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her troops against the Americans, iv.
275-279; rejoices over alliance of
France with the United States (1778),
v. 255; policy of, 342; neutral pow-
ers look to, for protection, 347; re-
bukes the conduct of the British, 348;
asserts neutral rights in every sea,
353; empress of, declares neutral
rights, and invites other nations to
join, 355, 256; service of, to the
United States, vi. 56.

Rutherford, of North Carolina, against

the Indians, v. 64.

Rutledge, Edward, in congress, iv. 70,
73, 74; moves exclusion of negroes
from the army, without success, 261,
262; gets Charles Lee sent to the
South, 385; opposes declaration of
independence, 423; on confederation
and union, v. 11; one of committee
to meet Ilowe, 41, 43; on constituent
congress, vi. 11.
Rutledge, John, in South Carolina legis-
lature, iii. 121; in congress, 149, 150;
president of South Carolina, iv. 395;
address of, 395, 396; on approach of
British fleet, active in defence, 398;
course of, with the troops, 400; sends
powder to Moultrie, 407; visits and
thanks Moultrie and the rest, 410, 411;
governor of South Carolina, v. 368;
convenes the assembly, 556; in con-
gress, views on revenue and credit
systems, vi. 68; in the federal con-
vention, 217, 219, 256; one of the
committee of five, 257; proposition of,
as to New Hampshire members, 259;
chairman of committee of detail, 274,
275; on assumption of state debts,
311; in debate, on the slave-trade,
316, 319; on election of the president
of the United States, 332; on im-
peachment, 347; on the supreme
court, 350, 351; on ratifying the con-
stitution, 355; speech of, in South
Carolina assembly, 419.

Ryder, Sir Dudley, opinions of (1749),
ii. 352.

Ryswick, peace of, ii. 185.

S.

Sackville, George, viscount, ii. 446; dis-
obedient, court-martialed, disgraced,
499, 500; iii. 132; nevertheless re-
stored and put in office, as Lord Ger-
main. See Germain.

Saco, Maine, in 1636, i. 221.

Sagadahock, i. e., Maine east of the Ken-
nebec river, protected, i. 576.
Sag Harbor, New York, Meigs's expe
dition to, v. 152.

Saint Augustine, Florida, founded by
Melendez and the Spaniards, i. 56; the
oldest town in the United States cast
of the Mississippi, 56; expedition
against, from South Carolina, ii. 194.
Saint-Castin, Baron de, ii. 178; takes
fort of Pemaquid (1696), 183; thwarts
Massachusetts expedition against Aca-
dia (1704), 198.

Saint Clair, general narrative of, criti-
cised, v. 105; at Ticonderoga, 157;
retreats, the fort lost, 160, 161; re-
treats to Fort Edward, 163.

Saint Clair, Lake, ii. 163.
Saint George, Fort, at the mouth of the
Kennebec river, i. 90.

Saint John, Lord Bolingbroke. See Bo-
lingbroke.

Saint John's, Canada, citadel of, iv. 294;
invested by Montgomery, 294; taken
after siege, 296.

Saint Lawrence, gulf and river, discov-
ered by Cartier, i. 15, 16.
Saint Leger, Colonel, and Indian war-.
riors, against Fort Stanwix, v. 167,
168; runs away, 170.

Saint Louis, on the bay of Matagorda,
Texas, founded by La Salle, ii. 172.
Saint Louis, Missouri, date of, iii. 152;
importance of, 319.

Saint Mary, bay of, Spanish name for
Chesapeake bay, i. 50, 51.

Saint Mary's, on the river Wye, Michi-

gan, central Roman Catholic mission
station, ii. 140.

Saint Matthew, Spanish name for the

May river, or St. John's river, Flori-
da, i. 53, 57.

Saint-Pierre, at Fort Le Bœuf, Water-
ford, Ohio, visited by Washington
(1754), ii. 380.

Saint-Simon, French commander with
Washington and Lafayette, v. 516.
Salem, Massachusetts, founded by En-
dicott, i. 223; Skelton and Higginson
elected by the people pastor and
teacher, 228; dispute in, with Roger
Williams, 249, 250; Williams elected
teacher in, 251; town disfranchised,
Williams exiled, 252; witchcraft de-
iusion in, and result, ii. 58-66; named
to take the place of Boston, iv. 5;
firm in support of Boston, 8; legisla-
ture meets in, 22; generous to Bos-
ton, 25; British expedition to, 132.

Sacs and Foxes, Indians, ii. 93, 94, Salem, New Jersey, on the Delaware, i.

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Salem, North Carolina, Moravian settle-

ment, v. 487.

