duties in France, 51; joint commis-
sioner to negotiate with Great Brit-
ain, 54; variance of views with Jay
and Adams, 60, 63; explains to Ver-
gennes departure from instructions
of Congress, 67, 77; proposition to
include Canada in United States,
59, 74; Adams's jealousy of, 84;
on Adams, 85; Jefferson on, 86;
friendly relations with both French
and English, 86; his treaty with
Prussia, 92; return of, to United
States, 94; first place in diplomacy,
101; on the French Constitution,
110; favored a cabinet, 121.
Frederick the Great, indifference of,
to the cause of the Colonies, 92.
Free ships and free goods, an issue of
the war of 1812, 236.
Frelinghuysen, F. T., Secretary of
State, held that the Clayton-Bulwer
treaty was voidable, 465.
Freneau, clerk in Department of State,

his abuse of President Washington,
147, 157.

Friends of the Confederacy, in Eng-
land, during the Civil War, 358, 374,
378.

Friends of the Union, in England, dur-
ing the Civil War, 374, 375; the
working classes and their demon-
strations, 377; the anti-slavery de-
monstrations, 393; efficiency of the
work of, 396.

Gallatin, Albert, on power of the House
of Representatives as to execution of
a treaty, 168; opinion asked by Jef-
ferson on the constitutionality of the
acquisition of Louisiana, 198; as
Secretary of the Treasury, opposed
by Smith, Secretary of State, 234;
commissioner to negotiate peace,
1814, 243; negotiates with Rush,
treaty of 1818 with Great Britain,
255; on territorial expansion, 310.
Garfield, President J. A., on the isth-
mus canal, 463.

Genet, Edmond C., minister of the
French Republic, arrival in America,
153; dismissed by Washington, 156;
remained in America, 157; had an
American wife, 284.

Geneva tribunal, for the arbitration
of the Alabama claims, 424.
Gerard, C. A., minister of France,
negotiates treaty with American
commissioners, 30; appointed first

French minister to the United States,
32; reception by Congress, 32.
Gerry, Elbridge, appointed joint com-
missioner to France, 176; remains
in Paris after his colleagues had left,
177.

Gibraltar, raising of siege of, effect on
negotiations in 1782, 56; restoration
as a condition of peace, 66.
Gladstone, William E., his conduct dur-
ing the Civil War, 374; consents to
reopen the Alabama claims, 423.
Grant, General U. S., condemnation of
the Mexican War, 321; elected
President, 417; his interest in the
annexation of San Domingo, 419;
his differences with Sumner, 430;
his removal of Minister Motley, 432;
his view of the Monroe Doctrine,
458.

Gray, Captain, commanding ship Co-
lumbia, 150; discoverer of the Co-
lumbia River, 304.

Great Lakes, disarmament on, arrange-
ment as to, 252.

Great Seal of the United States, kept
in the Department of State, descrip-
tion and use of, 129.

Grenville, Thomas, sent to Paris by

British Secretary of Foreign Affairs
to watch negotiations in 1782, 58.
Grimaldi, Marquis de, Spanish Minister
of Foreign Affairs, 13.
Grotius, disregard of his principles in
eighteenth century, 1.

Gwin, Senator, proposes the purchase
of Alaska, 404.

Hamburg, city of, letter to Continental
Congress on commercial intercourse,
88.
Hamilton, Alexander, comment on
Adams's diary read in Congress, 49;
on Jay, 62; condemns instructions of
Congress as to peace negotiations of
1782, 69; service in the Constitu-
tional Convention, 110; contribu-
tions to the "Federalist," 111, 113,
118; appointment as first Secretary
of the Treasury, 137; leader of Fed-
eralists, 144; quarrel with Jefferson,
144; services as Secretary of the
Treasury, 150; on treaty of alliance
with France, 152; stoned for sup-
porting Jay treaty, 1794, 162; oppo-
sition to President Adams, 179; on
the acquisition of Louisiana, 201.
Hammond, George, first British minis-

Harris, Townsend, minister to Japan,

his valuable services, 411.
Harrison, Benjamin, on Committee on
Foreign Affairs, 10, 19.
Hartford Convention, against the war
of 1812, 242.

