her troops against the Americans, iv. 275-279; rejoices over alliance of France with the United States (1778), v. 255; policy of, 342; neutral pow- ers look to, for protection, 347; re- bukes the conduct of the British, 348; asserts neutral rights in every sea, 353; empress of, declares neutral rights, and invites other nations to join, 355, 256; service of, to the United States, vi. 56.
Rutherford, of North Carolina, against
Rutledge, Edward, in congress, iv. 70, 73, 74; moves exclusion of negroes from the army, without success, 261, 262; gets Charles Lee sent to the South, 385; opposes declaration of independence, 423; on confederation and union, v. 11; one of committee to meet Ilowe, 41, 43; on constituent congress, vi. 11. Rutledge, John, in South Carolina legis- lature, iii. 121; in congress, 149, 150; president of South Carolina, iv. 395; address of, 395, 396; on approach of British fleet, active in defence, 398; course of, with the troops, 400; sends powder to Moultrie, 407; visits and thanks Moultrie and the rest, 410, 411; governor of South Carolina, v. 368; convenes the assembly, 556; in con- gress, views on revenue and credit systems, vi. 68; in the federal con- vention, 217, 219, 256; one of the committee of five, 257; proposition of, as to New Hampshire members, 259; chairman of committee of detail, 274, 275; on assumption of state debts, 311; in debate, on the slave-trade, 316, 319; on election of the president of the United States, 332; on im- peachment, 347; on the supreme court, 350, 351; on ratifying the con- stitution, 355; speech of, in South Carolina assembly, 419.
Ryder, Sir Dudley, opinions of (1749), ii. 352.
Ryswick, peace of, ii. 185.
Sackville, George, viscount, ii. 446; dis- obedient, court-martialed, disgraced, 499, 500; iii. 132; nevertheless re- stored and put in office, as Lord Ger- main. See Germain.
Saco, Maine, in 1636, i. 221.
Sagadahock, i. e., Maine east of the Ken- nebec river, protected, i. 576. Sag Harbor, New York, Meigs's expe dition to, v. 152.
Saint Augustine, Florida, founded by Melendez and the Spaniards, i. 56; the oldest town in the United States cast of the Mississippi, 56; expedition against, from South Carolina, ii. 194. Saint-Castin, Baron de, ii. 178; takes fort of Pemaquid (1696), 183; thwarts Massachusetts expedition against Aca- dia (1704), 198.
Saint Clair, general narrative of, criti- cised, v. 105; at Ticonderoga, 157; retreats, the fort lost, 160, 161; re- treats to Fort Edward, 163.
Saint Clair, Lake, ii. 163. Saint George, Fort, at the mouth of the Kennebec river, i. 90.
Saint John, Lord Bolingbroke. See Bo- lingbroke.
Saint John's, Canada, citadel of, iv. 294; invested by Montgomery, 294; taken after siege, 296.
Saint Lawrence, gulf and river, discov- ered by Cartier, i. 15, 16. Saint Leger, Colonel, and Indian war-. riors, against Fort Stanwix, v. 167, 168; runs away, 170.
Saint Louis, on the bay of Matagorda, Texas, founded by La Salle, ii. 172. Saint Louis, Missouri, date of, iii. 152; importance of, 319.
Saint Mary, bay of, Spanish name for Chesapeake bay, i. 50, 51.
Saint Mary's, on the river Wye, Michi-
gan, central Roman Catholic mission station, ii. 140.
Saint Matthew, Spanish name for the
May river, or St. John's river, Flori- da, i. 53, 57.
Saint-Pierre, at Fort Le Bœuf, Water- ford, Ohio, visited by Washington (1754), ii. 380.
Saint-Simon, French commander with Washington and Lafayette, v. 516. Salem, Massachusetts, founded by En- dicott, i. 223; Skelton and Higginson elected by the people pastor and teacher, 228; dispute in, with Roger Williams, 249, 250; Williams elected teacher in, 251; town disfranchised, Williams exiled, 252; witchcraft de- iusion in, and result, ii. 58-66; named to take the place of Boston, iv. 5; firm in support of Boston, 8; legisla- ture meets in, 22; generous to Bos- ton, 25; British expedition to, 132.
Sacs and Foxes, Indians, ii. 93, 94, Salem, New Jersey, on the Delaware, i.