Salle, La.

See La Salle.

Salmon Falls village, burned, ii. 180.
Saltonstall, Sir Richard, i. 223; at
Watertown, Massachusetts, 237; op-
poses a magistracy for life, 259; in
England, defends Massachusetts, 273;
complains of Massachusetts intoler-
ance, 311.

Salzburgers, Lutheran emigrants, in
Georgia, ii. 284–289.

Samoset, sent by Massasoit to welcome
the pilgrims, i. 210.
Sandusky, Fort, iii. 43, 44.

Sandwich, Lord, abuses the Americans,
iv. 93; abuses Franklin, 116; calls
the Americans cowards, 137, 138;
madly bent on coercion, 188.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, treasurer of the Lon-
don Company, i. 111; firmness of, 113,
114; aids the colonists in Virginia,
133; also the fishermen in New Eng-
land, 215, 216.

Sandys, George, resident treasurer in
Virginia, i. 114.

Saratoga, New York, Burgoyne's sur-
render at, v. 189–191.

Sargent, W., an agent of the Ohio Com-
pany, vi. 290.

Sartine, French minister of marine, sus-
tains Vergennes, iv. 361, 364; favors
war with England, 370.

Sassafras root, cargo of, carried by Gos-
nold to England, i. 80.
Sault St. Marie, oldest European settle-
ment in Michigan, ii. 152; French
mission at, 153, 154.

Saunders, Sir C., in command of British
fleet, ii. 499, 503, 505.

Sauvolle, brother of Iberville, ii. 189,
190.

Savannah, Georgia, founded, ii. 282,

283; taken by the British under
Colonel Campbell (1778), v. 367; at-
tacked by Lincoln and d'Estaing,
373; failure of attack, 373, 374;
evacuated by the British, 555.
Saville, Sir George, noble speech of, in
the commons, iii. 364; on American
resistance, iv. 126.

Saxe Weimar, refuses to hire out troops
against the United States, v. 234.
Saxony, refuses subsidiary troops against
America, iv. 349; v. 233, 234.
Say and Seal, Lord, friend to the Puri-
tans, i. 258; one of Warwick's assigns
for the valley of the Connecticut,
264; gives aid to Winthrop, 356, 357.
Sayle, William, proprietary governor in
Carolina, in company with Joseph
VOL. VI.-37

West, leads colonists to South Caro-
lina, i. 429.

Scammel, of New Hampshire, does good
service with Gates, v. 184.
Schenectady, New York, burning of, and
massacre by the Indians, ii. 180.
Schiller, the German poet, v. 283.
Schuyler, Peter, reproof to Vaudreuil,
ii. 198; takes five Iroquois chiefs to
England, 199.

Schuyler, Philip, in the New York as-
sembly, iv. 109; elected by congress
major-general, 234; in command in
the North, 237; report of, as to the
army and Canada, 243; hesitates,
201, 292; ordered by Washington to
advance, 293; short service of, in
Canada, 294; sends help to Mont-
gomery, 294; disarms the Highland-
ers at Johnstown, 311, 312; disputes
of, with Wooster, 376; sends troops
to Washington, v. 84; rivalry with
Gates, 149; in congress, 150; ap-
pointed to command at Albany, etc.,
151; at Ticonderoga, 157; position
of, lack of ability, etc., 164; further
retreat, begs for help, 165; super-
seded by Gates, 173; spirit of, 173;
important steps of, in New York
legislature (1782), 559; proposes
union of New England and New
York, vi. 24; elected United States
senator, 467.

Scioto river, Ohio, ii. 363.

Scot, George, and others, emigrate to
New Jersey, i. 578, 579.
Scotch-Irish colony in South Carolina, i.
431; ii. 266; Scotch-Irish Presby-
terians emigrate, iii. 28, 29.

Scotch Presbyterians, in New Jersey, i.
578.

Scotland, insurrection in, indirect effect

upon New England, i. 279.

66

Scott, John Morin, a New York lawyer,
iii. 93; loses his election to the as
sembly, 331; proposed for congress,
iv. 31, 32; moves for association for
aid and defence, 176, 177; opposes
separate declaration" (1775), 311;
joins with John Jay in patriotic reso-
lutions, 429; in the army, with Wash-
ington, on Long Island, v. 36.
Screven, an American officer, murdered,
v. 366.

Sears, Isaac, and stamp riots in New
York, iii. 161, 162; one of the "Sons
of Liberty," iv. 9; removes cannon,
311; demolishes Rivington's printing-
office, 317; appointed by Charles Lee
assistant adjutant-general, 384; arbi-
trary powers of, 385.

