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386-390; the confederacy dies out,!
407; spirit of, and tenacity under
James II., 589; proclaims William
and Mary, 601.

Plan of, to conquer Canada (1710),
ii. 198, 199; another project, aban-
doned, 310; condition of (1754), or-
ganized democracy, 401, 402; spirit
of the people in, 402, 403; prevailing
creed of, 405-407; influence of the
clergy in (1765), iii. 141, 142; towns
and villages of, in sympathy with
Boston, iv. 28; to be excluded from
the fisheries, 126, 127; army of 30,-
000 men to be raised, 169; generous
liberality of the people to the army,
243; choice of independence spouta-
neous, 429; troops of, with Washing-
ton, re-enlist (1776), v. 102; states
meet in, on questions of public cred-
it, 291; important meeting of dele-
gates in, 446, 447; convention of
states in Boston (1780), vi. 11.
Newfoundland, seen by Sebastian Cabot
(1498). i. 12; fisheries in, 66; taken
possession of by Gilbert, 68; becomes
England's by treaty of Utrecht, ii.
211; question as to Americans dry-
ing fish on (1782), v. 573, 575.
New France. See Canada.
New Hampshire, efforts at colonization,
i. 217; settlements on banks of Pis-
cataqua, 217, 218; Exeter founded,
262; annexed to Massachusetts, 286,
287; a royal province, 398; general
assembly, 398; troubles with Cran-
field, 399, 400; resists Cranfield, 401;
a royal province, ii. 56; government
organized, Usher lieutenant-governor,
57; series of lawsuits, confusion,
great trouble, 57; population and
trade in (1715), 57; territory of, en-
larged, 252; royal government of,
252; declines as to a congress (1765),
iii. 120; course of (1774), iv. 15;
seizure of powder, etc., 94, 95; ad-
heres to congress, 106; men of, hurry
to sustain Massachusetts, 169; as
many as two thousand desire to go,
170; asks congress for a government,
264; hesitates about separating from
the mother country, 315; in favor of
the declaration of independence, 428;
helps Washington and western fron-
tier, v. 173, 174; joins Massachusetts
in navigation act, etc., vi. 141; laws
as to paper money, 169; appoints
delegates to the federal convention,
201; holds state convention on the
federal constitution (1788), 409; de-
bate and adjournment, 409, 410; re-
VOL. VI.-36

assembles and ratifies the constitu-
tion, being the ninth state in the list,
437, 458.

New Haven, Connecticut, founded
(1638), i. 271; plants on Long Isl-
and, 272; joined to Connecticut,
358; men of, start instartly for camp
(April 1775), iv. 170, 171.

New Holland, i. 482.

New Ireland, between the Saco and St.
Croix rivers, constitution of (1780), v.
421, 422.

New Jersey, i. 520; concessions in, to
the people, 520, 521; "Elizabeth-
town purchase," 521; Carteret gov-
ernor, 522; disputes about quit-rents,
523; after the revolution of 1688,
without settled government for twelve
years, ii. 31, 32; a royal province,
under governors of New York, for
thirty-six years, 33; claims the rights
of freemen, 34; conflict with the gov-
ernor, 342; coercion of, advised, 342,
352; condition of (1754), 398; Ber-
nard, governor, on enlarging the royal
power, 529; declines invitation to a
congress (1765), iii. 120; course of
(1774), iv. 15; sustains congress,
110; call of, for congress (May
1775), 178; governor calis assembly
which refuses Lord North's projects,
178; action of provincial congress
250, 251; enrolls two regiments, 251;
after North's proclamation, still holds
back, 273; refuses to address a peti-
tion to the king, 310; frames a con-
stitution and government, 431; legis-
lature, governor, elective franchise,
etc., 432; affairs in (1776), v. 68;
legislature of, helps Washington, 82,
83; Washington's order to the mili
tia of, 93; Jerseymen take oath of
fidelity to the king, 108; Washing-
ton orders them to go within the
enemy's lines, 109; evacuated by
Howe, 154; slavery in, 411, 412;
movements of the British in, 424;
opinion of, as to a "federal repub-
lic," vi. 14; course of, on the paper
money issue, 171; strife with New
York, 187; leads the way to a general
convention, 188; in the federal con-
vention takes the lead in resisting the
larger states, 232, 233; the legisla-
ture calls a state convention which
ratifies the constitution of the United
States, 391, 392.

