convention, opposes the federal con- stitution, vi. 461. Spencer, Thomas, heroic death of, in the fight under Herkimer, in the Mohawk valley, New York, v. 169. Spotswood, governor of Virginia, ii. 15, 20 divides the Tuscaroras, 204, 205; effort to extend Virginia line of set- tlement against the French, 225; on the small number of slaves brought into Virginia, 279.
Stair, earl of, proposed as viceroy of America (1721), ii. 249. Stamp-tax, proposed, ii. 264, 353, 374; rejected by Pitt, 458; why preferred to other modes of raising revenue in America, iii. 56, 57; adopted by Grenville, 58; opposition to, 70, 71; act establishing, debated and passed in both houses, 97–104; small duties at first, with bounties, 105; stamp officers to be Americans, 105, 106; how the tax to be collected, 109; colonies resolve to resist, 119; dis- tributors resign, 138, 139; stamps arrive, excitement produced, 155; stamp masters resign, 159; course of the people on (November 1, 1765), 159; course of the press, 159, 160; stamps everywhere refused, 161–164; hopes in England that the act will execute itself, 167; null and void, ac- cording to John Adams, 171; repeal of, moved in parliament, 204, 205; debate on, 210; repeal of, carried, 211; the king called it "fatal re- peal," 212; rejoicings in London, 212; the stamps carried back to Eng- land, 213; joy in the colonies, 213, 214; reaction against the stamp-act, 215, 216.
Standish, Captain Miles, i. 209; exploits of, 212.
Stanhope, earl of, wishes parliamentary
reform, iii. 384, 385; with other peers, protests against the "temerity" of the ministry (1774), iv. 92. Stanley, Hans, sent to Paris, ii. 538, 539,
541; in parliament, speech against the colonies, iii. 322, 323. Stanwix, General, ii. 491. Stark, John, ii. 370, 435; at Lake George,
459; captain, 486; chosen colonel of regiment, iv. 169; post of, at Chelsea, 169, 170; at Battle of Bun- ker Hill, 221; fought on the flank, 220, 225, 228; protests against aban- doning Crown Point, v. 15; with Washington, 96; at Trenton, 98; pledges his fortune, 103; unfairly used by congress, retires, 148; with
the New Hampshire troops defeats Baum at Bennington, Vermont, 171, 172; on the Hudson, at Fort Edward, 190; named to accompany Lafayette to Canada, 215.
State citizenship, defined (June, 1776),
State rights, force of, v. 10; state pow- ers and prerogatives, 297, 298. Staten Island, New York, bought by M. Pauw, i. 498.
States, Constitutions of the American. See Constitutions.
Stedingk, Baron de, v. 373, 374. Stephen, A., at battle of the Brandy- wine, v. 177, 178; at Germantown, 193, 194.
Stephens, William, ship-builder in Mas- sachusetts, i. 281.
Stephenson, Marmaduke, a Quaker, hanged in Boston, i. 314. Steuben, Baron, inspector-general, ex- cellent service of, v. 220; at Valley Forge, 220; sent to aid General Greene, 495; joins Lafayette, 506. Stevens, with Virginia troops, at Cam- den, South Carolina, v. 386, 387; troops run away, 388.
Stirling, William Alexander, earl of, colonel of battalion of East New Jer- sey, iv. 251; ordered to garrison for- tresses on the Hudson river, 311; in fight with the British, v. 30; brave stand of, 31, 32; made prisoner, 32, 33; in New Jersey, 84, 85; at Tren- ton, 99; Washington's request to, 102; at Matouchin, New Jersey, 154; at battle of the Brandywine, 177, 178; at Germantown, 193; at Mon- mouth, 274-277.
Stockbridge Indians, iv. 240. Stone, Thomas, of Maryland, in congress, vi. 114.
Stone, William, appointed governor of Maryland, i. 168; action against, 171; restored, 171; gives up, 173; arms again and is defeated, 173, 174. Stony Point, New York, abandoned by the Americans, v. 329; retaken under Wayne, 331; works at, razed, 331. Stormont, Lord, ambassador to France, and Vergennes, iv. 283; demands of, as to prizes, v. 127; on Pulaski, 133; bitter against American "rebels," 139; minister to Holland, 357; course of, as minister, 362, 364, 365. Stoughton, William, i. 396; character of, ii. 57, 58; deputy governor of Massachusetts, 58; chief judge, 61, 63, 66; never repented of his share in the witchcraft murders, 66.
