seat of a bishopric, which was for some time filled by Bossuet. Dupleix and Salvandy were born there. CONDOR (sarcoramphus gryphus), a large bird of prey, belonging to the order raptores, family vulturide. In the genus sarcoramphus, which includes two species, both peculiar to the American continent, the bill is moderate, covered for about one third of its length with a soft cere, and arched to its strong and sharp tip; the nostrils are large and exposed in the middle of the cere, and in the male furnished with a caruncle; the wings are long and pointed, with the third and fourth quills equal and the longest; the tail is moderate and even at the end; the tarsi are plumed below the knee, and covered with small reticulated scales; the toes are moderate and united by a slight membrane; the hind toe is the shortest and is weak; the claws are strong and slightly curved; the head, neck, and front of the breast are bare of feathers, and covered with a hard, dry, and wrinkled skin, with a few short, stiff, and dark Condor (Sarcoramphus gryphus). colored hairs. On the summit of the head, in the male only, is a fleshy or cartilaginous erest, extending over the posterior part of the beak, and sloped anteriorly so as not to cover the nostrils; this crest, unlike that of the gallinaceous birds, is hard, with very few vessels, and incapable of inflation. The head is flat; the beak whitish at the tip, and brownish at the base. The rough skin of the head and neck is formed into folds, somewhat as in the turkey, which may be swelled out at pleasure; these wrinkles arise from the habit of contracting its neck within the collar. The naked neck is separated from the feathered body by a collar of fine and white silken down; this collar is found in the adults of both sexes. The general color of the plumage is brownish black; the primaries are black; the secondaries are nearly half white, so that, in the males especially, the wing is adorned with a white spot, which has led some naturalists into the erroneous belief that the back is white, from the appearance of this color when the bird is hovering below the observer. The feathers are not so thick on the under surface of the body, but those of the thighs are long. The only noise it makes is a hiss like that of a goose. The most extravagant ideas prevailed concerning the size of the condor until the visit of Humboldt to South America. The average length of this bird, from the point of the beak to the end of the tail, is not more than 34 ft., and the spread of the wings from 9 to 10 ft.; some individuals, from favorable circumstances, may attain an extent of wings of 12 or 13 ft. A full-grown male from the most celebrated locality on the Andes, now in Vassar college, has a stretch of 9 ft. Humboldt never found one to measure over 9 ft., and the largest specimen seen by Darwin was 8 ft. from tip to tip. An old male in the zoological gardens of London measures 11 ft. The exaggerated accounts of its size have doubtless originated from the difficulty of accurate observation in the solitary and almost inaccessible retreats which the condor prefers; it is most frequently seen either perched upon a lofty mountain peak, or soaring at an immense height. With this idea of its gigantic size, it is natural that travellers should believe and report tales of its strength and ferocity in attacking and carrying off man and large animals. Its beak and claws are very strong, but are employed in tearing dead rather than living animals. Humboldt could not ascertain that these birds had ever carried off a child, and believed that the reports of their killing young persons are as fabulous as those concerning the great noise made in their flight. Still, with their great strength, there is no doubt that condors might destroy children and even man; they have been seen to attack young bulls, and tear out their tongue and eyes. Nevertheless, the natives of the Andes uniformly assert that they are not dangerous to man, and even leave their young children asleep in the open air without fear of their being carried off. The true condor belongs exclusively to the chain of the Andes, from the straits of Magellan to a few degrees north of the equator. Condors generally live in pairs, in the most elevated and solitary localities; from these they descend into the valleys and plains in search of food, generally the carcasses of large animals. Their ordinary habitat is between the altitudes of 10,000 and 16,000 ft. The largest seem to make their home around the volcano of Cayambe, which stands exactly on the equator. In the rainy season they frequently descend to the coast, where they may be seen roosting on trees. They are most commonly seen around vertical cliffs, where their nests are, and where cattle are most likely to fall. Great numbers frequent Antisana, where there is an extensive cattle estate. When gorged with food, they retire to their ledges to digest it. As summer approaches, they seek the most inaccessible crags to rear their young; the female makes no nest, | almost painful gait. From its inability to rise without running, a narrow pen is sufficient to imprison it. In captivity it will eat almost anything but pork and cooked meat; a single condor of moderate size has been known to eat in one week a calf, a sheep, and a dog. In confinement they are mischievous and ferocious; they are very hard to kill, from the difficulty of penetrating their thick plumage, and they appear to have more tenacity of life than any other birds of prey.