where his means were increased by receiving into his family a Cambridge friend and poet, Charles Lloyd, the son of a wealthy banker, who, merely from love and admiration, had proposed living with him. He published in 1796, in connection with Charles Lamb, a small volume of poems, the greater number of his own contributions to which had been written at earlier periods; and to a second edition in the next year verses were added by Lloyd. Wordsworth having moved to Allfoxden, about two miles from Stowey, the kindred feelings of the two poets united them in the closest friendship. They rambled together over the Somerset hills, discussing the principles of poetry and planning their famons lyrical ballads. It was in this happiest period of Coleridge's life that he wrote his most beautiful poetry, the first part of "Christabel," the "Ancient Mariner," and the "Ode to the Departing Year;" and a mutual resolution of the poets to write a play produced his tragedy of "Remorse." He received in 1798 an invitation to become a Unitarian minister in Shrewsbury, and preached his probation sermon there, the great impression produced by which has been recorded by Hazlitt, who was one of his audience; but he did not preach again. The munificence of Josiah Wedgwood enabled him to visit Germany, and immediately after the publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" he and Wordsworth set out upon the journey together. He attended the lectures of Blumenbach and Eichhorn at Gōttingen, formed an acquaintance with Tieck, and obtained a familiarity with German literature and philosophy. At no other period of his life did he work so industriously as during his residence in Germany; and on his return in 1800 he brought back, in addition to his mental acquisitions, a large collection of materials for a life of Lessing. He passed six months in London engaged in translating Schiller's "Wallenstein," and in writing for the "Morning Post;" after which he joined Southey, who had settled at Keswick, amid the lakes and mountains of the north of England, in the neighborhood of Wordsworth, who resided at Grasmere. His opinions had now changed; the republican had become a royalist, and the Unitarian a devoted champion of the established church. In 1804 he went to Malta, hoping to improve his health, and acted as secretary to Sir Alexander Ball, the governor. He returned in 1806 by the way of Sicily and Italy, his health not improved; nor was improvement to be expected, since he went to Malta an opium eater, and returned with the habit growing upon him. His nominal residence from this time till 1810 was at Keswick, but his absences were frequent, and his returns, according to Southey, more incalculable than those of a comet. He was often with Wordsworth at Grasmere, was occasionally in London lecturing, and during the year 1809 was engaged in writing "The Friend," his second periodical, which extended to 27 numbers. In 1810 he left the lakes for London, and resided for a time with Mr. Basil Montagu. He then made his home for three or four years with Mr. Morgan at Hammersmith, and in 1816 placed himself under the care of Mr. Gillman, a surgeon at Highgate, in the hope that he might be broken of his fatal propensity to opium. In Mr. Gillman he found the kindest of friends, and lived in his house during the last 18 years of his life. It was here that he published the wild and wondrous tale of "Christabel," which had been written long before his second tragedy, entitled "Zapoyla," and several prose works, the principal of which were his "Statesman's Manual," two "Lay Sermons," Biographia Literaria," and "Aids to Reflection." Here, too, he was visited by numerous friends and admirers, who came to listen to his marvellous conversation. The published volumes of his "Table Talk" can give but a faint idea of those extraordinary monologues which attracted many thoughtful 99 66 the human will. Coleridge's critical pieces need only completeness to have been alone sufficient to establish his fame. His remarks upon numerous authors and passages scattered upon the margins of books were such as to make his friends always eager to lend him their books for his reading. His review of Mr. Wordsworth's poetry, in the "Biographia Literaria," is one of the most philosophical pieces of criticism in the language; and his lectures upon Shakespeare retain their place notwithstanding the many important works on that author which have more recently been published. The prose style of Coleridge is not always marked by that immaculate taste which distinguishes his poems, but is occasionally disfigured by obscurities and prolixities.