duties in France, 51; joint commis- sioner to negotiate with Great Brit- ain, 54; variance of views with Jay and Adams, 60, 63; explains to Ver- gennes departure from instructions of Congress, 67, 77; proposition to include Canada in United States, 59, 74; Adams's jealousy of, 84; on Adams, 85; Jefferson on, 86; friendly relations with both French and English, 86; his treaty with Prussia, 92; return of, to United States, 94; first place in diplomacy, 101; on the French Constitution, 110; favored a cabinet, 121. Frederick the Great, indifference of, to the cause of the Colonies, 92. Free ships and free goods, an issue of the war of 1812, 236. Frelinghuysen, F. T., Secretary of State, held that the Clayton-Bulwer treaty was voidable, 465. Freneau, clerk in Department of State,
his abuse of President Washington, 147, 157.
Friends of the Confederacy, in Eng- land, during the Civil War, 358, 374, 378.
Friends of the Union, in England, dur- ing the Civil War, 374, 375; the working classes and their demon- strations, 377; the anti-slavery de- monstrations, 393; efficiency of the work of, 396.
Gallatin, Albert, on power of the House of Representatives as to execution of a treaty, 168; opinion asked by Jef- ferson on the constitutionality of the acquisition of Louisiana, 198; as Secretary of the Treasury, opposed by Smith, Secretary of State, 234; commissioner to negotiate peace, 1814, 243; negotiates with Rush, treaty of 1818 with Great Britain, 255; on territorial expansion, 310. Garfield, President J. A., on the isth- mus canal, 463.
Genet, Edmond C., minister of the French Republic, arrival in America, 153; dismissed by Washington, 156; remained in America, 157; had an American wife, 284.
Geneva tribunal, for the arbitration of the Alabama claims, 424. Gerard, C. A., minister of France, negotiates treaty with American commissioners, 30; appointed first
French minister to the United States, 32; reception by Congress, 32. Gerry, Elbridge, appointed joint com- missioner to France, 176; remains in Paris after his colleagues had left, 177.
Gibraltar, raising of siege of, effect on negotiations in 1782, 56; restoration as a condition of peace, 66. Gladstone, William E., his conduct dur- ing the Civil War, 374; consents to reopen the Alabama claims, 423. Grant, General U. S., condemnation of the Mexican War, 321; elected President, 417; his interest in the annexation of San Domingo, 419; his differences with Sumner, 430; his removal of Minister Motley, 432; his view of the Monroe Doctrine, 458.
Gray, Captain, commanding ship Co- lumbia, 150; discoverer of the Co- lumbia River, 304.
Great Lakes, disarmament on, arrange- ment as to, 252.
Great Seal of the United States, kept in the Department of State, descrip- tion and use of, 129.
Grenville, Thomas, sent to Paris by
British Secretary of Foreign Affairs to watch negotiations in 1782, 58. Grimaldi, Marquis de, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, 13. Grotius, disregard of his principles in eighteenth century, 1.
Gwin, Senator, proposes the purchase of Alaska, 404.
Hamburg, city of, letter to Continental Congress on commercial intercourse, 88. Hamilton, Alexander, comment on Adams's diary read in Congress, 49; on Jay, 62; condemns instructions of Congress as to peace negotiations of 1782, 69; service in the Constitu- tional Convention, 110; contribu- tions to the "Federalist," 111, 113, 118; appointment as first Secretary of the Treasury, 137; leader of Fed- eralists, 144; quarrel with Jefferson, 144; services as Secretary of the Treasury, 150; on treaty of alliance with France, 152; stoned for sup- porting Jay treaty, 1794, 162; oppo- sition to President Adams, 179; on the acquisition of Louisiana, 201. Hammond, George, first British minis-
ter to the United States, arrived | Intervention, European, threatened 1791, 159.
Harris, Townsend, minister to Japan,
his valuable services, 411. Harrison, Benjamin, on Committee on Foreign Affairs, 10, 19. Hartford Convention, against the war of 1812, 242.
Hawaii, recognition of the kingdom of, 293; protectorate policy towards, 294; reciprocity treaty with, 436. Hayes, President R. B., his message on the isthmus canal under American control, 461.
Holmes, Dr. O. W., his poem on the friendship of Russia, 405. Holy Alliance, the, of European pow- ers, one of the causes of the promul- gation of the Monroe Doctrine, 441. Hortalez et C., Beaumarchais' ficti- tious firm, 14. Hughes, Archbishop, sent on a private mission to Europe during the Civil War, 398. Hülsemann,
Chevalier, Austrian chargé, his correspondence with Webster on Hungarian revolt, 330; suspension of intercourse with, 332. Hungarian revolt, President Taylor sends a secret agent to report on, 329; Webster - Hülsemann spondence on, 330; visit of Kossuth, hero of, 331.