-The second species of the genus, the king vulture (S. papa), called condor in Mexico and Central America, and intimately connected with the mythology of the Aztecs, is about as large as a goose, and frequents more especially the plains of the Pacific coasts of America from 32° S. to 30° N.; but it is most numerous in the torrid zone. The skin of the head and neck is of a bright red color, bare of feathers, wrinkled, with a few hairs on the occiput, and a frill of plumes below the naked portion of the neck large enough to conceal a great part of the head when the bird draws itself into its favorite contracted, half-inclined position. Between the nostrils rises a soft crest, indented like the comb of a cock, and terminating in wart-like protuberances. The general color of the plumage is white, whence the Spaniards of Paraguay called it the white crow; the wing coverts, wings, tail, a part of the back, the bill, and the tarsi are black; in some specimens the naked skin of the head and neck is variegated with tints of orange, purple, and red. The immature birds have much more black in their plumage. The king vulture re but deposits two white eggs, about four inches long, upon the bare rock, placing a few sticks around them. Incubation occupies about seven weeks, ending in April or May. The young are scarcely covered with a dirty-white down, and they are not able to fly for nearly two years. They are as downy as goslings until they nearly equal in size a full-grown bird. The white frill at the base of the neck, and the white feathers in the wings, do not appear until the second plumage, or until after the first general moulting, during which time they lie in the caves and are fed by their elders for at least six months. Previous to this the frill is of a deep gray color and the wing feathers brown. The claws of the condor are nearly straight, and it prefers alighting on the ground to perching in trees. They often hunt in pairs, and two will not hesitate to attack the largest animals, pursuing them, and tearing them with beak and talons until they expire. There is no doubt that the condor detects its prey almost entirely by the sense of vision; when stimulated by hunger, it flies to a great height for the purpose of taking in at a glance a vast extent of country. Thus, though a carrion bird, it breathes the purest air, spending much of its time at a height of three miles above the sea. Humboldt saw one fly over Chimborazo, and Orton says he has seen them sailing 1,000 ft. above the crater of Pichincha. It is often seen singly soaring at a great height in vast circles; its flight is slow and majestic; its head is constantly in motion, as if in search of food below; its mouth is kept open and its tail spread. From its large and exposed nostrils, as compared with the smaller and cov-sembles the condor in its habits; it is a shy ered ones of the birds preying exclusively on living animals, it is possible that the condor is to some extent guided to its favorite food by the sense of smell; but, from the careful experiments of Audubon with other species of vulture, it is most likely, as he suggests, that the large openings of the nostrils are for the purpose of permitting the bird to clear out this avenue of respiration while its beak is plunged in the filthy matters which it devours. From the inactivity of the condor when gorged with food has arisen the favorite native method of taking it alive. A horse or cow being killed, the condors soon make their appearance and attack the carcass, beginning with the eyes and tongue, their favorite morsels; in order to arrive the quickest at the intestines of the animal, they direct their principal efforts to the anus; when satiated and unable to mount, the Indians pursue and capture them with ease. To rise from the ground it must run for some distance; then it flaps its wings three or four times, and ascends at a low angle till it reaches a considerable elevation, when it seems to make a few leisurely strokes, as if to ease its wings, after which it literally sails upon the air. In walking, the wings trail on the ground, and the head takes a crouching position; it has a very awkward, bird, unless pressed by hunger and in the vicinity of carrion; it is said to build its nest in a hollow tree, and to deposit two eggs. It received the name of king vulture, because from its superior size and strength it readily put to flight the carrion crows and turkey buzzards when congregated about a carcass upon which it desired to feed. CONDORCET, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de, a French savant, born at Ribemont, near St. Quentin, Sept. 17, 1743, died at Bourgla-Reine, March 28, 1794. He received his education at the collége de Navarre, and being introduced at the age of 19 to the court of Louis XV., his strict morality and earnest love of science kept him pure from the pernicious influences of that dangerous region. His essay Sur le calcul intégral and some similar writings were rewarded by his election, at the age of 26, to the academy of sci ences, of which in 1777 he was elected secre tary. His ingenuity in handling the most dif ficult mathematical problems was equalled by his versatility. In 1777 a premium was awarded to him by the Berlin academy of science for his theory of comets. An intimate friend of Turgot, Condorcet made himself familiar with the systems of political economy; at the same time he became an active contributor to the As a Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert. He was a zealous advocate of the cause of the American colonies, and of the gradual emancipation