-More important than the works which he executed are those which he planned. The life of Lessing, the dream of his German residence, was never really commenced. It was one of his later long-cherished schemes to compose a work of colossal proportions which should embrace the whole range of spiritual philosophy, show Christianity to be the only revelation of permanent and universal validity, unite the insulated fragments of truth, and reduce all knowledge into harmony. He also conceived an epic poem on the destruction of Jerusalem, a subject which would interest all Christendom as the siege of Troy interested Greece. His glowing conceptions and his am young men to the feet of the sage of Highgate. | but not clearly the self-determining power of With an infirm will, he could not overcome the irksomeness of writing out his dreamy idealities and preternatural subtleties of thought; but the gentle excitement of a social circle loosed his powers, and he uttered his lightest fancies and most comprehensive speculations without impediment. His discourse can be judged now only by the effect which it is recorded to have produced upon the listeners, and in his happiest moods it must have been magnificent and most impressive.-The poems of Coleridge exhibit his manifold powers. They comprise tragedy, songs of love, strains of patriotism, and wild, shadowy tales of superstition; they are marked sometimes by a mysterious and wondrous imaginative witchery, sometimes by philosophical thought and retrospection; and their style is according to the subject, either most melodious and flowing, or severe and stately. Several of them are fragmentary, but have no other imperfection, all that there is of them being faultless. The "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," the "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamouny," and the unfinished story of "Christabel," are unsurpassed in any language in vivid imagery, solemn intensity of feeling, and skilful modulation of verse. No other poems could so justly be termed purely, absolutely imaginative. The musical versification of "Christabel" delighted Byron and Scott, and was imitated by them both; it was the acknowledged model of the metre of the "Lay of the Last Min-bition to achieve some great work, joined to strel." His translation of Schiller's "Wallenstein" is equally remarkable. His tragedy of "Remorse" was brought out with great success at Drury Lane in 1813, but exhibits scenery and sentiment rather than character, and has not since been revived. The prose writings of Coleridge embrace theology, metaphysical and political philosophy, and literary criticism. His philosophical, more than his poetical works, are marked by a splendid incompleteness, and much as they have served to stimulate and direct the minds of others, they do not contain a fully developed system. He was born a Platonist, and he could not rest content, with Locke, to seek all knowledge in phenomena, or with Paley, to seek all good in happiness. His familiarity with the philosophy of Germany, which he first introduced to the notice of British scholars, supplied to him more spiritual theories. Above the understanding which generalizes from the data of perception, and gathers laws from experience, he enthroned the reason which seizes immediately upon universal and necessary truths, and whose intuitions are more certain than sensible phenomena, and more authoritative than the promptings to happiness. It is the clearness and earnestness with which Coleridge has illustrated this truth that has given to his name its philosophical significance, and made him the prompter of many English and American divines and thinkers. He also defended enthusiastically that infirmity of will which made him recoil from effort, he himself has depicted with great pathos in a poem which he addressed to Wordsworth. His life ebbed away in the contemplation of mighty projects, and the legacy which he left to mankind, though a valuable one, was but a fragment from the mine of his genius.The unpublished writings of Coleridge were carefully edited after his death by his nephew Henry Nelson Coleridge, his daughter Sara, and his son Derwent. All his works have been frequently republished separately. A collected edition, in nine volumes, with an introductory essay upon his philosophical and theological opinions, edited by the Rev. William T. Shedd, appeared in New York in 1853–’4. It also contains James Marsh's admirable preliminary essay to the "Aids to Reflection." The best illustrations of his life are found in the "Personal Recollections" of Joseph Cottle, and in the biographies and letters of his associates, Charles Lamb, Wordsworth, and Southey. The "Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphry Davy," edited by his brother John Davy (London, 1858), contains letters by Coleridge. COLERIDGE, Sara, the only daughter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, born at Keswick, Dec. 22, 1802, died May 3, 1852. She is described as the inheritor of her father's genius, and her life until her marriage was passed at Keswick in diligent study, in mountain rambles with Wordsworth, and in lending literary assistance |