convention, opposes the federal con-
stitution, vi. 461.
Spencer, Thomas, heroic death of, in the
fight under Herkimer, in the Mohawk
valley, New York, v. 169.
Spotswood, governor of Virginia, ii. 15,
20 divides the Tuscaroras, 204, 205;
effort to extend Virginia line of set-
tlement against the French, 225; on
the small number of slaves brought
into Virginia, 279.

Stair, earl of, proposed as viceroy of
America (1721), ii. 249.
Stamp-tax, proposed, ii. 264, 353, 374;
rejected by Pitt, 458; why preferred
to other modes of raising revenue in
America, iii. 56, 57; adopted by
Grenville, 58; opposition to, 70, 71;
act establishing, debated and passed
in both houses, 97–104; small duties
at first, with bounties, 105; stamp
officers to be Americans, 105, 106;
how the tax to be collected, 109;
colonies resolve to resist, 119; dis-
tributors resign, 138, 139; stamps
arrive, excitement produced, 155;
stamp masters resign, 159; course of
the people on (November 1, 1765),
159; course of the press, 159, 160;
stamps everywhere refused, 161–164;
hopes in England that the act will
execute itself, 167; null and void, ac-
cording to John Adams, 171; repeal
of, moved in parliament, 204, 205;
debate on, 210; repeal of, carried,
211; the king called it "fatal re-
peal," 212; rejoicings in London,
212; the stamps carried back to Eng-
land, 213; joy in the colonies, 213,
214; reaction against the stamp-act,
215, 216.

Standish, Captain Miles, i. 209; exploits
of, 212.

Stanhope, earl of, wishes parliamentary

reform, iii. 384, 385; with other peers,
protests against the "temerity" of
the ministry (1774), iv. 92.
Stanley, Hans, sent to Paris, ii. 538, 539,

541; in parliament, speech against
the colonies, iii. 322, 323.
Stanwix, General, ii. 491.
Stark, John, ii. 370, 435; at Lake George,

459; captain, 486; chosen colonel
of regiment, iv. 169; post of, at
Chelsea, 169, 170; at Battle of Bun-
ker Hill, 221; fought on the flank,
220, 225, 228; protests against aban-
doning Crown Point, v. 15; with
Washington, 96; at Trenton, 98;
pledges his fortune, 103; unfairly
used by congress, retires, 148; with

the New Hampshire troops defeats
Baum at Bennington, Vermont, 171,
172; on the Hudson, at Fort Edward,
190; named to accompany Lafayette
to Canada, 215.

State citizenship, defined (June, 1776),

iv. 425.

State rights, force of, v. 10; state pow-
ers and prerogatives, 297, 298.
Staten Island, New York, bought by M.
Pauw, i. 498.

States, Constitutions of the American.
See Constitutions.

Stedingk, Baron de, v. 373, 374.
Stephen, A., at battle of the Brandy-
wine, v. 177, 178; at Germantown,
193, 194.

Stephens, William, ship-builder in Mas-
sachusetts, i. 281.

Stephenson, Marmaduke, a Quaker,
hanged in Boston, i. 314.
Steuben, Baron, inspector-general, ex-
cellent service of, v. 220; at Valley
Forge, 220; sent to aid General
Greene, 495; joins Lafayette, 506.
Stevens, with Virginia troops, at Cam-
den, South Carolina, v. 386, 387;
troops run away, 388.

Stirling, William Alexander, earl of,
colonel of battalion of East New Jer-
sey, iv. 251; ordered to garrison for-
tresses on the Hudson river, 311; in
fight with the British, v. 30; brave
stand of, 31, 32; made prisoner, 32,
33; in New Jersey, 84, 85; at Tren-
ton, 99; Washington's request to,
102; at Matouchin, New Jersey, 154;
at battle of the Brandywine, 177,
178; at Germantown, 193; at Mon-
mouth, 274-277.

Stockbridge Indians, iv. 240.
Stone, Thomas, of Maryland, in congress,
vi. 114.

Stone, William, appointed governor of
Maryland, i. 168; action against, 171;
restored, 171; gives up, 173; arms
again and is defeated, 173, 174.
Stony Point, New York, abandoned by
the Americans, v. 329; retaken under
Wayne, 331; works at, razed, 331.
Stormont, Lord, ambassador to France,
and Vergennes, iv. 283; demands of,
as to prizes, v. 127; on Pulaski, 133;
bitter against American "rebels,"
139; minister to Holland, 357; course
of, as minister, 362, 364, 365.
Stoughton, William, i. 396; character
of, ii. 57, 58; deputy governor of
Massachusetts, 58; chief judge, 61,
63, 66; never repented of his share
in the witchcraft murders, 66.