Impressment of seamen, one of the causes of the war of 1812 with Great Britain, 236; Madison on its hard- ship, 238; in the Webster-Ashbur- ton negotiations, 288.
Indirect claims, rejected by the Ge- neva tribunal of arbitration, 426. International law, state of, in 1776, 1; Grotius's principles of, disregarded, 1; growth of, 2; influence of United States on, 3; advance made in treaty with Prussia, 1785, 93; influence of Continental Congress on, 94; pro- visions of treaty of 1794 with Great Britain shows advance in, 165; ac- tion of the United States in natural- ization, its influence on, 337; British proclamation of neutrality in the Civil War recognized as correct in, 366; the three rules of the Geneva ́arbitration generally accepted as, 426; influence of American diplo- macy on, 437; relation of the Mon- roe Doctrine to, 438, 477.
during the Civil War, the greatest danger to the Union, 358; Secretary Black's circular on, 359; Russia op- poses joint action for, 372, 382; fa- vored by France and England, 372, 378, 380, 382.
Intervention in Mexico, condition of disorder in Buchanan's term, and his efforts as to, 355; tripartite agree- ment as to, 401; French occupation, 402; Seward's notice and French withdrawal, 402; execution of Maxi- milian, 403; relation to the Monroe Doctrine, 460.
Izard, Ralph, minister to Tuscany, trouble with Franklin, 37; not re- ceived, 50.
Jackson, Andrew, incursion into Flor- ida, 258; nominated by Monroe min- ister to Mexico, but declined, 265; conduct of foreign relations as Presi- dent, 273; on French treaty of 1831, 279.
Jackson, Francis James, British min- ister, his troubles with President Madison, 220; his dismissal, 221. Japan, expedition of Commodore Perry and establishment of diplomatic re- lations with, 333; popular opposition in, to foreigners, 411; Seward's friendly policy towards, 412; re- establishment of the Mikado's power as emperor, 413; Shimonoseki in- demnity and its return, 413. Jay, John, on Committee of Foreign Affairs, 1775, 4, 10; Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 7; state of living as minister to Spain, 7; correspond- ence opened, 26; disapproval of Deane's conduct, 40; minister to Spain, 41; joint commissioner to ne- gotiate with Great Britain, 54; ar- rival in Paris, opinion of the French, 59, 86; objects to Oswald's commis- sion, 60, 73; on Rayneval's visit to London, 61; departure of commis- sioners from instructions of Con- gress, 64, 67, 77; return to United States and appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 96; on defects of the Confederation, 100; contribu- tions to the "Federalist," 106; ap- pointed chief justice, 138; prepares a draft of neutrality proclamation, in 1793, 154; envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, 159; negotiates treaty
of 1794, 161; opposition to treaty, | 161. Jefferson, Thomas, appointed joint commissioner to France, and de- clined, 20; his anecdote of Franklin and Lee, 36; appointed joint com- missioner to negotiate with Great Britain, and declined, 55; on Adams and Franklin, 84, 86; minister to France, 94, 141; appointed by Wash- ington first Secretary of State, 137; residence in Paris, influence on, 138; opinion of the English, 138; style of living in Paris, 139; admiration of America, 140; attitude as to the new Constitution, 141; on Shays' re- bellion, 142; out of harmony with Washington and his cabinet, 143; quarrel with Hamilton, 144; treaty of alliance with France, 153; opposition to neutrality proclama- tion of 1793, 155; resignation as secretary, 158; on invention of cot- ton gin, 166; on power of House of Representatives over the execution of a treaty, 169; his letter to Maz- zei, 170; its effect on Washington, 171; causes which promoted his election as President, 185; acquisi- tion of Louisiana his great achieve- ment, 187; on the constitutionality of its acquisition, 198; his action as to Barbary States, 205; his social customs as President, 209; his troubles with the diplomatic corps, 211; close of his presidency, 231; on the western boundary of Texas, 262; on territorial expansion, 309; declaration anterior to the Monroe Doctrine, 440; his approval of its promulgation, 443. Johnson, Reverdy, minister to Great Britain, negotiated treaty for adjust- ment of Alabama claims, rejected by the Senate, 422.
Joint action with other powers as to China, 291.
Joint High Commission, respecting the Alabama claims, and other ques- tions, 423.
Jones, Commodore, temporary occupa- tion of California, 315. Jones, John Paul, aided by Franklin in France, 51.