Strachey, Henry, joins Oswald at Paris, v. 573, 574; course of, with Oswald and Fitzherbert, 578, 579; treaty of peace signed by, 580. Strafford, earl of, death of, i. 327. Strong, Caleb, in the federal convention,
vi. 268; able member of the conven- tion, 268, 269; on the electoral col- lege, 329; in the Massachusetts state convention on the federal constitution, 898.
Stuart, John, negotiates boundary with the Cherokees, iii. 320, 321; ordered by General Gage to spare no expense in rousing the savages against South Carolina, iv. 256, 257.
Stuarts, the, in England, fall and resto- ration of, i. 325-344; fortunes of, ii. 3; their work in America, 3. Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Netherland, i. 507; subdues New Swe- den, 509, 510; administration of, 510, 511; goes to Boston, 516; forced to surrender, 519.
Sucingerachton, king of the Senecas, v. 279.
Suffolk, Lord, secretary of state, iii. 397; urges coercion and forcible measures, iv. 104; tries to get Russian troops to serve in America, 276, 277; instruc- tions to Faucitt in Brunswick, 350; approves employing the savages, de- nounced by Lord Chatham (1777), v.
Suffrage, universal in Virginia first, i. 151; qualifications of the voters in the several states, v. 114, 115; elec- tion for office, 119; qualifications of electors under the federal constitution, vi. 297. Sullivan, John, elected brigadier-general,
iv. 235; in Canada, mishaps of, 380; retreats before the British army, 381; reaches Crown Point, 381; on Long Island, New York, v. 30, 31; a pris- oner, 32; exchanged, used as a go-be- tween by Howe and congress, 39, 40; at Trenton, 97, 98; retires from Princeton to the Delaware, 153; ex- pedition of, to Staten Island, 176; blundering of, at the Brandywine, 177; at Germantown, 193, 194; on Con- way's merits, 211; in Rhode Island, not overwise, 285; censures d'Esta- ing, takes it back, 286; in command of the expedition against the Senecas, 332, 333; returns to New Jersey, 333.
Sullivan's Island, Charleston, South
Carolina, fort erected on, iv. 394, 398. Sulpicians, at Montreal, ii. 140.
Sumner, General, at battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, v. 503. Sumter, Thomas, Colonel, v. 382, 383; successful attack of, on British post, 383; with a detached force, 386; caught napping by Tarleton, 389, 390; routs Tarleton, 402; a plague to the British, 394; humanity of, to the en- emy, 402, 478; in South Carolina with General Greene, 498; excellent ser- vice of, 500, 501.
Superior, Lake, ii. 142; Jesuit missions on, 150.
Susquehannahs, Indians, war with, i. 457. Sweden, aspect of, toward the United
States, v. 227; agrees to the league of neutral nations, 346; asked to join Russia in declaration of rights, 356; treaty of, with the United States (1783), vi. 54.
Swedes, in America. See New Sweden. Swift, Dean, said to wish to be a bishop in Virginia (1703), ii. 19 Swiss emigrants, settle New Berne, North Carolina, ii. 16; colonists, on the Savannah river, 280. Switzerland, aspect of, toward the United States, v. 228.
Talbot, Silas, and the fire-ship, v. 46. Tallmage, Major, brave course of, v. 434.
Talon, intendant of France at Quebec, ii. 153; design of, to open the way to the western ocean, 154; gets Jolliet employed for the purpose, 155, 156. Tarleton, and his cavalry, attack Buford, and massacre Americans, v. 378; in pursuit of Marion, 402; routed by Sumter, 402, 403; ordered to go after Morgan, 480, 481; routed at the Cow- pens, 481-485; on raiding expedi- tions, 510-512.
Taxation without representation, debated in parliament, iii. 97-101; opinions of the people, 115; virtual represen- tation, 119; great speech and argu- ment of Pitt, 176-184, 186; the peo- ple of America will never submit in any case whatever (Franklin), 202, 203; parliament affirms the right to bind America in all cases, 208; views of Lord Camden agreeing with Pitt, 188, 209; view of Lord Mansfield ad- verse to Camden's, 190-194, 209, 210. Tea, the cabinet retains duty on (1769), iii. 346; the colonies resolve not to import, 347, 348; preamble to the act
and the duty on tea retained by Lord: North, 381, 387. See East India Tea Company.