Hawaii, recognition of the kingdom
of, 293; protectorate policy towards,
294; reciprocity treaty with, 436.
Hayes, President R. B., his message on
the isthmus canal under American
control, 461.

Holmes, Dr. O. W., his poem on the
friendship of Russia, 405.
Holy Alliance, the, of European pow-
ers, one of the causes of the promul-
gation of the Monroe Doctrine, 441.
Hortalez et C., Beaumarchais' ficti-
tious firm, 14.
Hughes, Archbishop, sent on a private
mission to Europe during the Civil
War, 398.
Hülsemann,

Chevalier, Austrian
chargé, his correspondence with
Webster on Hungarian revolt, 330;
suspension of intercourse with, 332.
Hungarian revolt, President Taylor
sends a secret agent to report on,
329; Webster - Hülsemann
spondence on, 330; visit of Kossuth,
hero of, 331.

corre-

Impressment of seamen, one of the
causes of the war of 1812 with Great
Britain, 236; Madison on its hard-
ship, 238; in the Webster-Ashbur-
ton negotiations, 288.

Indirect claims, rejected by the Ge-
neva tribunal of arbitration, 426.
International law, state of, in 1776, 1;
Grotius's principles of, disregarded,
1; growth of, 2; influence of United
States on, 3; advance made in treaty
with Prussia, 1785, 93; influence of
Continental Congress on, 94; pro-
visions of treaty of 1794 with Great
Britain shows advance in, 165; ac-
tion of the United States in natural-
ization, its influence on, 337; British
proclamation of neutrality in the
Civil War recognized as correct in,
366; the three rules of the Geneva
́arbitration generally accepted as,
426; influence of American diplo-
macy on, 437; relation of the Mon-
roe Doctrine to, 438, 477.

during the Civil War, the greatest
danger to the Union, 358; Secretary
Black's circular on, 359; Russia op-
poses joint action for, 372, 382; fa-
vored by France and England, 372,
378, 380, 382.

Intervention in Mexico, condition of
disorder in Buchanan's term, and his
efforts as to, 355; tripartite agree-
ment as to, 401; French occupation,
402; Seward's notice and French
withdrawal, 402; execution of Maxi-
milian, 403; relation to the Monroe
Doctrine, 460.

Izard, Ralph, minister to Tuscany,
trouble with Franklin, 37; not re-
ceived, 50.

Jackson, Andrew, incursion into Flor-
ida, 258; nominated by Monroe min-
ister to Mexico, but declined, 265;
conduct of foreign relations as Presi-
dent, 273; on French treaty of 1831,
279.

Jackson, Francis James, British min-
ister, his troubles with President
Madison, 220; his dismissal, 221.
Japan, expedition of Commodore Perry
and establishment of diplomatic re-
lations with, 333; popular opposition
in, to foreigners, 411; Seward's
friendly policy towards, 412; re-
establishment of the Mikado's power
as emperor, 413; Shimonoseki in-
demnity and its return, 413.
Jay, John, on Committee of Foreign
Affairs, 1775, 4, 10; Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, 7; state of living
as minister to Spain, 7; correspond-
ence opened, 26; disapproval of
Deane's conduct, 40; minister to
Spain, 41; joint commissioner to ne-
gotiate with Great Britain, 54; ar-
rival in Paris, opinion of the French,
59, 86; objects to Oswald's commis-
sion, 60, 73; on Rayneval's visit to
London, 61; departure of commis-
sioners from instructions of Con-
gress, 64, 67, 77; return to United
States and appointed Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, 96; on defects of
the Confederation, 100; contribu-
tions to the "Federalist," 106; ap-
pointed chief justice, 138; prepares
a draft of neutrality proclamation,
in 1793, 154; envoy extraordinary to
Great Britain, 159; negotiates treaty

