Fort Frontenac (Kingston), Canada, taken by Bradstreet and destroyed, ii.
Fort Griswold, Groton, Connecticut, taken by the British, massacre at, v.
Fort Jefferson, on the Ohio, v. 315. Fort Johnson, near Charleston, South Carolina, iv. 404.
Fort Lawrence. See Chiegnecto. Fort le Boeuf, at Waterford, Washing- ton visits (1754), ii. 380; taken by the Indians, iii. 45.
Fort Lee, on west side of the Hudson,
v. 66; taken by Cornwallis, 81, 82. Fort Loudoun, on the Tennessee, ii. 518; surrenders to the Indians, 521. Fort Mercer, Red Bank, New Jersey, v. 192, 195; evacuated, 199.
Fort Miami, taken by the Indians, iii. 44. Fort of the Miamis, at mouth of St. Jo- seph's river, ii. 163.
Fort at Michilimackinac, taken by the Indians, iii. 45.
Fort Mifflin, Mud Island, New Jersey, v. 192, 195.
Fort Montgomery, in the Highlands,
New York, taken by the British, v. 186.
Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, South Carolina, description of, iv. 403. Fort Orange, i. 495. See Albany. Fort Ouatanon, near Lafayette, Indiana, taken by the Indians, iii. 45.
Fort Pitt, summoned by the Indians, iii. 46, 48; relieved, 49.
Fort Presque Isle, taken by the Indians, iii. 46.
Fort St. Andrew's, Cumberland Island, Georgia, ii. 290, 291.
Fort St. George, Amelia Island, Georgia, ii. 290; abandoned, 291. Fort St. Joseph's, at mouth of St. Jo- seph's river, taken by the Indians, and garrison massacred, iii. 44. Fort Sandusky, taken by Indians, garri- son massacred, iii. 43, 44. Fort Stanwix, congress at, with Six Na- tions, iii. 321; garrisoned by Colonel Gansevoort, v. 168.
Fort Venango, with garrison, destroyed by Indians, iii. 45.
Fort Washington, New York, v. 65; movement against, by the British, 72; loss of, due to rashness and interfer- ence of congress, 80.
Fort Wayne, on the Wabash, iii. 44. Fort William Henry, Lake George, New York, expedition against (1757), ii. 459, 460; siege of and surrender, 466, 467.
Fox, Charles James, blamed by George III. (1774), iii. 466; goes into the opposition, 466, 467; on the Boston port bill, 471; on taxing America, 480; on blunder of parliament to- ward Massachusetts, iv. 11; opinions of, 56; reproaches Lord North, 114: able speech of, 118; views of, 132, 133; rebukes North, 282; retorts on North as to "rebels," 309; spirit of in parliament, 342; favors the United States (1776), v. 53; speeches in par- liament, 54; character of, 56-58; meets Franklin in Paris, 128; on war against the colonies, 144; denounces using the red men, 159; urges settle- ment with the Americans (1778), 225; on treating with the United States as independent, 255, 282; on Cornwal- lis's report (1781), 495, 496; on de- feat of Cornwallis, 523; denounces Lord North, 530, 531; wishes to quarrel with Shelburne, 536, 537; head of foreign department of state, 539; course pursued by, 542, 543; agrees to armed neutrality, 544; views and course of, 545, 546; leaves the ministry, 547; refuses Pitt's of- fer, vi. 38; coalition with Lord North, 39; course on the navigation act, 44, 45; unfair offers to the United States, 46; advocates reform, 53.
Fox, George, travels of, in North Caroli- na, i. 421-423; in Maryland, 438; ear- ly history of, 530; internal struggles of, 531; preaches to the people, 532, 533; makes converts, 534; visits America, 546; death of, 573. Fox, Henry, in parliament, ii. 409, 412; leaves the cabinet, 456; accepts place of paymaster, 471.
Fox Indians, or Ottogamies, besiege De- troit, ii. 203; all cut off, 203. Fox river, Jesuit mission on, ii. 152. France, early voyages and settlements in America, i. 15-21; Huguenot colo- nies, 51-54; settlements of, pillaged, 105, 106; loscs and regains Acadia, Cape Breton, etc., 219, 220; relations of, to American colonies, 613; mercan- tile system and colonial rivalry with England, ii. 88, 89, 177; disputes as to boundaries on the lakes, etc., 222, 223; on the Ohio, 224, 225; declares war against England, 300; struggle with England in the East Indies, 302; plans to recover Louisburg, failure, 309, 310; boundary claimed by (1748), 337; competes with England for the Ohio valley, 343; a French brigan- tine seized, 361; active in the Ohio
valley, 369; begins hostilities, 371; posts established by, 378; success of, 385; discussions with England as to possessions in the Ohio valley, 415, 416; seizure of ships denounced as piracy, 440, 441; successful in Ohio valley, 468; state of, under Louis XV., 475; negotiates for peace with England, 537-540; at peace with Eng. land, 562.
Gives up Louisiana to Spain, iii. 75; peasantry, low state of, iv. 41, 42; leans to the American colonies, 43; is not trusted by England, 126, 127; spirit in Paris as to America and England (1775), 189; wishes for representa- tive government, 369; sends money to aid the Americans, 371; unhappy condition of, 371, 372; retaliates on England, v. 20; the nobility wish to help the United States against Eng- land, 20, 21; sends ships to the United States, 130, 133; promises made to England, 133, 134; encouraged by Prussia to help United States, 241, 242; at war with England, 249; fleet sails for America, 256; sends minis- ter to the United States, 258; con- trasts with Spain in literature, etc., 259, 260; state and feeling of, 264; contest in the cabinet, 265; litera- ture, finances, etc., 267; principle of the treaties, 268; the fleet arrives, 284; discussions, etc., as to alliance and joint plans, 320-326; protects rights of neutrals, 344; Paris eager for peace, 465; congress yields to, as to peace, 472; fleet of De Grasse, with troops, in the Chesapeake, 516; har- monious action with the Americans, 516, 517; needs peace (1782), 562; clamor in, for peace, 572; the French troops leave the United States, vi. 31; generous to the United States, 120; offers perfect reciprocity to the United States, 152; state and pros- pects of (1789), 472, 473. Francis, Colonel E., bravery and death of, v. 162, 163.