Seas, freedom of the, asserted by Fred-
eric II. of Prussia, ii. 312.
Sedgwick, Theodore, in the Massachu-

setts state convention on the federal
constitution, vi. 396.

Seminoles, Indians, in Florida, ii. 99.
Senat, Jesuit missionary, martyred, ii.
236.

Senecas, Indians, in Virginia, i. 457;

ravages of, 457, 458; conference of,
at Albany, New York, 474; one of
the Five Nations, 583; in Pontiac's
war, iii. 49; under Butler, massacre
by, at Wyoming, v. 279, 280; expedi-
tion against, under Sullivan, 332, 333.
Sergeant, of New Jersey, in congress
(1776), iv. 337.

Sessions, Darius, deputy governor of

Rhode Island, iii. 434.

Sevier, Colonel John, v. 397, 399.
Sewall, J., in converse with John Adams,
iv. 24.

Sewall, Stephen, chief justice of Massa-
chusetts, death of, ii. 531.
Shaftesbury, earl of, one of the pro-
prietaries of Carolina (1663), i. 408;
character of, 412-415; employs John
Locke, 415, 416; political career of,
591-594; the fourth earl of, in the
council of Georgia (1732), ii. 282.
Shakespeare, quoted, i. 105.
Sharp, Granville, iv. 186.
Sharpe, H., lieutenant-governor of Mary-
land, ii. 412, 415; on parliamentary
interference, 443; urges a poll-tax,

492.

Shawnee town, council at, ii. 371–373.
Shawnees, Indians, in the basin of the
Cumberland river, ii. 92, 94; on the
Ohio river, 224; prisoners delivered
up by, iii. 88; fierce and bloody, iv.
85; defeated near Point Pleasant, 87;
treaty of peace with, 88; treaty with,
vi. 277; give up title to lands, 280,

281.

Sheffield, on American commerce, vi. 50,

51.

Shelburne, earl of, head of board of
trade, iii. 40; course of, in the house
of lords, 194; friendly to the colo-
nies, 231, 234, 236, 237; colonial
policy of, 240; opposed by the king
and others, 242; fair and just toward
the colonies, 297; dismissed from of-
fice, 315; opposes the Boston port
bill, 475; supports Chatham, iv. 104;
admires Virginia state paper, 203;
pleads for conciliation, 283, 284; on
the affront of France to England, v.
250; opposes American independ-
ence, 288; leader of party in parlia-

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ment, 532; secretary of state in a new
ministry, 534; communications to and
from Franklin, 534, 535; at the head
of the ministry (1782), 545; princi-
ples and course of, 546, 547; letter
of, to Oswald, 547, 549; interview
with Rayneval, 565, 566; desires for
England peace, friendship, and com-
merce with France, 568; on treaty of
peace with United States, 573, 574;
moderation of, vi. 36; defends the
treaty in parliament, 40, 41; modifies
the navigation act, 42; takes leave of
the ministry, 42.

Shelby, Evan, iv. 86, 87; captain of
troops, routs the Indians, v. 314.
Shelby, Isaac, iv. 87; v. 314; at King's
Mountain, 397, 399.

Sherman, Roger, of New Haven, Con-

necticut, elected representative, iii.
140; views of, iv. 50; denies parlia
ment's right to tax, 293; in the first
American congress, 64, 65; on the
articles of confederation, v. 14; in
the fourth congress, vi. 113; on the
evils of paper money, 176; in the
federal convention, 215, 217, 220, 222,
223, 231; character of, 240; favors
two houses, 243, 244; on the com-
mittee's report, 257; on the western
states' representation, 264; on laws
made by the general government, 270,
271; on the militia, treason, etc., 313,
314, 320; careful for the smaller
states, 334, 337; on the power of the
president of the United States, 342,
344; on bankruptcies, 354; letter of,
to the governor of Connecticut on the
new constitution, 393.
Ship-building, in Massachusetts, i. 280,
281; by La Salle, on Lake Eric, ii.
163 in Boston, 264 (see Stephens);
in Philadelphia and Boston, vi. 48.
Shirley, William, governor of Massa-
chusetts, ii. 305, 334; advises coer-
cion by parliament, 337, 338, 942;
plan of frontier fortresses, 349; goes
to England, 350; course of, there,
$53; advice as to taxing the colonies,
882, 383; plans of, 413, 417; on
Franklin, 415; expedition against
western New York, 438; fails to
reach Niagara, 438; opinion of, as to
independence, 439; at head of forces
in America, 443; urges a general
fund" in the colonies, 443, 444; su-
perseded, and recalled to England,
446, 447.

