386-390; the confederacy dies out,! 407; spirit of, and tenacity under James II., 589; proclaims William and Mary, 601.
Plan of, to conquer Canada (1710), ii. 198, 199; another project, aban- doned, 310; condition of (1754), or- ganized democracy, 401, 402; spirit of the people in, 402, 403; prevailing creed of, 405-407; influence of the clergy in (1765), iii. 141, 142; towns and villages of, in sympathy with Boston, iv. 28; to be excluded from the fisheries, 126, 127; army of 30,- 000 men to be raised, 169; generous liberality of the people to the army, 243; choice of independence spouta- neous, 429; troops of, with Washing- ton, re-enlist (1776), v. 102; states meet in, on questions of public cred- it, 291; important meeting of dele- gates in, 446, 447; convention of states in Boston (1780), vi. 11. Newfoundland, seen by Sebastian Cabot (1498). i. 12; fisheries in, 66; taken possession of by Gilbert, 68; becomes England's by treaty of Utrecht, ii. 211; question as to Americans dry- ing fish on (1782), v. 573, 575. New France. See Canada. New Hampshire, efforts at colonization, i. 217; settlements on banks of Pis- cataqua, 217, 218; Exeter founded, 262; annexed to Massachusetts, 286, 287; a royal province, 398; general assembly, 398; troubles with Cran- field, 399, 400; resists Cranfield, 401; a royal province, ii. 56; government organized, Usher lieutenant-governor, 57; series of lawsuits, confusion, great trouble, 57; population and trade in (1715), 57; territory of, en- larged, 252; royal government of, 252; declines as to a congress (1765), iii. 120; course of (1774), iv. 15; seizure of powder, etc., 94, 95; ad- heres to congress, 106; men of, hurry to sustain Massachusetts, 169; as many as two thousand desire to go, 170; asks congress for a government, 264; hesitates about separating from the mother country, 315; in favor of the declaration of independence, 428; helps Washington and western fron- tier, v. 173, 174; joins Massachusetts in navigation act, etc., vi. 141; laws as to paper money, 169; appoints delegates to the federal convention, 201; holds state convention on the federal constitution (1788), 409; de- bate and adjournment, 409, 410; re- VOL. VI.-36
assembles and ratifies the constitu- tion, being the ninth state in the list, 437, 458.
New Haven, Connecticut, founded (1638), i. 271; plants on Long Isl- and, 272; joined to Connecticut, 358; men of, start instartly for camp (April 1775), iv. 170, 171.
New Holland, i. 482.
New Ireland, between the Saco and St. Croix rivers, constitution of (1780), v. 421, 422.
New Jersey, i. 520; concessions in, to the people, 520, 521; "Elizabeth- town purchase," 521; Carteret gov- ernor, 522; disputes about quit-rents, 523; after the revolution of 1688, without settled government for twelve years, ii. 31, 32; a royal province, under governors of New York, for thirty-six years, 33; claims the rights of freemen, 34; conflict with the gov- ernor, 342; coercion of, advised, 342, 352; condition of (1754), 398; Ber- nard, governor, on enlarging the royal power, 529; declines invitation to a congress (1765), iii. 120; course of (1774), iv. 15; sustains congress, 110; call of, for congress (May 1775), 178; governor calis assembly which refuses Lord North's projects, 178; action of provincial congress 250, 251; enrolls two regiments, 251; after North's proclamation, still holds back, 273; refuses to address a peti- tion to the king, 310; frames a con- stitution and government, 431; legis- lature, governor, elective franchise, etc., 432; affairs in (1776), v. 68; legislature of, helps Washington, 82, 83; Washington's order to the mili tia of, 93; Jerseymen take oath of fidelity to the king, 108; Washing- ton orders them to go within the enemy's lines, 109; evacuated by Howe, 154; slavery in, 411, 412; movements of the British in, 424; opinion of, as to a "federal repub- lic," vi. 14; course of, on the paper money issue, 171; strife with New York, 187; leads the way to a general convention, 188; in the federal con- vention takes the lead in resisting the larger states, 232, 233; the legisla- ture calls a state convention which ratifies the constitution of the United States, 391, 392.