Knox, Henry, first Secretary of War, 137; supports Hamilton in the Cab- inet, 147.
Kossuth, Louis, Hungarian leader, visit to the United States, 331.
Lafayette, Marquis de, leaves France for America, 17; proposes expedi- tion to Canada, 76. Laurens, Henry, minister to Holland, captured, 27, 43; appointed joint commissioner to negotiate with Great Britain, 54; Oswald furnished bail for, 57.
Law of nations. See International law.
Lecky, W., the historian, on the treaty of 1782, 71.
Lee, Arthur, agent of Massachusetts, 12; enmity to Deane, 16; joint commissioner to France, 20; trouble with Franklin-his character, 35; dropped from diplomatic service, 39; attempt to visit Madrid, 50. Lee, Richard Henry, on committee on diplomatic ceremonial, 32.
Lee, William, minister to Vienna, not received, 50.
Lesseps, F. de, his project for the Panama Canal, 461; French govern- ment disavows any relation to his project, 463.
Lewis and Clarke. See Expedition of. Lincoln, Abraham, his appearance in
Congress, 317; elected President, 357; his corrections of Seward's in- temperate dispatch, 361; his action on Seward's Thoughts," 362; on the Trent affair, 371; effect of his proclamation of emancipation in England, 392; tributes of the na- tions on death of, 400.
Livingston, Edward, Secretary of State, 278.
Livingston, Robert R., first Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 6, 97; minister to France, instructions to open nego- tiations for purchase of New Ör leans, 190; his jealousy of Monroe in negotiations, 195. Logan Act, the, its origin, 226; breach
of, in Jefferson's presidency, 229; no convictions under it, 230. Louisiana, purchase of, 187-206; pro- test of Spain against its cession, 196; extent of its territory, 197; formal transfer of, 202; act for government of, 203.
Lovell, Mr., member of Committee of Foreign Affairs, 5.
Luzerne, M., French minister to the
Colonies, criticised appointment of Adams to negotiate with Great Britain, 54; communicates to Con- gress Vergennes' complaint of American commissioners, 68; on terms of treaty of 1782, 70.
McIlvaine, Bishop, sent on a private mission to Europe during the Civil War, 398.
McLane, Louis, minister to Great Britain, instructions as to British commerce, 276; Secretary of State, 278. McLeod, the case of, a British subject, trial of, for connection with the de- struction of the Caroline, 287. Madison, James, condemns instructions of Congress as to peace negotiations of 1782, 69; services in the Conven- tion, and title of "Father of the Constitution," 110, 186; favored a cabinet, 121; proposed in First Con- gress a Department of Foreign Af- fairs, 123; attacks Hamilton's view of French treaty, 153; opposition to neutrality proclamation of 1793, 154; appointed Secretary of State, 185; his social troubles with the British minister, Merry, 213; later troubles with the British minister, Jackson, 220; elected President, 233; on impressment, 238; attitude as to the war of 1812, 240; close of his public service, 249; his approval of the Monroe Doctrine, 443. Malmesbury, Lord, British ambassa- dor in Russia, 28.
Maps, the battle of the, growing out of the Webster-Ashburton treaty, 284.
Marbois, Barbe, French chargé to the Colonies, his captured letter, 62; participation in negotiations for Louisiana, 93; had an American wife, 284.
Marcy, William L., Secretary of State under Pierce, 335; his action on Koszta and naturalization, 336; ne- gotiation of Canadian reciprocity treaty, 337; his diplomatic dress circular, 339; his action in the case of the Black Warrior, 344; his effort to purchase Cuba, 345; his proposed amendment of the rules of Paris Declaration, 347.
Marshall, John, appointed commis- sioner to France, 176; Secretary of
State, 181; commissioning night judges," 182; appointed chief justice, his services as such, 183; on Madison, 186.
Mason, John Y., minister to France, joins in Ostend Manifesto, 345; Con- federate commissioner, taken from steamer Trent, 367; on parliamen- tary debate on cruisers, 389. Mercier, Henri, French minister, pro- poses mediation in the Civil War 383.
Merry, Anthony, British minister, his social troubles with President Jeffer- son and Secretary Madison, 211; intrigue with Aaron Burr, 223. Mexican intervention. See Interven- tion in Mexico.
Mexican War, the, 314-323; declared by Congress to be by act of Mexico, 314; strong opposition to, in the United States, 316; Trists's peace negotiations, 317; treaty of Guada- lupe Hidalgo, 318; protocol to the treaty, 320; judgment of history on, 321.
Mill, John Stuart, friendly to the Union during the Civil War, 375. Misconduct of foreign diplomatic re- presentatives at Washington, reca- pitulation of, 434.