on

of 1794, 161; opposition to treaty, |
161.
Jefferson, Thomas, appointed joint
commissioner to France, and de-
clined, 20; his anecdote of Franklin
and Lee, 36; appointed joint com-
missioner to negotiate with Great
Britain, and declined, 55; on Adams
and Franklin, 84, 86; minister to
France, 94, 141; appointed by Wash-
ington first Secretary of State, 137;
residence in Paris, influence on, 138;
opinion of the English, 138; style of
living in Paris, 139; admiration of
America, 140; attitude as to the
new Constitution, 141; on Shays' re-
bellion, 142; out of harmony with
Washington and his cabinet, 143;
quarrel with Hamilton, 144;
treaty of alliance with France, 153;
opposition to neutrality proclama-
tion of 1793, 155; resignation as
secretary, 158; on invention of cot-
ton gin, 166; on power of House of
Representatives over the execution
of a treaty, 169; his letter to Maz-
zei, 170; its effect on Washington,
171; causes which promoted his
election as President, 185; acquisi-
tion of Louisiana his great achieve-
ment, 187; on the constitutionality
of its acquisition, 198; his action as
to Barbary States, 205; his social
customs as President, 209; his
troubles with the diplomatic corps,
211; close of his presidency, 231;
on the western boundary of Texas,
262; on territorial expansion, 309;
declaration anterior to the Monroe
Doctrine, 440; his approval of its
promulgation, 443.
Johnson, Reverdy, minister to Great
Britain, negotiated treaty for adjust-
ment of Alabama claims, rejected
by the Senate, 422.

Joint action with other powers as to
China, 291.

Joint High Commission, respecting the
Alabama claims, and other ques-
tions, 423.

Jones, Commodore, temporary occupa-
tion of California, 315.
Jones, John Paul, aided by Franklin
in France, 51.

Knox, Henry, first Secretary of War,
137; supports Hamilton in the Cab-
inet, 147.

Kossuth, Louis, Hungarian leader,
visit to the United States, 331.

Lafayette, Marquis de, leaves France
for America, 17; proposes expedi-
tion to Canada, 76.
Laurens, Henry, minister to Holland,
captured, 27, 43; appointed joint
commissioner to negotiate with Great
Britain, 54; Oswald furnished bail
for, 57.

Law of nations. See International
law.

Lecky, W., the historian, on the treaty
of 1782, 71.

Lee, Arthur, agent of Massachusetts,
12; enmity to Deane, 16; joint
commissioner to France, 20; trouble
with Franklin-his character, 35;
dropped from diplomatic service,
39; attempt to visit Madrid, 50.
Lee, Richard Henry, on committee on
diplomatic ceremonial, 32.

Lee, William, minister to Vienna, not
received, 50.

Lesseps, F. de, his project for the
Panama Canal, 461; French govern-
ment disavows any relation to his
project, 463.

Lewis and Clarke. See Expedition of.
Lincoln, Abraham, his appearance in

Congress, 317; elected President,
357; his corrections of Seward's in-
temperate dispatch, 361; his action
on Seward's Thoughts," 362; on
the Trent affair, 371; effect of his
proclamation of emancipation in
England, 392; tributes of the na-
tions on death of, 400.

Livingston, Edward, Secretary of State,
278.

Livingston, Robert R., first Secretary
of Foreign Affairs, 6, 97; minister
to France, instructions to open nego-
tiations for purchase of New Ör
leans, 190; his jealousy of Monroe
in negotiations, 195.
Logan Act, the, its origin, 226; breach

of, in Jefferson's presidency, 229;
no convictions under it, 230.
Louisiana, purchase of, 187-206; pro-
test of Spain against its cession,
196; extent of its territory, 197;
formal transfer of, 202; act for
government of, 203.

Lovell, Mr., member of Committee of
Foreign Affairs, 5.