New Netherland, first visited by Henry Hudson, i. 482-484; its natural at- tractiveness, 485, 486; Dutch traffic in the river with the natives, 489; ex-
tent of, and charter, 490; efforts to colonize, 492; emigration to, 494, 495; C. J. May first director, 495; Minuit director-general of, 495; fort and church built on Manhattan Island, 495, 496; overtures to New England, 496; privateering, 497; board of nineteen, 497; Walloons, privileges, 497, 498; purchases of lands, 498; disputes with Maryland and Connec- ticut, 500, 501; Van Twiller and Kieft governors, 500, 501; war with the Indians, 504; slaughter of In- dians, and result, 504, 505; efforts for peace, treaty effected, 506; people of, beg for liberties, 507, 508; Stuyve- sant at Hartford, 508; contention with Swedes for the Delaware, 509; New Sweden subdued, 509, 510; Stuyve- sant and freedom of conscience (1660), 511, 512.
Emigrants to, 512; negro slaves, trade in, 513; brewers resist excise (1644), 513; discontent in, 514; gen- eral assembly, 514; dissolved by Stuyvesant, 515; West India Com- pany approve, 515, 516; claims of Lord Baltimore and of Connecticut, 516; general assembly for defence, 517, 518; surrender of, to an Eng- lish fleet (1664), 519; Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware capitulate, 520; retaken by the Dutch, 525; sur- rendered to England again, 527. New Orleans, Louisiana, founded by Bienville, ii. 228, 229. See Louis- iana.
Newport, Christopher, in command of ships carrying colonists to Virginia, arrives in Chesapeake bay, i. 88; ad- miral of Lord Delaware's expedition, 100; wrecked on the Bermudas, 100.
Newport, Rhode Island, democracy es- tablished and patent obtained, i. 263; resists the revenue officers, iii. 350; occupied by the French, v. 426. 'News-Letter," Boston (1704), the first newspaper ever published in Ameri- ca, ii. 258.
Newspapers in America, ii. 258; num- ber of, in 1740, 258.
New Sweden, company plant on the Delaware, i. 501, 502; Swedes and Finns emigrate to, 503; submits to the Dutch, 509, 510.
New York, taken from the Dutch (1664),
i. 519; Nicolls supreme, no popular liberty, 523, 524; Lovelace of the same stamp, 524; charter of fran- chises and privileges, 582; Leisler's
course in (1689), ii. 34-37; Sloughter governor, 36; colonial liberties as- serted, 38; Fletcher governor, 38, 40; church disputes, 39; Bellomont governor, 40, 41; Lord Cornbury governor, 41-43; arbitrary, but fails to subdue the legislature, 41, 42; Lord Lovelace governor, 43; struggle renewed, 43, 44; R. Hunter governor, continues the effort without success, 44-46; Burnet, and other governors, 253, 255; term of assembly fixed at seven years, 256; resists attempts to force taxes (1748), 349, 350; position of (1754), 399, 400; resists laws of trade, restrictions, etc., 400, 401; im- peaches Clinton, 410; requires a judi- ciary on good behavior, 551.
Protests against law courts of gov- ernment (1763), iii. 32, 33; excited over tax bill, 78; spirit of assembly, 89; petitions to parliament, 89, 90; censured for disrespect, 94; strong words from the press, 113-115; events in, 148; assembly of, votes statues to George III. and Pitt, 222; soldiers overbearing, 236; course of the legis- lature, 236; voted to be disobedient, 251; punished, 256; election and state of affairs, 331; enforces non- importation agreement, 359; conflict of the people with the troops, 370; advocates a congress of colonial rep- resentatives, 387, 388; Burke chosen agent of, 396; resolves not to let the tea come in, 448, 449; increased com- merce of, 467, 468; tea ship sent off, 480.
Action of the "Sons of Liberty " (1774), iv. 9; conservative party is for holding back, 9, 10; the commit- tee of fifty-one, 10; plans a congress, 13; spirit of, 30; parties in, 30, 31; chooses delegates to continental con- gress, 31; disinclined to war, 51; hopes to remain under English rule, 51; crafty policy used toward, 108; the old assembly falters, 109; refuses to send delegates to congress (1775), 110; the press and Hamilton's pam- phlets, 110, 111; vigorous measures of, 147; delegates to congress, 147, 148; the king sure of, 149, 150; prompt action of the people, 176; association for aid and defence formed, 176, 177; address of, to the city of London, 177; counselled to prepare defences, 200; plan of accommodation with England, 236, 237; the royal gover- nor arrives, 236; refuses a petition separate from other colonies, 311;
wise action of the provincial congress, 429; unanimity secured, 430.