Telfair, Edward, with Jones and Haber-
sham, seizes powder (1775), iv. 181. Temple, John, one of commissioners of customs, iii. 290; accuses Hutchinson and others in America, and is accused in turn, 424; accused of stealing let- ters, is exculpated by Franklin, 459, 460.
Temple (Richard Grenville), brother-in- law of Pitt, ii. 536, 543; dispute of, with Pitt, iii. 128; speech of, in house of lords, 188; on repeal of the stamp- act, 210, 211; refuses Pitt's offer,
Tenbroeck, Abraham, in the New York assembly, iv. 109.
Tennessee, origin of, iii. 392, et seqq.; emigration to, across the Alleghanies, 402, 403; republic of Watauga found- ed in, 403; east Tennessee attacked by the Indians, v. 62-64; east Ten- nessee named Washington, 64. Ternay, de, Admiral, brings French ships
to Rhode Island (1780), v. 426. Texas, La Salle occupies (1685), ii. 172. Thacher, Oxenbridge, ii. 532; on writs
of assistance, 547; on colonial rights, iii. 82, 83; on the effect of the stamp- act, 109; on the noble patriots of Virginia, 113; death of, 115, 147. Thayendanegea. See Brant, Joseph. Thayer, Colonel E., of Braintree, Massa- chusetts, iv. 52; in the expedition against Quebec, 298.
Thayer, Major S., at the fort on Mud Island, v. 198; brave defence of fort by, 198, 199.
"Thirteen United Colonies," iv. 244. Thomas, John, and troops at Cambridge,
iv. 173; elected by congress brigadier- general, 235; on Dorchester Heights, 326 goes to Canada, 377; dies of small-pox, 380.
Thompson, Colonel William, and Penn- sylvania riflemen, iv. 248. Thomson, Charles (1774), in Philadel- phia, iv. 11; secretary of congress, 62; elected a burgess of Philadelphia, 70. Thomson, William, at Fort Moultrie, iv.
treasonable, 150; prosecutes Horne Tooke (1775), 187; supports the slave- trade, v. 405; leader of the new tory party (1782), 532. Ticonderoga, Fort, Lake Champlain, large force against, ii. 487; attack repulsed by Montcalm, 490; abandoned by the French, 502; taken by Ethan Allen by surprise (1775), iv. 182, 183; gar- risoned, 194; cannon taken from, to the siege of Boston, 326; St. Clair in command at, v. 157; taken by the enemy, 161; loss of, deplored, 165,
Tilghman, on Washington's staff, in the skirmish at Manhattanville, New York, v. 47.
Tobacco, use of, learned by the English, i. 75; price of, 113; tax on, 116, 133; monopoly in, granted to Vir- ginia, 135; debts paid in, 139; used as coin, 150; a staple in Maryland, ii. 22; legal currency in Virginia, iii. 65; British raid upon plantations of, in Virginia, v. 327, 328.
Tonti, H. de, with La Salle, ii. 162, 163,
167; ever faithful, 174; descends the Mississippi again, 186, 188.
Tooke, Horne, and the "Public Adver- tiser," iv. 187; fined and imprisoned,
Tories, in America. See Loyalists. Tories, in England, sneer at notion of a general congress in America, iii. 113; the modern tory party, King George III. at the head, with Burke and Rock- ingham founders, 196; creed of, 196, 197; rules the cabinet, 367; Thurlow leader of the new tory party, v. 532. Townshend, Charles, in the board of trade, ii. 350; advice of, 374; in parliament, 409; plan of, as to New England, 412; retires from office, 442; secretary of war, 536, 556; secretary of plantations, etc., 560; first lord of trade, 564; in the cabinet (1763), iii. 30, 31; policy to- ward the colonies, 31, 32; taxation of America proposed, 33, 34; re- signs, 35; advocates large army and navy for America, 95, 96; threatens coercion, 218; wars against the char ters, 218, 219; usurps the lead in the commons, 236, 237; browbeats the cabinet, 238, 239; Americans are to be in subjection, 243; dismissed, but stays, 244; character of, 245; rules in the ministry, 245, 246; unfit to conciliate, 250; speech of, 250, 251; carries his measures, 256; course of, in the cabinet, 260; death of, 262.