Luzerne, M., French minister to the

Colonies, criticised appointment of
Adams to negotiate with Great
Britain, 54; communicates to Con-
gress Vergennes' complaint of
American commissioners, 68; on
terms of treaty of 1782, 70.

McIlvaine, Bishop, sent on a private
mission to Europe during the Civil
War, 398.

McLane, Louis, minister to Great
Britain, instructions as to British
commerce, 276; Secretary of State,
278.
McLeod, the case of, a British subject,
trial of, for connection with the de-
struction of the Caroline, 287.
Madison, James, condemns instructions
of Congress as to peace negotiations
of 1782, 69; services in the Conven-
tion, and title of "Father of the
Constitution," 110, 186; favored a
cabinet, 121; proposed in First Con-
gress a Department of Foreign Af-
fairs, 123; attacks Hamilton's view
of French treaty, 153; opposition to
neutrality proclamation of 1793,
154; appointed Secretary of State,
185; his social troubles with the
British minister, Merry, 213; later
troubles with the British minister,
Jackson, 220; elected President,
233; on impressment, 238; attitude
as to the war of 1812, 240; close of
his public service, 249; his approval
of the Monroe Doctrine, 443.
Malmesbury, Lord, British ambassa-
dor in Russia, 28.

Maps, the battle of the, growing out
of the Webster-Ashburton treaty,
284.

Marbois, Barbe, French chargé to the
Colonies, his captured letter, 62;
participation in negotiations for
Louisiana, 93; had an American
wife, 284.

Marcy, William L., Secretary of State
under Pierce, 335; his action on
Koszta and naturalization, 336; ne-
gotiation of Canadian reciprocity
treaty, 337; his diplomatic dress
circular, 339; his action in the case
of the Black Warrior, 344; his
effort to purchase Cuba, 345; his
proposed amendment of the rules of
Paris Declaration, 347.

Marshall, John, appointed commis-
sioner to France, 176; Secretary of

"mid-

State, 181; commissioning
night judges," 182; appointed chief
justice, his services as such, 183;
on Madison, 186.

Mason, John Y., minister to France,
joins in Ostend Manifesto, 345; Con-
federate commissioner, taken from
steamer Trent, 367; on parliamen-
tary debate on cruisers, 389.
Mercier, Henri, French minister, pro-
poses mediation in the Civil War
383.

Merry, Anthony, British minister, his
social troubles with President Jeffer-
son and Secretary Madison, 211;
intrigue with Aaron Burr, 223.
Mexican intervention. See Interven-
tion in Mexico.

Mexican War, the, 314-323; declared
by Congress to be by act of Mexico,
314; strong opposition to, in the
United States, 316; Trists's peace
negotiations, 317; treaty of Guada-
lupe Hidalgo, 318; protocol to the
treaty, 320; judgment of history on,
321.

Mill, John Stuart, friendly to the
Union during the Civil War, 375.
Misconduct of foreign diplomatic re-
presentatives at Washington, reca-
pitulation of, 434.

Mississippi River, Jay's negotiation
for right of free navigation, 41; in
treaty with Great Britain, 1782-83,
55, 64, 79; Franklin on its naviga-
tion, 188; Jefferson on, 189.
Mob violence, responsibility for. See
New Orleans mob.

Monroe Doctrine, the, promulgation
of, 265; enlargement of, as to isth-
mus transit, 324; for full discussion
of, see chapter xii.; its relation to
the Declaration of Independence,
and Washington's Farewell Address,
438; its development, 439; Jeffer-
son's declarations of 1808 and 1820,
440; events preceding its promul-
gation, 441; Canning's proposal to
Rush, 442; Jefferson and Madison
on proposed promulgation of the
doctrine, the text of, 443; first para-
graph as to colonization, an accom-
plished fact, 446; scope of the sec-
ond paragraph, 446; effect in Europe
of its promulgation, 447; Canning's
relation to, 448; application of, to
Cuba, 451, 458; the relation of the
Panama Congress to, 451; debate