Strachey, Henry, joins Oswald at Paris,
v. 573, 574; course of, with Oswald
and Fitzherbert, 578, 579; treaty of
peace signed by, 580.
Strafford, earl of, death of, i. 327.
Strong, Caleb, in the federal convention,

vi. 268; able member of the conven-
tion, 268, 269; on the electoral col-
lege, 329; in the Massachusetts state
convention on the federal constitution,
898.

Stuart, John, negotiates boundary with
the Cherokees, iii. 320, 321; ordered
by General Gage to spare no expense
in rousing the savages against South
Carolina, iv. 256, 257.

Stuarts, the, in England, fall and resto-
ration of, i. 325-344; fortunes of, ii.
3; their work in America, 3.
Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New
Netherland, i. 507; subdues New Swe-
den, 509, 510; administration of, 510,
511; goes to Boston, 516; forced to
surrender, 519.

Sucingerachton, king of the Senecas, v.
279.

Suffolk, Lord, secretary of state, iii. 397;
urges coercion and forcible measures,
iv. 104; tries to get Russian troops to
serve in America, 276, 277; instruc-
tions to Faucitt in Brunswick, 350;
approves employing the savages, de-
nounced by Lord Chatham (1777), v.

159.

Suffrage, universal in Virginia first, i.
151; qualifications of the voters in
the several states, v. 114, 115; elec-
tion for office, 119; qualifications of
electors under the federal constitution,
vi. 297.
Sullivan, John, elected brigadier-general,

iv. 235; in Canada, mishaps of, 380;
retreats before the British army, 381;
reaches Crown Point, 381; on Long
Island, New York, v. 30, 31; a pris-
oner, 32; exchanged, used as a go-be-
tween by Howe and congress, 39, 40;
at Trenton, 97, 98; retires from
Princeton to the Delaware, 153; ex-
pedition of, to Staten Island, 176;
blundering of, at the Brandywine, 177;
at Germantown, 193, 194; on Con-
way's merits, 211; in Rhode Island,
not overwise, 285; censures d'Esta-
ing, takes it back, 286; in command
of the expedition against the Senecas,
332, 333; returns to New Jersey,
333.

Sullivan's Island, Charleston, South

Carolina, fort erected on, iv. 394, 398.
Sulpicians, at Montreal, ii. 140.

Sumner, General, at battle of Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina, v. 503.
Sumter, Thomas, Colonel, v. 382, 383;
successful attack of, on British post,
383; with a detached force, 386;
caught napping by Tarleton, 389, 390;
routs Tarleton, 402; a plague to the
British, 394; humanity of, to the en-
emy, 402, 478; in South Carolina with
General Greene, 498; excellent ser-
vice of, 500, 501.

Superior, Lake, ii. 142; Jesuit missions
on, 150.

Susquehannahs, Indians, war with, i. 457.
Sweden, aspect of, toward the United

States, v. 227; agrees to the league
of neutral nations, 346; asked to join
Russia in declaration of rights, 356;
treaty of, with the United States (1783),
vi. 54.

Swedes, in America. See New Sweden.
Swift, Dean, said to wish to be a bishop
in Virginia (1703), ii. 19
Swiss emigrants, settle New Berne,
North Carolina, ii. 16; colonists, on
the Savannah river, 280.
Switzerland, aspect of, toward the
United States, v. 228.

T.

Talbot, Silas, and the fire-ship, v. 46.
Tallmage, Major, brave course of, v.
434.

Talon, intendant of France at Quebec,
ii. 153; design of, to open the way to
the western ocean, 154; gets Jolliet
employed for the purpose, 155, 156.
Tarleton, and his cavalry, attack Buford,
and massacre Americans, v. 378; in
pursuit of Marion, 402; routed by
Sumter, 402, 403; ordered to go after
Morgan, 480, 481; routed at the Cow-
pens, 481-485; on raiding expedi-
tions, 510-512.

Taxation without representation, debated
in parliament, iii. 97-101; opinions
of the people, 115; virtual represen-
tation, 119; great speech and argu-
ment of Pitt, 176-184, 186; the peo-
ple of America will never submit in
any case whatever (Franklin), 202,
203; parliament affirms the right to
bind America in all cases, 208; views
of Lord Camden agreeing with Pitt,
188, 209; view of Lord Mansfield ad-
verse to Camden's, 190-194, 209, 210.
Tea, the cabinet retains duty on (1769),
iii. 346; the colonies resolve not to
import, 347, 348; preamble to the act

and the duty on tea retained by Lord:
North, 381, 387. See East India Tea
Company.