Mississippi River, Jay's negotiation for right of free navigation, 41; in treaty with Great Britain, 1782-83, 55, 64, 79; Franklin on its naviga- tion, 188; Jefferson on, 189. Mob violence, responsibility for. See New Orleans mob.
Monroe Doctrine, the, promulgation of, 265; enlargement of, as to isth- mus transit, 324; for full discussion of, see chapter xii.; its relation to the Declaration of Independence, and Washington's Farewell Address, 438; its development, 439; Jeffer- son's declarations of 1808 and 1820, 440; events preceding its promul- gation, 441; Canning's proposal to Rush, 442; Jefferson and Madison on proposed promulgation of the doctrine, the text of, 443; first para- graph as to colonization, an accom- plished fact, 446; scope of the sec- ond paragraph, 446; effect in Europe of its promulgation, 447; Canning's relation to, 448; application of, to Cuba, 451, 458; the relation of the Panama Congress to, 451; debate
in, and action of, the United States Congress on the latter, 452; invoked by President Polk as to Yucatan, 454; the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 456; Grant and Fish on, 458; its relation to the French intervention in Mexico, 459; its relation to the Spanish war of 1866 with South American republics, 460; its appli- cation to canals across the isthmus, 461-466; its influence on the revolu- tion of 1893 in Brazil, 466; its application to the British-Venezuela boundary dispute, 467-474; decla- ration of the American delegates to the Hague Peace Conference on, 475; the affirmative declarations of, 475; the negative declarations of, 476; the established policy of the government, 477. Monroe, James, appointed minister to France, 172; recalled by Washing- ton, 174; publishes a vindication of his conduct, 174; special plenipo- tentiary to France to negotiate for free navigation of Mississippi and purchase of New Orleans, 191; his trouble with Livingston, 195; minis- ter to England, 205; failure of Jef- ferson to ratify his treaty, 205; Secretary of State under Madison, 234; succeeds him as President, 250; social customs at the Executive Mansion, 266; successful conclusion of his administration, 267; for Mon- roe Doctrine, see chapter xii. Montaudoin, Sieur, French agent in America, 13.
Moore, Thomas, the poet,
troubles of the British minister with President Jefferson, 216.
Morris, Gouverneur, on committee on diplomatic ceremonial, 32; favored a cabinet in Constitutional Conven- tion, 121; minister to France, 151; on treaty of alliance of 1778, 152; dismissed by French Directory, 172; on acquisition of Louisiana, 201. Morris, Robert, on Committee of For-
eign Affairs, 10; letter to John Adams, 70.
Morton, Senator O. P., on the removal of Sumner from chairmanship of Committee on Foreign Relations, 431.
Motley, John Lothrop, on British pro- clamation of neutrality, 366; his resignation as minister to Vienna
forced by President Johnson, 431; appointed by President Grant min- ister to London, 432; his removal, and bitter correspondence with Sec- retary Fish, 432.
Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul of France, part in treaty of 1800, 179; in treaty for cession of Louisi- ana of 1803, 192; issues the Berlin and Milan decrees, 238; contest of Great Britain with, its meaning, 249; on the boundaries of Louisi- ana, 256; motive of, for the cession of Louisiana, 408. Naturalization, of British subjects, dis-
regard of, one of the causes of the war of 1812, 236; the case of Koszat, and question of domicil, 336; how the action of the United States has influenced international law, 337. Netherlands, king of the, arbitrator of the northeast boundary dispute, 282.
Neutrality, in draft treaty with France, 1776, 19; armed, of Northern Ea- rope, 42; recognized in treaty with Prussia, 1785, 93; proclamation of, in 1793, 154; opposition to proclama- tion by Jefferson and Madison, 154; act of Congress relative to, 155; influence of proclamation on inter- national law, 156; an issue of the war of 1812, 236; difficulty of en- forcing laws as to, 280; test of effi- cacy in Cuban troubles, 327, 342; violation of, by British minister and consuls, 347; British proclamation of, in Civil War, 365; controversy over and settlement of claim against Great Britain for lax observance of, during the Civil War, 422-427. Newcastle, Duke of, his report of Sew- ard's after-dinner remarks, 364. New Orleans mob, against Spanish subjects, 327; Webster on responsi- bility for damages on account of, 328; appropriation for damages from, made by Congress, 328.
Olney, Richard, Secretary of State, his exposition of the Monroe Doctrine in correspondence on the Venezuela boundary, 468; criticism of British press on, 470; Lord Salisbury's reply to, 470. Opium trade, with China, discouraged by the United States, 291.
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