Convention (1776), members and course of action, v. 4; declaration of independence received, 4; spirit of the people, 26; sole condition as to peace, 323; as to slavery, 411; ac- tion of the legislature on public lands in the West, 442; action toward a general convention of the states, 559; sanctions the federal convention, vi. 31; Clinton's advice, and Washing- ton's letter, 93; politics, how corrupt- ed, 130; remedies proposed for dis- tress in trade, 137, 138; holds on to its custom-house, 166; receives reve- nue, 193; accedes to general conven- tion recommended by Virginia, 199; rights of free negroes in, 291; objec- tions to the new constitution, 373, 374; unreasonable, 454; federal re- publicans organize against the new constitution, 454; legislature orders a state convention, 455; division of parties, 455; the convention meets in June (1788), 456; debate, warm and earnest, 456-459; conditional ratification condemned, 459; the fed- eral constitution ratified, 460; a sec- ond federal convention called for, 460; federal elections, 466, 467. New York city (Manhattan), i. 519; in- corporated, 523; first American con- gress meets in, iii. 149, 150; rises against the stamp-tax, 161; riotous proceedings in, 161; the "Sons of Liberty," 198, 199; rejoicings in, on repeal of the stamp-act, 221; Gover- nor Tryon enters the city, 236; move- ments in, 311; Sears secures the can- non, 311; ships-of-war in the harbor, 312; fortifications erected, 384, 385; exposed position of, 429; refuses the tea, and sends off the tea-ship, 448, 480; reception of Washington (1776), iv. 376; riot in, v. 4, 5; fortifications in and around, 26; the army crosses from Brooklyn, 36-38; Greene pro- poses to burn the city, 40; it is re- solved to hold it, 42; cowardly flight of troops, 44, 45; the British in pos- session, 45, 46; British troops driven back, 46, 47; a large fire in, 48; the island evacuated, 69, 70; wishes in, for a national union, vi. 130; discus- sions as to union, etc., 192, 193; re- joicings over the ratification of the federal constitution (1788), 460; grand procession, and Hamilton's triumph in the result, 460.
Niagara, Fort, built by the French, i.
589; importance of, ii. 223; taken from the French, 501.
Nicholas, George, in the Virginia state convention supports the federal con- stitution, vi. 436.
Nicholas, Robert C., iv. 17; in the Vir- ginia convention, 415. Nicholson, Francis, Effingham's lieuten- ant in Virginia (1691), ii. 17, 18; governor of Maryland, 21; deputy governor of New York, 35; on the colonial spirit of independence, 85; in command of expedition against Acadia, 199; governor of Carolina, 216; confirms peace with the na- tives (1721), 216.
Nicola, Colonel, letter to Washington urging a monarchy, v. 558; letter, how received, 558.
Nicolls, Richard, one of the royal com- missioners, i. 376; in command of fleet at New Amsterdam, 518, 519; supreme power of, 523; exactions of,
Ninety-Six, South Carolina, capitulates, v. 378, 379; besieged by General Greene, 501; abandoned by the Brit- ish, 502.
Nipising Indians, aid in reducing Fort William Henry, and share in the mas- sacre of captives, ii. 466, 467. Nipising Lake, ii. 141. Nipmucks, Indians, in interior of Massa- chusetts, i. 388.
Nixon, John, captain of Sudbury com- pany at Concord, iv. 162; at Bunker Hill, 221.
Niza, M. de, a Franciscan, i. 31; claimed to have scen Cibola, 32; meanness of, 34, 35.
Norfolk, Virginia, position of, and in- habitants, iv. 39; occupied by Rob- ert Howe, 320; burned, January 1, 1776, by order of Dunmore, 320, 321. Norridgewock village, Maine, destroyed by the English, ii. 220.
North, Lord, in parliament, ii. 409; in the treasury department, 556; share of, in the stamp-tax plan, iii. 55, 56; offered office, declines, 244; succeeds Townshend, character of, 263; will have America at his feet, 323, 326; refuses repeal of the revenue act, 344, 345; cabinet retain duty on tea, 346; prime minister, 367; holds on to preamble of act and tax on tea, 381, 382; feels secure in office, 396, 398; policy of, 438, 439; advises ex- portation of tea, 443; course toward Boston, 469-471; presents Boston
port bill, 471; wishes to send com- missioners to America, iv. 92.