New Netherland, first visited by Henry
Hudson, i. 482-484; its natural at-
tractiveness, 485, 486; Dutch traffic
in the river with the natives, 489; ex-

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tent of, and charter, 490; efforts to
colonize, 492; emigration to, 494,
495; C. J. May first director, 495;
Minuit director-general of, 495; fort
and church built on Manhattan Island,
495, 496; overtures to New England,
496; privateering, 497; board of
nineteen, 497; Walloons, privileges,
497, 498; purchases of lands, 498;
disputes with Maryland and Connec-
ticut, 500, 501; Van Twiller and
Kieft governors, 500, 501; war with
the Indians, 504; slaughter of In-
dians, and result, 504, 505; efforts for
peace, treaty effected, 506; people of,
beg for liberties, 507, 508; Stuyve-
sant at Hartford, 508; contention with
Swedes for the Delaware, 509; New
Sweden subdued, 509, 510; Stuyve-
sant and freedom of conscience (1660),
511, 512.

Emigrants to, 512; negro slaves,
trade in, 513; brewers resist excise
(1644), 513; discontent in, 514; gen-
eral assembly, 514; dissolved by
Stuyvesant, 515; West India Com-
pany approve, 515, 516; claims of
Lord Baltimore and of Connecticut,
516; general assembly for defence,
517, 518; surrender of, to an Eng-
lish fleet (1664), 519; Dutch and
Swedes on the Delaware capitulate,
520; retaken by the Dutch, 525; sur-
rendered to England again, 527.
New Orleans, Louisiana, founded by
Bienville, ii. 228, 229. See Louis-
iana.

Newport, Christopher, in command of
ships carrying colonists to Virginia,
arrives in Chesapeake bay, i. 88; ad-
miral of Lord Delaware's expedition,
100; wrecked on the Bermudas,
100.

Newport, Rhode Island, democracy es-
tablished and patent obtained, i. 263;
resists the revenue officers, iii. 350;
occupied by the French, v. 426.
'News-Letter," Boston (1704), the first
newspaper ever published in Ameri-
ca, ii. 258.

Newspapers in America, ii. 258; num-
ber of, in 1740, 258.

New Sweden, company plant on the
Delaware, i. 501, 502; Swedes and
Finns emigrate to, 503; submits to
the Dutch, 509, 510.

New York, taken from the Dutch (1664),

i. 519; Nicolls supreme, no popular
liberty, 523, 524; Lovelace of the
same stamp, 524; charter of fran-
chises and privileges, 582; Leisler's

course in (1689), ii. 34-37; Sloughter
governor, 36; colonial liberties as-
serted, 38; Fletcher governor, 38,
40; church disputes, 39; Bellomont
governor, 40, 41; Lord Cornbury
governor, 41-43; arbitrary, but fails
to subdue the legislature, 41, 42;
Lord Lovelace governor, 43; struggle
renewed, 43, 44; R. Hunter governor,
continues the effort without success,
44-46; Burnet, and other governors,
253, 255; term of assembly fixed at
seven years, 256; resists attempts to
force taxes (1748), 349, 350; position
of (1754), 399, 400; resists laws of
trade, restrictions, etc., 400, 401; im-
peaches Clinton, 410; requires a judi-
ciary on good behavior, 551.

Protests against law courts of gov-
ernment (1763), iii. 32, 33; excited
over tax bill, 78; spirit of assembly,
89; petitions to parliament, 89, 90;
censured for disrespect, 94; strong
words from the press, 113-115; events
in, 148; assembly of, votes statues
to George III. and Pitt, 222; soldiers
overbearing, 236; course of the legis-
lature, 236; voted to be disobedient,
251; punished, 256; election and
state of affairs, 331; enforces non-
importation agreement, 359; conflict
of the people with the troops, 370;
advocates a congress of colonial rep-
resentatives, 387, 388; Burke chosen
agent of, 396; resolves not to let the
tea come in, 448, 449; increased com-
merce of, 467, 468; tea ship sent off,
480.

Action of the "Sons of Liberty "
(1774), iv. 9; conservative party is
for holding back, 9, 10; the commit-
tee of fifty-one, 10; plans a congress,
13; spirit of, 30; parties in, 30, 31;
chooses delegates to continental con-
gress, 31; disinclined to war, 51;
hopes to remain under English rule,
51; crafty policy used toward, 108;
the old assembly falters, 109; refuses
to send delegates to congress (1775),
110; the press and Hamilton's pam-
phlets, 110, 111; vigorous measures of,
147; delegates to congress, 147, 148;
the king sure of, 149, 150; prompt
action of the people, 176; association
for aid and defence formed, 176, 177;
address of, to the city of London,
177; counselled to prepare defences,
200; plan of accommodation with
England, 236, 237; the royal gover-
nor arrives, 236; refuses a petition
separate from other colonies, 311;

wise action of the provincial congress,
429; unanimity secured, 430.