Salem, North Carolina, Moravian settle-
Salmon Falls village, burned, ii. 180. Saltonstall, Sir Richard, i. 223; at Watertown, Massachusetts, 237; op- poses a magistracy for life, 259; in England, defends Massachusetts, 273; complains of Massachusetts intoler- ance, 311.
Salzburgers, Lutheran emigrants, in Georgia, ii. 284–289.
Samoset, sent by Massasoit to welcome the pilgrims, i. 210. Sandusky, Fort, iii. 43, 44.
Sandwich, Lord, abuses the Americans, iv. 93; abuses Franklin, 116; calls the Americans cowards, 137, 138; madly bent on coercion, 188. Sandys, Sir Edwin, treasurer of the Lon- don Company, i. 111; firmness of, 113, 114; aids the colonists in Virginia, 133; also the fishermen in New Eng- land, 215, 216.
Sandys, George, resident treasurer in Virginia, i. 114.
Saratoga, New York, Burgoyne's sur- render at, v. 189–191.
Sargent, W., an agent of the Ohio Com- pany, vi. 290.
Sartine, French minister of marine, sus- tains Vergennes, iv. 361, 364; favors war with England, 370.
Sassafras root, cargo of, carried by Gos- nold to England, i. 80. Sault St. Marie, oldest European settle- ment in Michigan, ii. 152; French mission at, 153, 154.
Saunders, Sir C., in command of British fleet, ii. 499, 503, 505.
Sauvolle, brother of Iberville, ii. 189, 190.
Savannah, Georgia, founded, ii. 282,
283; taken by the British under Colonel Campbell (1778), v. 367; at- tacked by Lincoln and d'Estaing, 373; failure of attack, 373, 374; evacuated by the British, 555. Saville, Sir George, noble speech of, in the commons, iii. 364; on American resistance, iv. 126.
Saxe Weimar, refuses to hire out troops against the United States, v. 234. Saxony, refuses subsidiary troops against America, iv. 349; v. 233, 234. Say and Seal, Lord, friend to the Puri- tans, i. 258; one of Warwick's assigns for the valley of the Connecticut, 264; gives aid to Winthrop, 356, 357. Sayle, William, proprietary governor in Carolina, in company with Joseph VOL. VI.-37
West, leads colonists to South Caro- lina, i. 429.
Scammel, of New Hampshire, does good service with Gates, v. 184. Schenectady, New York, burning of, and massacre by the Indians, ii. 180. Schiller, the German poet, v. 283. Schuyler, Peter, reproof to Vaudreuil, ii. 198; takes five Iroquois chiefs to England, 199.
Schuyler, Philip, in the New York as- sembly, iv. 109; elected by congress major-general, 234; in command in the North, 237; report of, as to the army and Canada, 243; hesitates, 201, 292; ordered by Washington to advance, 293; short service of, in Canada, 294; sends help to Mont- gomery, 294; disarms the Highland- ers at Johnstown, 311, 312; disputes of, with Wooster, 376; sends troops to Washington, v. 84; rivalry with Gates, 149; in congress, 150; ap- pointed to command at Albany, etc., 151; at Ticonderoga, 157; position of, lack of ability, etc., 164; further retreat, begs for help, 165; super- seded by Gates, 173; spirit of, 173; important steps of, in New York legislature (1782), 559; proposes union of New England and New York, vi. 24; elected United States senator, 467.
Scioto river, Ohio, ii. 363.
Scot, George, and others, emigrate to New Jersey, i. 578, 579. Scotch-Irish colony in South Carolina, i. 431; ii. 266; Scotch-Irish Presby- terians emigrate, iii. 28, 29.
Scotch Presbyterians, in New Jersey, i. 578.
Scotland, insurrection in, indirect effect
upon New England, i. 279.
Scott, John Morin, a New York lawyer, iii. 93; loses his election to the as sembly, 331; proposed for congress, iv. 31, 32; moves for association for aid and defence, 176, 177; opposes separate declaration" (1775), 311; joins with John Jay in patriotic reso- lutions, 429; in the army, with Wash- ington, on Long Island, v. 36. Screven, an American officer, murdered, v. 366.
Sears, Isaac, and stamp riots in New York, iii. 161, 162; one of the "Sons of Liberty," iv. 9; removes cannon, 311; demolishes Rivington's printing- office, 317; appointed by Charles Lee assistant adjutant-general, 384; arbi- trary powers of, 385.