of negro slaves, to be preceded, however, by their education. The French revolution found him, although belonging to the higher ranks of nobility and a friend of the duke de Rochefoucauld, among the defenders of the popular cause. To his fame as a mathematician he now added that of a political writer. The boldness of thought which had distinguished his scientific researches characterized his political pamphlets and speeches. While in his Feuille villageoise he explained the fundamental principles of politics and public economy in plain and lucid language, adapted to the understanding of the masses, he rivalled the best orators of his time in his speeches as a member of the legislative assembly. The speech in which, after the attempted escape of the king, he represented monarchy as an anti-social institution, was admired as a model of eloquence and conclusive argument. He was elected secretary, and in 1792 president of the legislative assembly. The address of the French people to the nations of Europe on the abolition of monarchy was written by Condorcet. member of the national convention, he sided with the Girondists or moderate republicans. When the king was impeached by the convention, Condorcet voted for the severest penalty short of capital punishment, the total abolition of which he had always advocated. To him was intrusted the work of preparing a new constitution, but the downfall of the Girondists (May 31, 1793) prevented its completion. Nothing daunted by the reign of terror, he energetically denounced the extreme measures adopted by the committee of public safety. Indicted as an accomplice of Brissot (Oct. 3), he retired from public notice to save his life, and was in consequence declared an outlaw. For months he was secreted by Mine. Vernet. During that time he wrote his Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain, and the Epitre d'un Polonais exilé en Sibérie à sa femme. When by a stray newspaper he learned that all who sheltered outlaws were to forfeit their own lives, he left his asylum in spite of the entreaties of Mme. Vernet, fled from Paris in disguise, and wandered about for some time until starvation compelled him to ask for food in an inn at Clamart (March 27, 1794). Here he met with a member of the local revolutionary tribunal, who had him arrested and committed on suspicion without even knowing his name. The next morning he was found in his prison a corpse. The general opinion is that he voluntarily put an end to his life by a dose of poison which he had carried with him for some time. His complete works have been edited by Garat and Cabanis (22 vols., Paris, 1804). After the establishment of the republic in 1870, the lycée impérial received the name of the lycée Condorcet.His wife, MARIE LOUISE SOPHIE DE, a sister of Marshal Grouchy and Mme. Cabanis, took a lively interest in his philosophical researches, and wrote herself some works which are not without merit. She also translated into French Adam Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" (Paris, 1798). She was born in 1765, and died Sept. 6, 1822. CONDOTTIERI (Ital., conductors), the common designation of adventurers who, principally in Italy, during the 14th and 15th centuries, kept bands of soldiers which they hired out to the party that paid best. The burghers of the Italian municipalities, having by their control of the commerce with Asia become wealthy and prosperous, were slow to take up arms and risk their lives and fortunes for every petty quarrel with neighboring states. Hence they hired others to fight for them, not for a certain term of years, but by the job. The condottieri, then, were a kind of contractors, who, when a war was impending, made their bids accordingly. Having underbid one another in price, they not unfrequently increased their pay by plunder and booty. When the job was finished, they were loath to discharge their bands, but in order to keep them together they were compelled to fight and plunder on their own account. There was a kind of good fellowship between the condottieri, which they observed even when fighting under different colors. When one party was hired to put down another, the result generally was only a bloodless fight, the peaceable citizens being the only sufferers. Among themselves they had rules of warfare of their own. For instance, when they made a prisoner of their own class, they merely relieved him of the valuables he carried on his person and set him free without requiring ransom, while every outsider was made to pay heavily for his liberation. In the 15th century their wars were frequently mere shams. Thus, at a great battle near Zagonera in 1423, there were only three men killed; and in 1467 a battle was fought near Molinella between the condottieri of the pope and those of Naples, in which there was not even a single man hurt. Not infrequently they changed their allegiance on the very field of battle when they were offered better pay by the enemy; nor did they hesitate to double or treble the price agreed upon after every real or sham victory. CONE, in geometry, a solid figure described by a straight line moving in such a way that it always passes through a given curve enclosing a portion of a plane and through a fixed point not in that plane. The fixed point is called the vertex of the cone, and the portion of the plane enclosed by the given curve is called the base of the cone. When the base is a circle, and the line drawn from the vertex to the centre of the circle is perpendicular to the plane of the circle, the figure is