Convention (1776), members and
course of action, v. 4; declaration of
independence received, 4; spirit of
the people, 26; sole condition as to
peace, 323; as to slavery, 411; ac-
tion of the legislature on public lands
in the West, 442; action toward a
general convention of the states, 559;
sanctions the federal convention, vi.
31; Clinton's advice, and Washing-
ton's letter, 93; politics, how corrupt-
ed, 130; remedies proposed for dis-
tress in trade, 137, 138; holds on to
its custom-house, 166; receives reve-
nue, 193; accedes to general conven-
tion recommended by Virginia, 199;
rights of free negroes in, 291; objec-
tions to the new constitution, 373,
374; unreasonable, 454; federal re-
publicans organize against the new
constitution, 454; legislature orders
a state convention, 455; division of
parties, 455; the convention meets
in June (1788), 456; debate, warm
and earnest, 456-459; conditional
ratification condemned, 459; the fed-
eral constitution ratified, 460; a sec-
ond federal convention called for, 460;
federal elections, 466, 467.
New York city (Manhattan), i. 519; in-
corporated, 523; first American con-
gress meets in, iii. 149, 150; rises
against the stamp-tax, 161; riotous
proceedings in, 161; the "Sons of
Liberty," 198, 199; rejoicings in, on
repeal of the stamp-act, 221; Gover-
nor Tryon enters the city, 236; move-
ments in, 311; Sears secures the can-
non, 311; ships-of-war in the harbor,
312; fortifications erected, 384, 385;
exposed position of, 429; refuses the
tea, and sends off the tea-ship, 448,
480; reception of Washington (1776),
iv. 376; riot in, v. 4, 5; fortifications
in and around, 26; the army crosses
from Brooklyn, 36-38; Greene pro-
poses to burn the city, 40; it is re-
solved to hold it, 42; cowardly flight
of troops, 44, 45; the British in pos-
session, 45, 46; British troops driven
back, 46, 47; a large fire in, 48; the
island evacuated, 69, 70; wishes in,
for a national union, vi. 130; discus-
sions as to union, etc., 192, 193; re-
joicings over the ratification of the
federal constitution (1788), 460; grand
procession, and Hamilton's triumph
in the result, 460.

Niagara, Fort, built by the French, i.

589; importance of, ii. 223; taken
from the French, 501.

Nicholas, George, in the Virginia state
convention supports the federal con-
stitution, vi. 436.

Nicholas, Robert C., iv. 17; in the Vir-
ginia convention, 415.
Nicholson, Francis, Effingham's lieuten-
ant in Virginia (1691), ii. 17, 18;
governor of Maryland, 21; deputy
governor of New York, 35; on the
colonial spirit of independence, 85;
in command of expedition against
Acadia, 199; governor of Carolina,
216; confirms peace with the na-
tives (1721), 216.

Nicola, Colonel, letter to Washington
urging a monarchy, v. 558; letter,
how received, 558.

Nicolls, Richard, one of the royal com-
missioners, i. 376; in command of
fleet at New Amsterdam, 518, 519;
supreme power of, 523; exactions of,

524.

Ninety-Six, South Carolina, capitulates,
v. 378, 379; besieged by General
Greene, 501; abandoned by the Brit-
ish, 502.

Nipising Indians, aid in reducing Fort
William Henry, and share in the mas-
sacre of captives, ii. 466, 467.
Nipising Lake, ii. 141.
Nipmucks, Indians, in interior of Massa-
chusetts, i. 388.

Nixon, John, captain of Sudbury com-
pany at Concord, iv. 162; at Bunker
Hill, 221.

Niza, M. de, a Franciscan, i. 31; claimed
to have scen Cibola, 32; meanness
of, 34, 35.

Norfolk, Virginia, position of, and in-
habitants, iv. 39; occupied by Rob-
ert Howe, 320; burned, January 1,
1776, by order of Dunmore, 320,
321.
Norridgewock village, Maine, destroyed
by the English, ii. 220.

North, Lord, in parliament, ii. 409; in
the treasury department, 556; share
of, in the stamp-tax plan, iii. 55, 56;
offered office, declines, 244; succeeds
Townshend, character of, 263; will
have America at his feet, 323, 326;
refuses repeal of the revenue act,
344, 345; cabinet retain duty on
tea, 346; prime minister, 367; holds
on to preamble of act and tax on tea,
381, 382; feels secure in office, 396,
398; policy of, 438, 439; advises ex-
portation of tea, 443; course toward
Boston, 469-471; presents Boston

port bill, 471; wishes to send com-
missioners to America, iv. 92.