Seas, freedom of the, asserted by Fred- eric II. of Prussia, ii. 312. Sedgwick, Theodore, in the Massachu-
setts state convention on the federal constitution, vi. 396.
Seminoles, Indians, in Florida, ii. 99. Senat, Jesuit missionary, martyred, ii. 236.
Senecas, Indians, in Virginia, i. 457;
ravages of, 457, 458; conference of, at Albany, New York, 474; one of the Five Nations, 583; in Pontiac's war, iii. 49; under Butler, massacre by, at Wyoming, v. 279, 280; expedi- tion against, under Sullivan, 332, 333. Sergeant, of New Jersey, in congress (1776), iv. 337.
Sessions, Darius, deputy governor of
Rhode Island, iii. 434.
Sevier, Colonel John, v. 397, 399. Sewall, J., in converse with John Adams, iv. 24.
Sewall, Stephen, chief justice of Massa- chusetts, death of, ii. 531. Shaftesbury, earl of, one of the pro- prietaries of Carolina (1663), i. 408; character of, 412-415; employs John Locke, 415, 416; political career of, 591-594; the fourth earl of, in the council of Georgia (1732), ii. 282. Shakespeare, quoted, i. 105. Sharp, Granville, iv. 186. Sharpe, H., lieutenant-governor of Mary- land, ii. 412, 415; on parliamentary interference, 443; urges a poll-tax,
Shawnee town, council at, ii. 371–373. Shawnees, Indians, in the basin of the Cumberland river, ii. 92, 94; on the Ohio river, 224; prisoners delivered up by, iii. 88; fierce and bloody, iv. 85; defeated near Point Pleasant, 87; treaty of peace with, 88; treaty with, vi. 277; give up title to lands, 280,
Sheffield, on American commerce, vi. 50,
Shelburne, earl of, head of board of trade, iii. 40; course of, in the house of lords, 194; friendly to the colo- nies, 231, 234, 236, 237; colonial policy of, 240; opposed by the king and others, 242; fair and just toward the colonies, 297; dismissed from of- fice, 315; opposes the Boston port bill, 475; supports Chatham, iv. 104; admires Virginia state paper, 203; pleads for conciliation, 283, 284; on the affront of France to England, v. 250; opposes American independ- ence, 288; leader of party in parlia-
ment, 532; secretary of state in a new ministry, 534; communications to and from Franklin, 534, 535; at the head of the ministry (1782), 545; princi- ples and course of, 546, 547; letter of, to Oswald, 547, 549; interview with Rayneval, 565, 566; desires for England peace, friendship, and com- merce with France, 568; on treaty of peace with United States, 573, 574; moderation of, vi. 36; defends the treaty in parliament, 40, 41; modifies the navigation act, 42; takes leave of the ministry, 42.
Shelby, Evan, iv. 86, 87; captain of troops, routs the Indians, v. 314. Shelby, Isaac, iv. 87; v. 314; at King's Mountain, 397, 399.
Sherman, Roger, of New Haven, Con-
necticut, elected representative, iii. 140; views of, iv. 50; denies parlia ment's right to tax, 293; in the first American congress, 64, 65; on the articles of confederation, v. 14; in the fourth congress, vi. 113; on the evils of paper money, 176; in the federal convention, 215, 217, 220, 222, 223, 231; character of, 240; favors two houses, 243, 244; on the com- mittee's report, 257; on the western states' representation, 264; on laws made by the general government, 270, 271; on the militia, treason, etc., 313, 314, 320; careful for the smaller states, 334, 337; on the power of the president of the United States, 342, 344; on bankruptcies, 354; letter of, to the governor of Connecticut on the new constitution, 393. Ship-building, in Massachusetts, i. 280, 281; by La Salle, on Lake Eric, ii. 163 in Boston, 264 (see Stephens); in Philadelphia and Boston, vi. 48. Shirley, William, governor of Massa- chusetts, ii. 305, 334; advises coer- cion by parliament, 337, 338, 942; plan of frontier fortresses, 349; goes to England, 350; course of, there, $53; advice as to taxing the colonies, 882, 383; plans of, 413, 417; on Franklin, 415; expedition against western New York, 438; fails to reach Niagara, 438; opinion of, as to independence, 439; at head of forces in America, 443; urges a general fund" in the colonies, 443, 444; su- perseded, and recalled to England, 446, 447.