in, and action of, the United States
Congress on the latter, 452; invoked
by President Polk as to Yucatan,
454; the Clayton-Bulwer treaty,
456;
Grant and Fish on, 458; its
relation to the French intervention
in Mexico, 459; its relation to the
Spanish war of 1866 with South
American republics, 460; its appli-
cation to canals across the isthmus,
461-466; its influence on the revolu-
tion of 1893 in Brazil, 466; its
application to the British-Venezuela
boundary dispute, 467-474; decla-
ration of the American delegates to
the Hague Peace Conference on,
475; the affirmative declarations of,
475; the negative declarations of,
476; the established policy of the
government, 477.
Monroe, James, appointed minister to
France, 172; recalled by Washing-
ton, 174; publishes a vindication of
his conduct, 174; special plenipo-
tentiary to France to negotiate for
free navigation of Mississippi and
purchase of New Orleans, 191; his
trouble with Livingston, 195; minis-
ter to England, 205; failure of Jef-
ferson to ratify his treaty, 205;
Secretary of State under Madison,
234; succeeds him as President,
250; social customs at the Executive
Mansion, 266; successful conclusion
of his administration, 267; for Mon-
roe Doctrine, see chapter xii.
Montaudoin, Sieur, French agent in
America, 13.

Moore, Thomas, the poet,

on the

troubles of the British minister with
President Jefferson, 216.

Morris, Gouverneur, on committee on
diplomatic ceremonial, 32; favored
a cabinet in Constitutional Conven-
tion, 121; minister to France, 151;
on treaty of alliance of 1778, 152;
dismissed by French Directory, 172;
on acquisition of Louisiana, 201.
Morris, Robert, on Committee of For-

eign Affairs, 10; letter to John
Adams, 70.

Morton, Senator O. P., on the removal
of Sumner from chairmanship of
Committee on Foreign Relations,
431.

Motley, John Lothrop, on British pro-
clamation of neutrality, 366; his
resignation as minister to Vienna

forced by President Johnson, 431;
appointed by President Grant min-
ister to London, 432; his removal,
and bitter correspondence with Sec-
retary Fish, 432.

Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul
of France, part in treaty of 1800,
179; in treaty for cession of Louisi-
ana of 1803, 192; issues the Berlin
and Milan decrees, 238; contest of
Great Britain with, its meaning,
249; on the boundaries of Louisi-
ana, 256; motive of, for the cession
of Louisiana, 408.
Naturalization, of British subjects, dis-

regard of, one of the causes of the
war of 1812, 236; the case of Koszat,
and question of domicil, 336; how
the action of the United States has
influenced international law, 337.
Netherlands, king of the, arbitrator
of the northeast boundary dispute,
282.

Neutrality, in draft treaty with France,
1776, 19; armed, of Northern Ea-
rope, 42; recognized in treaty with
Prussia, 1785, 93; proclamation of,
in 1793, 154; opposition to proclama-
tion by Jefferson and Madison, 154;
act of Congress relative to, 155;
influence of proclamation on inter-
national law, 156; an issue of the
war of 1812, 236; difficulty of en-
forcing laws as to, 280; test of effi-
cacy in Cuban troubles, 327, 342;
violation of, by British minister and
consuls, 347; British proclamation
of, in Civil War, 365; controversy
over and settlement of claim against
Great Britain for lax observance of,
during the Civil War, 422-427.
Newcastle, Duke of, his report of Sew-
ard's after-dinner remarks, 364.
New Orleans mob, against Spanish
subjects, 327; Webster on responsi-
bility for damages on account of,
328; appropriation for damages
from, made by Congress, 328.

Olney, Richard, Secretary of State, his
exposition of the Monroe Doctrine in
correspondence on the Venezuela
boundary, 468; criticism of British
press on, 470; Lord Salisbury's reply
to, 470.
Opium trade, with China, discouraged
by the United States, 291.