Telfair, Edward, with Jones and Haber-

sham, seizes powder (1775), iv. 181.
Temple, John, one of commissioners of
customs, iii. 290; accuses Hutchinson
and others in America, and is accused
in turn, 424; accused of stealing let-
ters, is exculpated by Franklin, 459,
460.

Temple (Richard Grenville), brother-in-
law of Pitt, ii. 536, 543; dispute of,
with Pitt, iii. 128; speech of, in house
of lords, 188; on repeal of the stamp-
act, 210, 211; refuses Pitt's offer,

224.

Tenbroeck, Abraham, in the New York
assembly, iv. 109.

Tennessee, origin of, iii. 392, et seqq.;
emigration to, across the Alleghanies,
402, 403; republic of Watauga found-
ed in, 403; east Tennessee attacked
by the Indians, v. 62-64; east Ten-
nessee named Washington, 64.
Ternay, de, Admiral, brings French ships

to Rhode Island (1780), v. 426.
Texas, La Salle occupies (1685), ii. 172.
Thacher, Oxenbridge, ii. 532; on writs

of assistance, 547; on colonial rights,
iii. 82, 83; on the effect of the stamp-
act, 109; on the noble patriots of
Virginia, 113; death of, 115, 147.
Thayendanegea. See Brant, Joseph.
Thayer, Colonel E., of Braintree, Massa-
chusetts, iv. 52; in the expedition
against Quebec, 298.

Thayer, Major S., at the fort on Mud
Island, v. 198; brave defence of fort
by, 198, 199.

"Thirteen United Colonies," iv. 244.
Thomas, John, and troops at Cambridge,

iv. 173; elected by congress brigadier-
general, 235; on Dorchester Heights,
326 goes to Canada, 377; dies of
small-pox, 380.

Thompson, Colonel William, and Penn-
sylvania riflemen, iv. 248.
Thomson, Charles (1774), in Philadel-
phia, iv. 11; secretary of congress,
62; elected a burgess of Philadelphia,
70.
Thomson, William, at Fort Moultrie, iv.

|

treasonable, 150; prosecutes Horne
Tooke (1775), 187; supports the slave-
trade, v. 405; leader of the new tory
party (1782), 532.
Ticonderoga, Fort, Lake Champlain, large
force against, ii. 487; attack repulsed
by Montcalm, 490; abandoned by the
French, 502; taken by Ethan Allen
by surprise (1775), iv. 182, 183; gar-
risoned, 194; cannon taken from, to
the siege of Boston, 326; St. Clair in
command at, v. 157; taken by the
enemy, 161; loss of, deplored, 165,

167.

Tilghman, on Washington's staff, in the
skirmish at Manhattanville, New York,
v. 47.

Tobacco, use of, learned by the English,
i. 75; price of, 113; tax on, 116,
133; monopoly in, granted to Vir-
ginia, 135; debts paid in, 139; used
as coin, 150; a staple in Maryland, ii.
22; legal currency in Virginia, iii. 65;
British raid upon plantations of, in
Virginia, v. 327, 328.

Tonti, H. de, with La Salle, ii. 162, 163,

167; ever faithful, 174; descends the
Mississippi again, 186, 188.

Tooke, Horne, and the "Public Adver-
tiser," iv. 187; fined and imprisoned,

187.

Tories, in America. See Loyalists.
Tories, in England, sneer at notion of a
general congress in America, iii. 113;
the modern tory party, King George
III. at the head, with Burke and Rock-
ingham founders, 196; creed of, 196,
197; rules the cabinet, 367; Thurlow
leader of the new tory party, v. 532.
Townshend, Charles, in the board of
trade, ii. 350; advice of, 374; in
parliament, 409; plan of, as to
New England, 412; retires from
office, 442; secretary of war, 536,
556; secretary of plantations, etc.,
560; first lord of trade, 564; in the
cabinet (1763), iii. 30, 31; policy to-
ward the colonies, 31, 32; taxation
of America proposed, 33, 34; re-
signs, 35; advocates large army and
navy for America, 95, 96; threatens
coercion, 218; wars against the char
ters, 218, 219; usurps the lead in the
commons, 236, 237; browbeats the
cabinet, 238, 239; Americans are to
be in subjection, 243; dismissed, but
stays, 244; character of, 245; rules
in the ministry, 245, 246; unfit to
conciliate, 250; speech of, 250, 251;
carries his measures, 256; course of,
in the cabinet, 260; death of, 262.