called a right cone. If the line drawn from the vertex to the centre of the base is not perpendicular to the plane of the base, the figure is called an oblique cone. So if a right-angled triangle be revolved about one of the sides forming the right angle, the other side will describe a circle and the hypothenuse will describe a right cone. In popular usage the cone is considered as limited to that portion of the figure between the vertex and the base; but in mathematics the line describing the cone is supposed to extend indefinitely beyond the base, and the mathematical cone is consequently a figure of boundless extent. Every straight line drawn from the vertex through the curve enclosing the base is called a side of the cone. Every such line of course represents one of the positions of the line by which the cone is supposed to have been described. The distance from the vertex to the base measured on any one of these lines is called the slant height. The perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the base is called the altitude of the cone. The study of the right cone is sufficient for most practical and scientific purposes. (See CONIC SECTIONS.) The area of the surface of a right cone is equal to one half the circumference of the base multiplied by the slant height. The volume or solidity of a right cone is equal to one third the area of the base multiplied by the altitude.-The name cone is given to the fruit of the pines and larches, from their resemblance to this figure. CONE, Spencer Houghton, D. D., an American clergyman, born in Princeton, N. J., April 30, 1785, died in New York, Aug. 28, 1855. At the age of 12 he entered Princeton college, but two years later the infirm health of his father made him the only support of a large family, and he became Latin teacher in the Princeton academy. He afterward taught school at Burlington, N. J., and subsequently in Philadelphia, where he enfeebled his health by the combined labors of teacher, law student, and copyist. One of his friends, an Episcopal bishop, advised him to take orders in the Episcopal church, from which, however, he was withheld by the fact that he was a Baptist, and of a family which had been Baptist during many generations. The next advice of the bishop was that he should avail himself of his remarkable voice, and other superior physical qualifications, by going upon the stage. This he prepared to do, and in 1805 he appeared in the old Chestnut street theatre, Philadelphia, and at once took considerable rank. For seven years he followed this profession with great success, chiefly at Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Alexandria. In 1812 the lady to whom he was engaged refused to marry him unless he abandoned the stage; which he did, and became editor of the "Baltimore American" newspaper. He soon after joined a regiment and served against the British in the engagements connected with their attacks on Baltimore and Washington. At the instance of George M. Dallas, whose father was secretary of the treasury, he obtained an appointment at Washington; and as he now contemplated the Christian ministry, he began to preach in some of the neighboring churches. He immediately excited general interest, attracted thronging audiences, and was chosen chaplain to the congress of 1815-'16. He was settled in Alexandria until 1823, when he accepted a call to the Oliver street Baptist church in New York city, of which society he held the pastorate till 1841, when he exchanged it for that of the first Baptist church in the same city, which he retained till his death. He was a leading member of the Baptist general convention of the United States, and became its president in 1832; was foremost in directing the measures of the societies of home and foreign missions; took part in the discussions which resulted in the secession from the American Bible society of the American and foreign Bible Society, of which he was chosen president; and in 1850 was one of the authors of a tract calling for a new translation of the Bible, more definitely in accordance with Baptist views, which occasioned an exciting controversy within the Baptist body. The result of the discussion, however, was that the proposal was negatived, and then Dr. Cone prompted the formation of the American Bible union, of which he was made president. A memoir of his life was written by his sons, and published in New York in 1856. CONECUH, a S. county of Alabama, drained by Escambia river, Burnt Corn creek, Murder creek, and Sepulgah river; pop. in 1870, 9,574. of whom 4,901 were colored. The former area was 1,430 sq. m., but a portion has recently been taken to form Escambia county. It has a hilly surface, with a sandy, sterile soil. The forests furnish large quantities of pine timber, which are conveyed down the Conecuh in small rafts. Near Brooklyn, in the E. part, is a large cave. The Mobile and Montgomery railroad passes through the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 92,177 bushels of Indian corn, 12,550 of sweet potatoes, and 1,539 bales of cotton. There were 425 horses, 1,769 milch cows, 2,298 sheep, and 4,433 swine. Capital, Sparta. CONEJOS, the S. W. county of Colorado, bounded N. E. and E. by the Rio Grande, which also intersects the N. part, S. by New Mexico, and W. by Utah; area, over 11,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,504. It is watered by the Conejos and other tributaries of the Rio Grande, and also by tributaries of the San Juan. The surface is broken by mountains, the Sierra Madre and Sierra La Plata ranges traversing the county. There is a large area of arable land. The W. part is occupied by the Ute Indian reservation. The precious metals are found in the mountainous parts, but are little worked. Gypsum also occurs. The inhabitants are chiefly Mexicans and half-breeds. The chief productions in 1870 were 9,222 bushels of wheat, 852 of oats, 2,001 of potatoes, and 71,076 lbs. of wool. There were 548 horses, 1,791 milch cows, 2,178 other cattle, and 35,538 sheep. Capital, Guadalupe. CONE SHELLS, univalve shells of the genus conus, comprising many species and varieties. The shell is very thick, and appears as if rolled up in conical form. The outer lip v 1. Conus imperialis. 