Lays a paper before parliament (1775), iv. 99, 100; reproached by Fox, 114; proposes to declare Massa- chusetts in rebellion, 117; asks Fox's advice, 118; consults Franklin, 127; disagreement with, 128; weak, and false in consequence, 151; orders raising Canadian regiments, 151; offer to the colonists, 200, 201; this answered and rejected, 245, 246; goes with the king in his violent measures, 280-282; refuses to listen to Grafton, 281; on taxing the colo- nies, 286, 287; uneasy, halting, etc., 288; bitter words over Montgomery, 809; on hiring German mercenaries, 356; threatens to resign, v. 22; in parliament, 54, 55; deeply affected at news of Burgoyne's surrender, 224; the king holds him to continue the war, 225; feelings of, in old age, 225; makes two conciliatory proposi. tions in the house of commons, 247, 248; how received, 248; despondent, 249; favors Franklin's offers, 253; discouraged, 282, 283; agitated over Cornwallis's surrender, 523; end of administration of, 531; makes an attack on the treaty of peace, vi. 39; in the coalition ministry, 44. North Carolina. See Carolina, North. North-east passage to India, search for, i. 478.
Northfield, Massachusetts, i. 389, 390. Northington, speech of, iii. 189, 190; votes for repeal of the stamp-act, 210; president of the council, 225. Norton, Sir F., in parliament, iii. 186. Norton, John, envoy of Massachusetts to England, i. 370.
North-west passage, search for, by New- port and Smith, i. 89. North-west territory, the right over, v. 14; views of Maryland as to, 283, 284; claims of Virginia respecting, 441, 442; ceded to the United States (1781) by Virginia, vi. 14; plan for colonizing and forming new states in, 81; slavery to be excluded, 81; Wash- ington's plan for organizing, 103, 104: deed of cession from Virginia, 115, 116; ordinance for the governance of, 116, 117; the proposed five new states, 280; jealous feeling toward, 280; need of territorial government for, 281; power of congress over, 324.
Norwalk, Connecticut, burned by the British, v. 330.
Nottingham, New Hampshire, rapid march of men of, iv. 169. Nova Scotia (see Acadia and Canada), attempts at settlement by the Scotch, i. 218, 219; loyalists banished to (1783), vi. 101.
Noyes, N., minister of Salem, Massachu- setts, share in the witchcraft murders, ii. 63, 65, 66.
Nurse, Rebecca, hanged for witchcraft, ii. 59-63.
Nye, Philip, a "faithful minister in Lon- don," i. 232.
O'Brien, Captain Jeremiah, iv. 184. Oconostata, great Cherokee warrior, ii.
Ogden, of New Jersey, opposes views as to liberty, in congress, iii. 155; burnt in effigy, 162. Ogdensburg (Oswegatchie), New York, Jesuit mission at (1748), ii. 337. Oglethorpe, James, noble aim of, ii. 281; founds Savannah, 282, 283; meets the Muskogees, Cherokees, Choctas, 283, 284; returns to England, 286; takes colonists to Georgia, 287, 288; builds forts, 290; in high favor with the In- dian tribes, 291; goes to England and brings out a regiment of troops (1738), 292; will have nothing to do with slavery, 292; meets the tribes in council, 292, 293; invades Florida, 297; to no purpose, however, 298; returns to England, 298; character and merits of, 299; aids Georgia, iii. 286.
Ohio, beginning of the state of, vi. 103, 104; origin of the name, 125. Ohio Company of Virginia, ii. 362; em- ploys Gist, 362, 363; opens a road, 377; begins a fort, which is taken by the French, 381, 383.
Ohio Company for colonizing, etc. (1787), vi. 284, 285.
Ohio, North-west Territory. See North- west Territory.
Ohio river, first seen by Marquette, ii. 157.
Ohio valley, importance of, ii. 361, 362; richness of its lands, 364, 366; the colonies refuse the expense of defend- ing, 368; England gives no aid, 375; the French in possession (1754), 385; the English driven out by the French, 468.
Ojibwas, Indians, ii. 93, 141, 150,
Oldham, John, murdered by the Indians, i. 266.