Shute, governor of Massachusetts, tries to muzzle the press, ii. 245; fight of, with the legislature, 246; runs away
to England and abuses the colony, 249, 250; gets a pension, 251. Sidney, Algernon, i. 561. Silleri, near Quebec, ii. 140.
Sioux or Dakotas, Indians, west of the Mississippi, ii. 94, 151.
Six Nations, ii. 303, 333, 335, 337 (see Tuscaroras and Iroquois); give up title to western lands, vi. 283. See Five Nations.
Skelton, Samuel, i. 226; reordained after the congregational form, 228, 249. Skepticism of the age, results (1776), iv. 373.
Skinner, Cortland, of New Jersey, raises troops for the British army, v. 142. Slavery, spread of, in early times, i.
119, 120; in the Middle Ages, 120; censured by the Church, 121; prac- ticed by Christians and Saracens, 121, 122; Louis X. and French jurists op- pose, 122; red men enslaved, 123, 124; slavery in Spain and Portugal, 123, 124; conditional servitude in Virginia and New England, 125, 126; white servants in Maryland, ii. 23.
Negro slavery, originated in Africa, i. 122; in the West Indies, 124; views adverse to, 125; in United Colonies of New England, 293; in South Carolina, 430; in Virginia, 444; in New Netherland, 513; in New Jersey, 520; William Penn's views and practice, 572; ii. 29; slaves in the northern provinces, ii. 273; nu- merous in South Carolina and Vir- ginia, 273; numbers of, brought to America, 274; life and work of, at North and South, 274, 275; merchan- dise only, 279; forced on the colonies by England, 279, 280; none to be in Georgia, 287; Oglethorpe opposes introduction of, 292; slavery in Georgia, 299; denounced by Wool- man, 398; Jefferson's bill to emanci- pate the negroes, iii. 410; Patrick Henry on, 412; Franklin's views on, 412; George Mason's address to the legislature of Virginia respecting, 413, 414; denounced by Virginia, iv. 34; denounced in Georgia, 107; re- solve against, by Georgia, 244; slaves as property, v. 12; forbidden by Ver- mont, 162; proposal to enlist in the army, South Carolina, 369, 370; large number of, carried off by the British, 371; sold in the West Indies, 374, 375; divides the southern from the northern states, 406; semi-tropi- cal states stronghold of, 409; in vari- ous states, 411, 412; course pursued
respecting, in Pennsylvania, 412; in Massachusetts, 412-415; how dis- posed of in Massachusetts, 418; clause in the convention of Paris as to negroes and other property," 579, 580; how rated for taxation (1783), vi. 79; Jefferson's ordinance against slavery in the north-west ter- ritory, 116, 117; how it was lost, 117, 118; hindrance to union, 166; abolition of, in the North, 260; two classes of slave states, 261; strife on representation for slaves, 264; slaves counted as three fifths, 266; slave representation, 299; fugitive - slave law, 309, 310; doom of slave-hold- ing, 321; limits on taxation, 325. Slave-trade, and sale of negroes in New Netherland, i. 513; pretence for this traffic, 612; fostered by the English government, ii. 77; assiento with Spain, 209, 280; England and the slave-trade, 271; slave coast in Af- rica, 271; horrors of the passage, 272; colonies opposed to, in the ab- stract, 276; carried on hugely by the English, 277; opinions against, 277, 278; dominated legislation, 278, 279; opened to all Englishmen, 355, 356; Virginia opposes, 549; South Caro- lina wishes to restrain, 550; in New England's hands, 562; opposed by Virginia, iii. 248; protest against, 409, 410; George III. orders its con- tinuance, 410; address of Virginia to the king, 411; denounced by Virginia, iv. 34; to be abolished, resolve of congress (1774), 74; Dunmore's veto in favor of (1775), 202; resolve against, by Georgia, 244; condemned by con- gress, 338; branded as piracy, 446; forbidden by Virginia (1779), v. 329; the king of England and parliament protect the trade, 405; states refuse to give it up, 408; John Jay's appeal respecting, vi. 46; movement against, 261; discussed in the federal conven- tion, 316-320; to cease in 1808, 320; discussed in Virginia state convention, 431.
Sloughter, Henry, governor of New York, ii. 36; gets Leisler and Milborne hanged, 37, 38.