Townshend, George, "universally able," elder brother of Charles, ii. 409, 410; commands brigade under Wolfe, 503; his report of the taking of Quebec impudent, 513; returns to England, inimical to the colonies, 513; colo- nial system of, iv. 266–268. Townshend, Thomas, in charge of the home department, v. 546; letter to Oswald (1782), 563, 564; instructions to the commissioners, 576, 577. Trade and taxes, American, new combi- nations of, proposed by Grenville (1764), iii. 73, 74. Transylvania, Kentucky, iv. 195; joins with the colonies to secure rights and liberties, 414.
Treat, Robert, governor of Connecticut, i. 588; resumed position as governor (1689), ii. 47.
Trecothick, interview with Townshend, iii. 250; friendly to America, 326, 344; proposes repeal of duty on tea, 385; advice as to the duty on tea, 439.
Trenchard, counsels moderation by the home government, ii. 249. Trenton, New Jersey, declaration of in- dependence received in, v. 3, 4; vic- tory of Washington at, 98, 99; spe- cial honors to Washington by, vi. 470.
Trevor, solicitor-general, ii. 22. Trumbull, Jonathan, deputy governor of Connecticut, iii. 255, 256, 264; governor, summons the legislature, iv. 170; generous promise to Wash- ington, 239; sends aid to the com- mander-in-chief, v. 25, 26; good cour- age of, 84; recognizes the hand of Providence, 287; cheers Washing- ton, 509; urges the federal constitu- tion and power on the people (1783, 1784), vi. 90, 91. Trumbull, Colonel Joseph, son of Jona-
than, commissary-general of the Amer- ican army, v. 36.
Tryon, William, governor of North Carolina (1766), iii. 233, 303-305; iniquitous riot act of, 395, 396; marches against the regulators, 400; infamous conduct of, 401, 402; gov- ernor of New York, 396, 402; urges on the ministry to use great force, iv. 27; enters New York, 236; Mont- gomery advises to send him away, 293; foments a secret and deadly plot against Washington, 430, 431; expedition of, against Danbury, Con- necticut, v. 151, 152; favors using the savages, etc., 827; pillaging ex-
pedition into Connecticut, burns New Haven, etc., 329, 330.
Tryon county, New York, begs aid against the enemy, v. 165, 166; brave efforts in, 167; fight in the woods, and victory, 168, 169. Tucker, Josiah, advises to make America free and independent (1774), iii. 472, 473; iv. 290; favors independence of the United States, v. 22; on the future growth and power of the re- public, vi. 50.
Tucker, Samuel, v. 83; in the first con- gress (1789), vi. 468, 469.
Tupper, Major B., in the West, vi. 283.
Turgot, prior of the Sorbonne, ii. 357; minister of finance under Louis XVI., iv. 41; plans reforms, 42, 43; op- posed to war with England, 364; able reply of, to paper of Vergennes, 366-369; is feared and dismissed, 370; on Burgoyne's surrender, v. 244. Turner, William, gallantly attacks and routs the Indians on the Connecticut river, i. 393.
Tuscany, grand duke of, refuses to have anything to do with the United States, v. 292.
Tuscaroras, Indians, ravages of, in Caro- lina, ii. 203, 204; joined to the Iro-
quois, making the Six Nations, 303. "Twelve United Colonies," the, iv. 204, 237; Georgia joins, and henceforth there are Thirteen United Colonics, 244.
"Two-penny Act," in Virginia, iii. 65. Tyler, John, in the Virginia state con- vention, supports the federal consti- tution, vi. 432-435.
Tyler, in Boston, remarks of, to Hutch- inson (1770), iii. 877, 378.
Uchees, southern Indians, ii 96; join other tribes in a massacre, 214. Ulloa, A. De, Spanish governor of Louis- iana, iii. 316-318.
Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, i. 266;
puts Miantonomoh to death, 295. Underhill, John, in the expedition against the Pequods, i. 266; conducts war against the Indians in New Nether- land, 506.