Oliver, Andrew, at the Albany congress, ii. 334, 335; appointed stamp dis- tributor in Massachusetts, iii. 112; burned in effigy, 135, 136; is threat- ened, 136; forced to resign, 170, 171; not re-elected to the bench, 218; on the "taking off" of traitors, 332; re- moval of, demanded, 441; impeached, 468; impossible for him to hold court, iv. 53, 54; in "greatest distress," forced to resign, 56.
Oneidas and Onondagas, two of the Five Nations of Indians, i. 583 (see Iro- quois); friendship of, preserved by the Americans (1778), v. 222. Onondagas (see Oneidas), expedition of Van Schaick and Willet against, v. 332.
Onondio and Corlaer, meaning of the terms, ii. 176.
Onslow, speaker of the house of com.
mons, held that parliament had power to tax America, ii. 348. Opechancanough, brother of Powhatan, treats John Smith kindly, i. 93; suc- ceeds Powhatan, 127; death of, 142. Orangeburg, South Carolina, v. 500, 501. Ord, George, in a sloop, takes a maga zine in Bermuda, iv. 249. Oregon, Sir Francis Drake in, i. 66. O'Reilly, in New Orleans, iii 353, 354; in the Spanish service, v. 137. Oriskany, fierce fight at, with the In- dians, v. 169, 279.
Osborne, Sir Danvers, goes to New York, ii. 375; failure and suicide, 376; New York on instructions of, 410, 413. Oswald, Richard, British diplomatic agent, v. 535; takes a letter to Franklin, 540; instructions to, 543; letter to, from Lord Shelburne, 547, 548; the commission, 550, 551; inter- view with Jay, 564; how his letters were received, slight change in the commission, 569; the new negotiation, 570; arranges treaty of peace, 570, 571; Strachey sent to join him, 573; course of, with Strachey and Fitzher- bert, 578, 579.
Oswegatchie, now Ogdensburg, ii. 337. Oswego, New York, English fortress at,
ii. 221; taken by Montcalm, 453; Bradstreet visits, 491.
Otis, James, of Barnstable, speaker of Massachusetts house of representa- tives, ii. 531, 532.
Otis, James, the younger, ii. 532; speech against writs of assistance, 517; char- acter of, 548; elected to the Massa-
chusetts assembly, 549; theory of government, 560, 561; popularity of, 561; sentiments of (1763), iii. 34; prepares paper for the agent in Lon- don, 78; argument for the colonies and rights, 80-82; desponding views of, 109; advises calling a congress, 113; on representation, and Magna Charta, 119; union his cry, 120; on South Carolina's course, 121; in con- gress, ability of, 153; on opening of courts, 171; pamphlet on a general parliament, 197; speaker of the as- sembly, 217; on offending Great Brit- ain, 264; earnest for independence, 307, 308; mind of, disordered, 360; affray in Boston, 360; becomes a maniac, 407; last appearance in pub- lic, 422; death of, 422.
Ottawas, Indians, ii. 93, 186, 524; iii.
Oumas, Indians, ii. 188. Overyssel, states of, oppose loaning troops to England, iv. 347, 348. Oxenstiern, Chancellor, efforts of, to colonize on the Delaware, i. 502. Oyster river village, New Hampshire, attacked by the Indians, ii. 182.
Paca, W., in Maryland state convention on the federal constitution, vi. 412, 413.
Paine, R. T., delegate to congress, iv.
Paine, Timothy, a mandamus councillor, forced to resign, iv. 49.
Paine, Thomas, iv. 178; education of, etc., 313; author of "Common Sense," 313-315; employed by Rob- ert Morris, v. 557; author of "Pub- lic Good," vi. 12. Palatines, in Carolina, i. 420. Palmer, Eliakim, agent for Connecticut, ii. 347.
Panin, first minister of empress of Russia, iv. 276-278; views and policy of, v. 342, 348, 355.
Paper money, in America, ii. 262, 263; parliament interferes respecting, 263, 264; action of Massachusetts, 348; issues of, by congress, iv. 237, 246, 337; v. 143, 218, 290, 292; whole amount issued up to December 1778, 293, 294; further issues, 294, 439, 440, 446, 447; ill effects of, in the American states, vi. 167, 168; laws of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, respecting,
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