Smallwood, and Maryland troops, v. 181. Smilie, John, in the Pennsylvania state
convention (1787), opposes the new federal constitution, vi. 386, 387. Smith, Adam, views as to the struggle between England and the colonies, iv. 289, 290.
Smith, Captain John, i. 85; in Virginia,
92; early life, 92; taken prisoner by the Indians, 93; services to the col- ony, 93, 94; explores Chesapeake bay, 94, 95; ascends the Potomac, 95; enforces industry and order, 96; returns to England, 96; spirit and ability, 96, 97; explores coast of New England, 97; taken by French pirates, escapes, 98; admiral of New England, 98; with others in the second charter of Virginia, 99.
Smith, Joshua H., with Major André, v.
Smith, Melancthon, in congress, opposes the constitution, vi. 373; in New York state convention continues a moderate opposition, 456, 459, 460.
Smith, Samuel, of Maryland, in com- mand of fort on Mud Island, v. 193; is wounded and retires, 198. Smith, Thomas, governor of South Caro- lina (1693), ii, 10.
Smith, William, historian of New York,
pleads for an American union and parliament (1756), ii. 449; one of a committee, proposes a congress (1774), iv. 12, 13; hopes for union under the auspices of the king, 51. Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel, in command
of British expedition to Concord, iv. 152; retreat of, from Concord, 162; chased through Lincoln, 162, 163; hasty retreat of, 165.
Smyth, chief justice of New Jersey, iii.
Smythe, Sir Thomas, first treasurer of
the London Company, i. 87; sends to Virginia code of laws, 103; policy of, 109; resigns, 111. Sokokis, Indians, ii. 90. Somers, Sir George, on the way to Vir-
ginia, wrecked on the rocks of Ber- mudas, iv. 100.
Somers, Lord John, leader of the Whigs
in England, ii. 4, 13; opposes restora- tion of Massachusetts charter, 55. "Sons of Liberty," Barré's words, iii. 100, 112; organize in the colonies, 198, 199; spirit of, 207; propose general congress (1774), iv. 9. Sothel, Seth, governor in North Caro- lina, i. 426, 427; mean character of, deposed, 427; again in office, ii. 9. Soto, F. de. See De Soto. South Sea, expedition to find the way to, sent by the governor of Virginia, i. 452.
South Sea Company, ii. 270; assiento as-
ginia liberties, i. 114; elected treas urer of the London Company, 114,
Spaight, R. D., in congress, opposes ex- clusion of slavery in north-west ter- ritory, vi. 117, 118; in the federal convention, 216; in North Carolina state convention on the federal con- stitution, 461.
Spain, early efforts in North America, i. 22, et seqq.; in Florida, etc., 22; ex- plorations west of the Mississippi, 29- 34; on the coast of the Pacific, 37; in the Mississippi valley, by De Soto, etc., 38-47; on the Red river, 48; holds on to Florida, 56-58; extent of dominions round Gulf of Mexico, 59; jealousy toward Virginia, 104; sla- very in, 123, 124; mercantile system of, ii. 88; at war with England, 295, 296; affairs of, 541; treaty with France against England, 542; at peace with England, 562, 563; sides against English colonies in America, iii. 337; resolves to recover New Orleans, 338, 340; contrast of, with England, 340, 341.
King of, head of the Bourbon family, iv. 38; the king joins Louis XVI. in furnishing money to help the Americans, 371; opposed to open hostilities against England, v. 21; condition of (1777), 137; leans to France against England, 188; gives money, through France, to help the United States in their struggle, 138, 139; course of action of, 245; the king's desire and policy, 260; ill dis- posed toward United States, 292; re- fuses to acknowledge the United States, 307; war treaty with France, 308; declares war on England, 338; joins with France, to invade England, 340; disaffection in colonies of, 462; feebleness and fears of, 536; proba- ble design of, 553; feeling of, to- ward the United States, and their prospective growth and power, vi. 57; sends an agent to congress about com- mercial relations, 153.
Spencer, Joseph, general of Connecticut troops at Roxbury (1775), iv. 213; elected by congress brigadier-general, 235; too old for much activity, 235; with Washington in New York, v. 44; at Hart's Corner, near White Plains, New York, 73.
Spencer, Oliver, and New Jersey militia, attack body of Waldeckers at Spring- field, and drive them, v. 108. Spencer, Samuel, in North Carolina state
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