Lays a paper before parliament
(1775), iv. 99, 100; reproached by
Fox, 114; proposes to declare Massa-
chusetts in rebellion, 117; asks Fox's
advice, 118; consults Franklin, 127;
disagreement with, 128; weak, and
false in consequence, 151; orders
raising Canadian regiments, 151;
offer to the colonists, 200, 201; this
answered and rejected, 245, 246;
goes with the king in his violent
measures, 280-282; refuses to listen
to Grafton, 281; on taxing the colo-
nies, 286, 287; uneasy, halting, etc.,
288; bitter words over Montgomery,
809; on hiring German mercenaries,
356; threatens to resign, v. 22; in
parliament, 54, 55; deeply affected
at news of Burgoyne's surrender,
224; the king holds him to continue
the war, 225; feelings of, in old age,
225; makes two conciliatory proposi.
tions in the house of commons, 247,
248; how received, 248; despondent,
249; favors Franklin's offers, 253;
discouraged, 282, 283; agitated over
Cornwallis's surrender, 523; end of
administration of, 531; makes an
attack on the treaty of peace, vi. 39;
in the coalition ministry, 44.
North Carolina. See Carolina, North.
North-east passage to India, search for,
i. 478.

Northfield, Massachusetts, i. 389, 390.
Northington, speech of, iii. 189, 190;
votes for repeal of the stamp-act, 210;
president of the council, 225.
Norton, Sir F., in parliament, iii. 186.
Norton, John, envoy of Massachusetts
to England, i. 370.

North-west passage, search for, by New-
port and Smith, i. 89.
North-west territory, the right over, v.
14; views of Maryland as to, 283,
284; claims of Virginia respecting,
441, 442; ceded to the United States
(1781) by Virginia, vi. 14; plan for
colonizing and forming new states in,
81; slavery to be excluded, 81; Wash-
ington's plan for organizing, 103, 104:
deed of cession from Virginia, 115,
116; ordinance for the governance
of, 116, 117; the proposed five new
states, 280; jealous feeling toward,
280; need of territorial government
for, 281; power of congress over,
324.

Norwalk, Connecticut, burned by the
British, v. 330.

Nottingham, New Hampshire, rapid
march of men of, iv. 169.
Nova Scotia (see Acadia and Canada),
attempts at settlement by the Scotch,
i. 218, 219; loyalists banished to
(1783), vi. 101.

Noyes, N., minister of Salem, Massachu-
setts, share in the witchcraft murders,
ii. 63, 65, 66.

Nurse, Rebecca, hanged for witchcraft,
ii. 59-63.

Nye, Philip, a "faithful minister in Lon-
don," i. 232.

0.

O'Brien, Captain Jeremiah, iv. 184.
Oconostata, great Cherokee warrior, ii.

515-521.

Ogden, of New Jersey, opposes views as
to liberty, in congress, iii. 155; burnt
in effigy, 162.
Ogdensburg (Oswegatchie), New York,
Jesuit mission at (1748), ii. 337.
Oglethorpe, James, noble aim of, ii. 281;
founds Savannah, 282, 283; meets the
Muskogees, Cherokees, Choctas, 283,
284; returns to England, 286; takes
colonists to Georgia, 287, 288; builds
forts, 290; in high favor with the In-
dian tribes, 291; goes to England and
brings out a regiment of troops (1738),
292; will have nothing to do with
slavery, 292; meets the tribes in
council, 292, 293; invades Florida,
297; to no purpose, however, 298;
returns to England, 298; character
and merits of, 299; aids Georgia, iii.
286.

Ohio, beginning of the state of, vi. 103,
104; origin of the name, 125.
Ohio Company of Virginia, ii. 362; em-
ploys Gist, 362, 363; opens a road,
377; begins a fort, which is taken by
the French, 381, 383.

Ohio Company for colonizing, etc. (1787),
vi. 284, 285.

Ohio, North-west Territory. See North-
west Territory.

Ohio river, first seen by Marquette, ii.
157.

Ohio valley, importance of, ii. 361, 362;
richness of its lands, 364, 366; the
colonies refuse the expense of defend-
ing, 368; England gives no aid, 375;
the French in possession (1754), 385;
the English driven out by the French,
468.

Ojibwas, Indians, ii. 93, 141, 150,

151.