Townshend, George, "universally able,"
elder brother of Charles, ii. 409, 410;
commands brigade under Wolfe, 503;
his report of the taking of Quebec
impudent, 513; returns to England,
inimical to the colonies, 513; colo-
nial system of, iv. 266–268.
Townshend, Thomas, in charge of the
home department, v. 546; letter to
Oswald (1782), 563, 564; instructions
to the commissioners, 576, 577.
Trade and taxes, American, new combi-
nations of, proposed by Grenville
(1764), iii. 73, 74.
Transylvania, Kentucky, iv. 195; joins
with the colonies to secure rights and
liberties, 414.

Treat, Robert, governor of Connecticut,
i. 588; resumed position as governor
(1689), ii. 47.

Trecothick, interview with Townshend,
iii. 250; friendly to America, 326,
344; proposes repeal of duty on tea,
385; advice as to the duty on tea,
439.

Trenchard, counsels moderation by the
home government, ii. 249.
Trenton, New Jersey, declaration of in-
dependence received in, v. 3, 4; vic-
tory of Washington at, 98, 99; spe-
cial honors to Washington by, vi.
470.

Trevor, solicitor-general, ii. 22.
Trumbull, Jonathan, deputy governor
of Connecticut, iii. 255, 256, 264;
governor, summons the legislature,
iv. 170; generous promise to Wash-
ington, 239; sends aid to the com-
mander-in-chief, v. 25, 26; good cour-
age of, 84; recognizes the hand of
Providence, 287; cheers Washing-
ton, 509; urges the federal constitu-
tion and power on the people (1783,
1784), vi. 90, 91.
Trumbull, Colonel Joseph, son of Jona-

than, commissary-general of the Amer-
ican army, v. 36.

Tryon, William, governor of North
Carolina (1766), iii. 233, 303-305;
iniquitous riot act of, 395, 396;
marches against the regulators, 400;
infamous conduct of, 401, 402; gov-
ernor of New York, 396, 402; urges
on the ministry to use great force, iv.
27; enters New York, 236; Mont-
gomery advises to send him away,
293; foments a secret and deadly
plot against Washington, 430, 431;
expedition of, against Danbury, Con-
necticut, v. 151, 152; favors using
the savages, etc., 827; pillaging ex-

pedition into Connecticut, burns New
Haven, etc., 329, 330.

Tryon county, New York, begs aid
against the enemy, v. 165, 166; brave
efforts in, 167; fight in the woods,
and victory, 168, 169.
Tucker, Josiah, advises to make America
free and independent (1774), iii. 472,
473; iv. 290; favors independence
of the United States, v. 22; on the
future growth and power of the re-
public, vi. 50.

Tucker, Samuel, v. 83; in the first con-
gress (1789), vi. 468, 469.

Tupper, Major B., in the West, vi.
283.

Turgot, prior of the Sorbonne, ii. 357;
minister of finance under Louis XVI.,
iv. 41; plans reforms, 42, 43; op-
posed to war with England, 364;
able reply of, to paper of Vergennes,
366-369; is feared and dismissed,
370; on Burgoyne's surrender, v. 244.
Turner, William, gallantly attacks and
routs the Indians on the Connecticut
river, i. 393.

Tuscany, grand duke of, refuses to have
anything to do with the United States,
v. 292.

Tuscaroras, Indians, ravages of, in Caro-
lina, ii. 203, 204; joined to the Iro-

quois, making the Six Nations, 303.
"Twelve United Colonies," the, iv. 204,
237; Georgia joins, and henceforth
there are Thirteen United Colonics,
244.

"Two-penny Act," in Virginia, iii. 65.
Tyler, John, in the Virginia state con-
vention, supports the federal consti-
tution, vi. 432-435.

Tyler, in Boston, remarks of, to Hutch-
inson (1770), iii. 877, 378.

U.

Uchees, southern Indians, ii 96; join
other tribes in a massacre, 214.
Ulloa, A. De, Spanish governor of Louis-
iana, iii. 316-318.

Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, i. 266;

puts Miantonomoh to death, 295.
Underhill, John, in the expedition against
the Pequods, i. 266; conducts war
against the Indians in New Nether-
land, 506.