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Shute, governor of Massachusetts, tries
to muzzle the press, ii. 245; fight of,
with the legislature, 246; runs away

to England and abuses the colony,
249, 250; gets a pension, 251.
Sidney, Algernon, i. 561.
Silleri, near Quebec, ii. 140.

Sioux or Dakotas, Indians, west of the
Mississippi, ii. 94, 151.

Six Nations, ii. 303, 333, 335, 337 (see
Tuscaroras and Iroquois); give up
title to western lands, vi. 283. See
Five Nations.

Skelton, Samuel, i. 226; reordained after
the congregational form, 228, 249.
Skepticism of the age, results (1776), iv.
373.

Skinner, Cortland, of New Jersey, raises
troops for the British army, v. 142.
Slavery, spread of, in early times, i.

119, 120; in the Middle Ages, 120;
censured by the Church, 121; prac-
ticed by Christians and Saracens, 121,
122; Louis X. and French jurists op-
pose, 122; red men enslaved, 123,
124; slavery in Spain and Portugal,
123, 124; conditional servitude in
Virginia and New England, 125, 126;
white servants in Maryland, ii. 23.

Negro slavery, originated in Africa,
i. 122; in the West Indies, 124;
views adverse to, 125; in United
Colonies of New England, 293; in
South Carolina, 430; in Virginia, 444;
in New Netherland, 513; in New
Jersey, 520; William Penn's views
and practice, 572; ii. 29; slaves in
the northern provinces, ii. 273; nu-
merous in South Carolina and Vir-
ginia, 273; numbers of, brought to
America, 274; life and work of, at
North and South, 274, 275; merchan-
dise only, 279; forced on the colonies
by England, 279, 280; none to be in
Georgia, 287; Oglethorpe opposes
introduction of, 292; slavery in
Georgia, 299; denounced by Wool-
man, 398; Jefferson's bill to emanci-
pate the negroes, iii. 410; Patrick
Henry on, 412; Franklin's views on,
412; George Mason's address to the
legislature of Virginia respecting,
413, 414; denounced by Virginia, iv.
34; denounced in Georgia, 107; re-
solve against, by Georgia, 244; slaves
as property, v. 12; forbidden by Ver-
mont, 162; proposal to enlist in the
army, South Carolina, 369, 370;
large number of, carried off by the
British, 371; sold in the West Indies,
374, 375; divides the southern from
the northern states, 406; semi-tropi-
cal states stronghold of, 409; in vari-
ous states, 411, 412; course pursued

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respecting, in Pennsylvania, 412; in
Massachusetts, 412-415; how dis-
posed of in Massachusetts, 418;
clause in the convention of Paris as
to negroes and other property,"
579, 580; how rated for taxation
(1783), vi. 79; Jefferson's ordinance
against slavery in the north-west ter-
ritory, 116, 117; how it was lost,
117, 118; hindrance to union, 166;
abolition of, in the North, 260; two
classes of slave states, 261; strife on
representation for slaves, 264; slaves
counted as three fifths, 266; slave
representation, 299; fugitive - slave
law, 309, 310; doom of slave-hold-
ing, 321; limits on taxation, 325.
Slave-trade, and sale of negroes in New
Netherland, i. 513; pretence for this
traffic, 612; fostered by the English
government, ii. 77; assiento with
Spain, 209, 280; England and the
slave-trade, 271; slave coast in Af-
rica, 271; horrors of the passage,
272; colonies opposed to, in the ab-
stract, 276; carried on hugely by the
English, 277; opinions against, 277,
278; dominated legislation, 278, 279;
opened to all Englishmen, 355, 356;
Virginia opposes, 549; South Caro-
lina wishes to restrain, 550; in New
England's hands, 562; opposed by
Virginia, iii. 248; protest against,
409, 410; George III. orders its con-
tinuance, 410; address of Virginia to
the king, 411; denounced by Virginia,
iv. 34; to be abolished, resolve of
congress (1774), 74; Dunmore's veto
in favor of (1775), 202; resolve against,
by Georgia, 244; condemned by con-
gress, 338; branded as piracy, 446;
forbidden by Virginia (1779), v. 329;
the king of England and parliament
protect the trade, 405; states refuse
to give it up, 408; John Jay's appeal
respecting, vi. 46; movement against,
261; discussed in the federal conven-
tion, 316-320; to cease in 1808, 320;
discussed in Virginia state convention,
431.

Sloughter, Henry, governor of New York,
ii. 36; gets Leisler and Milborne
hanged, 37, 38.