Oldham, John, murdered by the Indians,
i. 266.

Oliver, Andrew, at the Albany congress,
ii. 334, 335; appointed stamp dis-
tributor in Massachusetts, iii. 112;
burned in effigy, 135, 136; is threat-
ened, 136; forced to resign, 170, 171;
not re-elected to the bench, 218; on
the "taking off" of traitors, 332; re-
moval of, demanded, 441; impeached,
468; impossible for him to hold court,
iv. 53, 54; in "greatest distress,"
forced to resign, 56.

Oneidas and Onondagas, two of the Five
Nations of Indians, i. 583 (see Iro-
quois); friendship of, preserved by
the Americans (1778), v. 222.
Onondagas (see Oneidas), expedition of
Van Schaick and Willet against, v.
332.

Onondio and Corlaer, meaning of the
terms, ii. 176.

Onslow, speaker of the house of com.

mons, held that parliament had power
to tax America, ii. 348.
Opechancanough, brother of Powhatan,
treats John Smith kindly, i. 93; suc-
ceeds Powhatan, 127; death of, 142.
Orangeburg, South Carolina, v. 500, 501.
Ord, George, in a sloop, takes a maga
zine in Bermuda, iv. 249.
Oregon, Sir Francis Drake in, i. 66.
O'Reilly, in New Orleans, iii 353, 354;
in the Spanish service, v. 137.
Oriskany, fierce fight at, with the In-
dians, v. 169, 279.

Osborne, Sir Danvers, goes to New York,
ii. 375; failure and suicide, 376; New
York on instructions of, 410, 413.
Oswald, Richard, British diplomatic
agent, v. 535; takes a letter to
Franklin, 540; instructions to, 543;
letter to, from Lord Shelburne, 547,
548; the commission, 550, 551; inter-
view with Jay, 564; how his letters
were received, slight change in the
commission, 569; the new negotiation,
570; arranges treaty of peace, 570,
571; Strachey sent to join him, 573;
course of, with Strachey and Fitzher-
bert, 578, 579.

Oswegatchie, now Ogdensburg, ii. 337.
Oswego, New York, English fortress at,

ii. 221; taken by Montcalm, 453;
Bradstreet visits, 491.

Otis, James, of Barnstable, speaker of
Massachusetts house of representa-
tives, ii. 531, 532.

Otis, James, the younger, ii. 532; speech
against writs of assistance, 517; char-
acter of, 548; elected to the Massa-

chusetts assembly, 549; theory of
government, 560, 561; popularity of,
561; sentiments of (1763), iii. 34;
prepares paper for the agent in Lon-
don, 78; argument for the colonies
and rights, 80-82; desponding views
of, 109; advises calling a congress,
113; on representation, and Magna
Charta, 119; union his cry, 120; on
South Carolina's course, 121; in con-
gress, ability of, 153; on opening of
courts, 171; pamphlet on a general
parliament, 197; speaker of the as-
sembly, 217; on offending Great Brit-
ain, 264; earnest for independence,
307, 308; mind of, disordered, 360;
affray in Boston, 360; becomes a
maniac, 407; last appearance in pub-
lic, 422; death of, 422.

Ottawas, Indians, ii. 93, 186, 524; iii.

43.

Oumas, Indians, ii. 188.
Overyssel, states of, oppose loaning
troops to England, iv. 347, 348.
Oxenstiern, Chancellor, efforts of, to
colonize on the Delaware, i. 502.
Oyster river village, New Hampshire,
attacked by the Indians, ii. 182.

P.

Paca, W., in Maryland state convention
on the federal constitution, vi. 412,
413.

Paine, R. T., delegate to congress, iv.

23.

Paine, Timothy, a mandamus councillor,
forced to resign, iv. 49.

Paine, Thomas, iv. 178; education of,
etc., 313; author of "Common
Sense," 313-315; employed by Rob-
ert Morris, v. 557; author of "Pub-
lic Good," vi. 12.
Palatines, in Carolina, i. 420.
Palmer, Eliakim, agent for Connecticut,
ii. 347.

Panin, first minister of empress of
Russia, iv. 276-278; views and policy
of, v. 342, 348, 355.

Paper money, in America, ii. 262, 263;
parliament interferes respecting, 263,
264; action of Massachusetts, 348;
issues of, by congress, iv. 237, 246,
337; v. 143, 218, 290, 292; whole
amount issued up to December 1778,
293, 294; further issues, 294, 439,
440, 446, 447; ill effects of, in the
American states, vi. 167, 168; laws
of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, respecting,

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