United Colonies of America, early meas-
ures toward union (1643), i. 291–293; vi. 7; concert of action (1684), vi. 7; attempt at consolidation, 7, 8; Will- iam Penn's plan of union (1697), ii
74, 75; vi. 8; Franklin's plan (1754), il. 386; vi. 8; Lord Halifax's plan (1754), ii. 411; vi. 8, 9; first Ameri- can congress (1765) to this end, iii. 113; vi. 9; first continental congress (1774), iv. 61; vi. 10; the confedera- tion (1776) imperfect, vi. 10; the convention at Boston (1780), 11; measures of New York (1780), 11, 12; Hamilton's effort in this line, 12; Thomas Paine's idea, 12; New York and New England convention at Hart- ford (1780), 13; action in congress, 13, 14; the confederation adopted, 14; Washington's views, 14-16; strong letter of, etc., 16-19; Madi- son's able report on the subject (1781), 19, 20; Barton's views, 20; report of grand committee of congress, 21; Hamilton's appeal through the press, 21; report of the committee of three, 22; coercion impossible, 23; a new constitution the remedy, 23. See United States of America. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, a new na- tion in the world, v. 3, 8; gloomy outlook (1776), 7; impossibility of England's conquering, 22, 23; aid re- ceived from France, 130; want of general government felt in, 199; citi- zenship in, 200; disposition of Euro- pean states toward (1775–1781), 226; Austria, Italy, Turkey, 226; Russia, Sweden, Denmark, 227, 228; Swit- zerland, Netherlands, 228; Germany, 230; treaty of, with Spain and France, 244, 245; money promised to, 245; provisions of the treaty, 246; finally announced by Louis XVI., 248, 249; name of, not in favor, 297, 298; ques- tion as to boundaries of (1779), 322, 325; treaty with Spain proposed, 326; views of Russia, 342, 343; the Neth- erlands refuse to treat, 345; the prin- ciples of armed neutrality approved by, 358; first steps toward a national bank, 445; bank chartered, 556, 557; deplorable condition of the treasury, 561; importune for a French loan through Franklin, 572; the prospect before the nation, 580, 581.
At peace with England, vi. 36; ces- sation of hostilities, 37; shipping of, excluded from the West Indies, 48; a national spirit roused, 49; news of peace received, 68; debt and re- sources of, 79; opportunity and duty of, as urged by Washington, 83-86; universal love of union in, 89; inter- citizenship, 90; voted by congress to be "one nation," 112, 113; principles
of commercial treaties, 113; cost of the war for independence, 119; com- mittee of states, 123; land laws of, as settled upon (1784-1788), 135; ex- cessive importations, injury to trade, remedies proposed, 137, 138; south- ern states object to the navigation act, 144; efforts of, for treaties with Eng- land and France, 148-152; treaty with Russia, 152, 153; treaty with Moroc- co, 153; obstacles to union through religious and other differences, 154, etc.; religious freedom in the new nation, 158; anxiety and hope from the federal convention, 202; anxiety of the country as to the new consti- tution, 276; individuality of Ameri- cans as a people, 442; value of the mother tongue, 442; a continental republic, 447; a federal republic, with complete powers of government, 448; powers of the states by right, 448; who are "the people" of the United States? 449; their power, 450; ne- cessity of revolution provided against, 450; extending influence of the re- public, and philosophy of the people, 450, 451; the nation enters on its carcer under happy auspices, 474. United Provinces, the, v. 131. See Hol- land.
Ursuline convent at Quebec, ii. 140. Usher, John, lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire, ii. 56. Utrecht, peace of, and results, ii. 206–
Vaca. See De Vaca. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, winter at (1777, 1778), v. 209, etc.; sufferings of the troops, 212-214; alliance with France celebrated at, 269.
Van Berckel, envoy from the Dutch re- public (1783), vi. 104.
Van Rensselaer, K., buys domain about Albany, New York, i. 498.
Van Twiller, governor of New Nether- land, i. 500, 501.
Van Wart, Isaac, one of André's cap- tors, v. 433, 434; annuity voted to, by congress, 438.
Vane, Sir Henry, in Massachusetts, i. 258; governor of Massachusetts, 260; pleads for toleration, 261; returns to England, 262; kindness of, toward Roger Williams and Rhode Island, 298; represents the principles of the independents, 331; trial of, last days, and death, 348-350.
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