United Colonies of America, early meas-

ures toward union (1643), i. 291–293;
vi. 7; concert of action (1684), vi. 7;
attempt at consolidation, 7, 8; Will-
iam Penn's plan of union (1697), ii

74, 75; vi. 8; Franklin's plan (1754),
il. 386; vi. 8; Lord Halifax's plan
(1754), ii. 411; vi. 8, 9; first Ameri-
can congress (1765) to this end, iii.
113; vi. 9; first continental congress
(1774), iv. 61; vi. 10; the confedera-
tion (1776) imperfect, vi. 10; the
convention at Boston (1780), 11;
measures of New York (1780), 11,
12; Hamilton's effort in this line, 12;
Thomas Paine's idea, 12; New York
and New England convention at Hart-
ford (1780), 13; action in congress,
13, 14; the confederation adopted,
14; Washington's views, 14-16;
strong letter of, etc., 16-19; Madi-
son's able report on the subject (1781),
19, 20; Barton's views, 20; report of
grand committee of congress, 21;
Hamilton's appeal through the press,
21; report of the committee of three,
22; coercion impossible, 23; a new
constitution the remedy, 23. See
United States of America.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, a new na-
tion in the world, v. 3, 8; gloomy
outlook (1776), 7; impossibility of
England's conquering, 22, 23; aid re-
ceived from France, 130; want of
general government felt in, 199; citi-
zenship in, 200; disposition of Euro-
pean states toward (1775–1781), 226;
Austria, Italy, Turkey, 226; Russia,
Sweden, Denmark, 227, 228; Swit-
zerland, Netherlands, 228; Germany,
230; treaty of, with Spain and France,
244, 245; money promised to, 245;
provisions of the treaty, 246; finally
announced by Louis XVI., 248, 249;
name of, not in favor, 297, 298; ques-
tion as to boundaries of (1779), 322,
325; treaty with Spain proposed, 326;
views of Russia, 342, 343; the Neth-
erlands refuse to treat, 345; the prin-
ciples of armed neutrality approved
by, 358; first steps toward a national
bank, 445; bank chartered, 556, 557;
deplorable condition of the treasury,
561; importune for a French loan
through Franklin, 572; the prospect
before the nation, 580, 581.

At peace with England, vi. 36; ces-
sation of hostilities, 37; shipping of,
excluded from the West Indies, 48;
a national spirit roused, 49; news of
peace received, 68; debt and re-
sources of, 79; opportunity and duty
of, as urged by Washington, 83-86;
universal love of union in, 89; inter-
citizenship, 90; voted by congress to
be "one nation," 112, 113; principles

of commercial treaties, 113; cost of
the war for independence, 119; com-
mittee of states, 123; land laws of,
as settled upon (1784-1788), 135; ex-
cessive importations, injury to trade,
remedies proposed, 137, 138; south-
ern states object to the navigation act,
144; efforts of, for treaties with Eng-
land and France, 148-152; treaty with
Russia, 152, 153; treaty with Moroc-
co, 153; obstacles to union through
religious and other differences, 154,
etc.; religious freedom in the new
nation, 158; anxiety and hope from
the federal convention, 202; anxiety
of the country as to the new consti-
tution, 276; individuality of Ameri-
cans as a people, 442; value of the
mother tongue, 442; a continental
republic, 447; a federal republic, with
complete powers of government, 448;
powers of the states by right, 448;
who are "the people" of the United
States? 449; their power, 450; ne-
cessity of revolution provided against,
450; extending influence of the re-
public, and philosophy of the people,
450, 451; the nation enters on its
carcer under happy auspices, 474.
United Provinces, the, v. 131. See Hol-
land.

Ursuline convent at Quebec, ii. 140.
Usher, John, lieutenant-governor of
New Hampshire, ii. 56.
Utrecht, peace of, and results, ii. 206–

211.

V.

Vaca. See De Vaca.
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, winter at
(1777, 1778), v. 209, etc.; sufferings
of the troops, 212-214; alliance with
France celebrated at, 269.

Van Berckel, envoy from the Dutch re-
public (1783), vi. 104.

Van Rensselaer, K., buys domain about
Albany, New York, i. 498.

Van Twiller, governor of New Nether-
land, i. 500, 501.

Van Wart, Isaac, one of André's cap-
tors, v. 433, 434; annuity voted to,
by congress, 438.

Vane, Sir Henry, in Massachusetts, i.
258; governor of Massachusetts, 260;
pleads for toleration, 261; returns to
England, 262; kindness of, toward
Roger Williams and Rhode Island,
298; represents the principles of the
independents, 331; trial of, last days,
and death, 348-350.