2. C. zonatus. 3. C. nocturnus. 4. C. marmoreus. is simple and sharp-edged, the inner lip is smooth. The spire is frequently very flat. The mollusk has a distinct head, with gills, a long proboscis, and a pair of tentacula bearing eyes. A horny operculum closes the opening of the shell. The cones are many of them very beautiful both in form and colors, and some specimens bring a high price. They are mostly found in tropical seas, but some are met with in the Mediterranean. They live in fissures and holes in rocks, and especially in the warm pools and on the sandy bottoms inside coral reefs, at depths varying from a few feet to 30 fathoms. They move slowly, and are all predatory; some will bite when handled. Some fossil species occur in the tertiary formation. where they were cruelly butchered by an or- CONEWANGO CREEK, a stream which rises in the N. W. corner of Cattaraugus co., N. Y., flows in a general S. direction, receiving the waters of the outlet of Chautauqua lake, and joins the Alleghany river at Warren, Warren co., Pa. By means of this creek and its outlets there is boat navigation from the gulf of Mexico to within 10 m. of Lake Erie. CONEY ISLAND, a barren strip of white sand at the S. W. extremity of Long Island, 9 m. S. of New York city, 4 m. long and m. broad. It is but slightly separated from the mainland. During the summer season it is much resorted to by pleasure-seekers, and on holidays especially is crowded by multitudes who flock from the neighboring cities to enjoy the sea air and bathing. It is connected by rail with Brooklyn, and by steamboats with New York. CONFARREATION, the most solemn of the three ceremonies of marriage used among the ancient Romans. The other forms of marriage were coemptio and usus. These last are the only ones mentioned by Cicero, which shows that confarreation had fallen into disuse before his time. The ceremony was performed by the pontifex maximus or flamen dialis. A formula was pronounced in the presence of CONESTOGAS, or Gandastogués, a tribe of Indians formerly on the Susquehanna river, commonly called by the French Andastes, by the people of Virginia and Maryland Susquehannas, and by the Dutch and Swedes Minquas. They were of the same family as the Hurons and Iroquois, and their name Gandastogués meant nation of roof poles. Before 1600 they nearly extermi- partook of a cake of salted bread; part of nated the Mohawks in a ten years' war, and which only they ate, the rest being thrown were still at war with them in 1608, when Capt. upon the sacrifice, which was a sheep. The Smith met a party of Susquehannas on Chesa- cake was called farreum (from far, grain), peake bay. They held in subjection all the whence confarreatio. By this form the woman neighboring Algonquin tribes, and were at war was said to come into the possession of her with those of Maryland. Acquiring firearms husband by the sacred laws, and became a and cannon from the Swedes, they were so partner of all his substance and sacred rites, troublesome to Maryland that Gov. Calvert pro- those of the penates as well as the lares. If claimed them public enemies in 1642. They the husband died intestate and without chilwere friends and allies of the Hurons of Upper dren, the wife inherited the whole property; Canada, and offered to aid them with 1,300 if there were children, she received with them Marriors. In 1652 they ceded to Maryland an equal share. The offspring of this form lands on the Patuxent, Choptank, and Elk. In of marriage were called patrimi or matrimi; 1656 they were involved in war with the Iro- and from them were chosen priests and priestquois, and though much reduced by smallpox, esses, especially the flamen dialis and vestal they fought desperately, gaining many victories virgins. Tiberius wished for a priest of this over superior forces, but were completely overthrown in 1675. A part submitted to the Iro- disuse, so that three patricians thus qualified at least ten witnesses, and the man and woman pure lineage, but the ceremony had fallen into quois; others, retreating into Maryland, were attacked by Maryland and Virginia troops, who be dissolved by a form of divorce equally solput five chiefs to death. The desperate Indians emn, called disfarreatio. Bride cake is a relic then ravaged the frontiers till they were cut of confarreation; until within 200 years it was tre In could not be found. Confarreation could only treaty with William Penn. They appear in a CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, a con treaty in 1742, but were then fast disappear- federacy formed by eleven southern and slaveing. In 1763, during a period of excitement holding states which seceded from the United against the Indians, the remnant of the Cones- States in 1860-'61, and organized a governtogas took refuge in the jail at Lancaster, Pa., ment terminating in 1865. In the presidential |