Smallwood, and Maryland troops, v. 181.
Smilie, John, in the Pennsylvania state

convention (1787), opposes the new
federal constitution, vi. 386, 387.
Smith, Adam, views as to the struggle
between England and the colonies, iv.
289, 290.

Smith, Captain John, i. 85; in Virginia,

92; early life, 92; taken prisoner by
the Indians, 93; services to the col-
ony, 93, 94; explores Chesapeake
bay, 94, 95; ascends the Potomac,
95; enforces industry and order, 96;
returns to England, 96; spirit and
ability, 96, 97; explores coast of New
England, 97; taken by French pirates,
escapes, 98; admiral of New England,
98; with others in the second charter
of Virginia, 99.

Smith, Joshua H., with Major André, v.

431-433.

Smith, Melancthon, in congress, opposes
the constitution, vi. 373; in New York
state convention continues a moderate
opposition, 456, 459, 460.

Smith, Samuel, of Maryland, in com-
mand of fort on Mud Island, v. 193;
is wounded and retires, 198.
Smith, Thomas, governor of South Caro-
lina (1693), ii, 10.

Smith, William, historian of New York,

pleads for an American union and
parliament (1756), ii. 449; one of a
committee, proposes a congress (1774),
iv. 12, 13; hopes for union under the
auspices of the king, 51.
Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel, in command

of British expedition to Concord, iv.
152; retreat of, from Concord, 162;
chased through Lincoln, 162, 163;
hasty retreat of, 165.

Smyth, chief justice of New Jersey, iii.

434.

Smythe, Sir Thomas, first treasurer of

the London Company, i. 87; sends to
Virginia code of laws, 103; policy of,
109; resigns, 111.
Sokokis, Indians, ii. 90.
Somers, Sir George, on the way to Vir-

ginia, wrecked on the rocks of Ber-
mudas, iv. 100.

Somers, Lord John, leader of the Whigs

in England, ii. 4, 13; opposes restora-
tion of Massachusetts charter, 55.
"Sons of Liberty," Barré's words, iii.
100, 112; organize in the colonies,
198, 199; spirit of, 207; propose
general congress (1774), iv. 9.
Sothel, Seth, governor in North Caro-
lina, i. 426, 427; mean character of,
deposed, 427; again in office, ii. 9.
Soto, F. de. See De Soto.
South Sea, expedition to find the way to,
sent by the governor of Virginia, i.
452.

South Sea Company, ii. 270; assiento as-

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ginia liberties, i. 114; elected treas
urer of the London Company, 114,

115.

Spaight, R. D., in congress, opposes ex-
clusion of slavery in north-west ter-
ritory, vi. 117, 118; in the federal
convention, 216; in North Carolina
state convention on the federal con-
stitution, 461.

Spain, early efforts in North America, i.
22, et seqq.; in Florida, etc., 22; ex-
plorations west of the Mississippi, 29-
34; on the coast of the Pacific, 37;
in the Mississippi valley, by De Soto,
etc., 38-47; on the Red river, 48;
holds on to Florida, 56-58; extent of
dominions round Gulf of Mexico, 59;
jealousy toward Virginia, 104; sla-
very in, 123, 124; mercantile system
of, ii. 88; at war with England, 295,
296;
affairs of, 541; treaty with
France against England, 542; at peace
with England, 562, 563; sides against
English colonies in America, iii. 337;
resolves to recover New Orleans, 338,
340; contrast of, with England, 340,
341.

King of, head of the Bourbon
family, iv. 38; the king joins Louis
XVI. in furnishing money to help the
Americans, 371; opposed to open
hostilities against England, v. 21;
condition of (1777), 137; leans to
France against England, 188; gives
money, through France, to help the
United States in their struggle, 138,
139; course of action of, 245; the
king's desire and policy, 260; ill dis-
posed toward United States, 292; re-
fuses to acknowledge the United
States, 307; war treaty with France,
308; declares war on England, 338;
joins with France, to invade England,
340; disaffection in colonies of, 462;
feebleness and fears of, 536; proba-
ble design of, 553; feeling of, to-
ward the United States, and their
prospective growth and power, vi. 57;
sends an agent to congress about com-
mercial relations, 153.

Spencer, Joseph, general of Connecticut
troops at Roxbury (1775), iv. 213;
elected by congress brigadier-general,
235; too old for much activity, 235;
with Washington in New York, v. 44;
at Hart's Corner, near White Plains,
New York, 73.

Spencer, Oliver, and New Jersey militia,
attack body of Waldeckers at Spring-
field, and drive them, v. 108.
Spencer, Samuel, in North Carolina state

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