Franciscans, accompany Champlain, i. 21. See Catholics, Roman. Frankland, North Carolina, west of the mountains, vi. 460.
Franklin, Benjamin, early life of, ii. 258; makes his way to Philadelphia, 29; plans a newspaper, advocates schools, libraries, etc., 239, 260; character and ability, the assembly printer, 259, 260; principles of his paper, 261; lotteries of, and volunteer militia, 304, 305; plan for union of the colonies, 386;
substance of plan, 387; advises colo- nizing the West, 338; on Shirley's plans, 413, 414; on taxation by parlia- ment, 414; helps Braddock's expedi- tion, 420; on prowess of the regulars, 425; on increase of colonial popula- tion, 438, 439; activity and zeal of, 445, 446; agent of Pennsylvania in England, 461; interview with Gran- ville, 461; defends the acts of the Pennsylvania assembly, 529; on American independence, 532, 533.
Wishes Pennsylvania to become a royal government (1764), iii. 91; goes as agent of Pennsylvania to England, 92; interview with Grenville, 96; dis- couraged, 133; summoned to bar of house of commons, 201; answers to questions, 201-204; in Paris, 262; reprints "Farmer's Letters" in Eng- land, 286; agent of Massachusetts to lay complaints before the king, 391; on slavery, 412; projects a land com- pany on the Ohio, 416; sends Hutch- inson's letters to America, 425; great influence of (1773), 445; presents ad- dress for removal of Hutchinson, 459; before the privy council, 460; railed at by Wedderburn, 461-463; un- moved as to his course, 463, 464; turned out of the American post office, 464; seeks for conciliation, 464, 465.
Opinion of, as to affairs (end of 1774), iv. 92, 98; consulted as to de- mands for America, 92-97; interview with Lord Chatham, 98, 99; in the lobby of house of lords, 101; advice to Massachusetts, 115; praised by Chatham, 116; interviewed, 116, 117; consulted as to sending commissioners to America, 127; disagreement, 128; advice to Massachusetts, 130; inter- view with Garnier, 188; talks with Burke, 138; leaves for home, 139; sincerity and honesty of, 139, 140; arrives in Philadelphia, 179; delegate to congress, 179, 190; opinions of, 199; on the battle of Bunker Hill, 231; plan for confederacy of the colo- nies, 243, 244; appointed to organize the post-office, 246; on the committee to visit Washington and the army, 262, 263; refuses legislative oath of allegiance to the king, 273; labors for the declaration of independence, 316; on the committee of secret correspond- ence, 362; answer to Ilowe's letter (1776), v. 9; on committee to meet Howe, 41, 43; one of the commis- sioners to France, 50; arrives in France, 127; influence exerted by,
127, 128; meets Voltaire, 247; an- swer to Hartley, 248; presented to Louis XVI., 250; personal appear- ance and manners of, 251, 252; a popular favorite in France, 252; op- position to, by Arthur Lee and Izard, 253, 254; minister to France, 304; on receiving instructions as to peace negotiations, 526; communication to Shelburne, 534, 535; in charge of negotiation for United States, 535; intercourse with Oswald, 537, 538; begs Jay to come to Paris, 538; pre- fers Oswald to Grenville, 540; meets Oswald, 547; discusses terms of peace, etc., with United States, 547, 548; active against Spanish intrigues, 553; agrees to the treaty as drawn up by Jay, 570, 571; instructed to effect a loan from France to the United States, 572; signs the treaty, 580; share in the work, 580, 581.
Signs the definitive treaty of peace, vi. 52; president of Pennsylvania, 208; in the federal convention, 211, 218, 219, 222; proposes having prayer at the opening of the convention, 247; on proportional representation, 252; compromise in the convention, 257; president of the Pennsylvania aboli- tion society, 261; on property quali fication, 296; on giving United States power to cut canals, 360; prophecy at close of federal convention, 367; presents the constitution to the legis lature of Pennsylvania, 381, 382. Franklin, James, brother of Benjamin,
established New England "Courant" (1721), ii. 258; government interfer- ence against, 258, 259. Franklin, William, son of Benjamin, governor of New Jersey (1762), ii. 557; iii. 231; obtains cessions of land from the Six Nations, 321; last royalist governor of New Jersey (1776), iv. 431; infamous proposal of, v. 294; desires using the savages, etc., 327. Fraser, British general, v. 158, 187; wounded, 188; death of, 189. Frederic of Prussia, ii. 312; bulwark of protestantism, 474, 475; struggles against nearly all Europe, 476-481; views of, 538, 540, 553; course and views of (1776-1778), v. 235, 236; as to George III., and efforts to sub- due the United States, 237, 238; views as to trade, as to American declaration of independence, 238, 239; visit to, by Arthur Lee, 239, 240; criticisms on England's course toward
Free thought in France, v. 258. Free trade for America, iv. 70; mutual, with England, offered, vi. 47. French settlements in America. France and Canada. Friends. See Quakers. Frobisher, Martin, three voyages of, to the polar regions, i. 63–65. Frontenac, Count de, governor of New France, ii. 160, 161; De la Barre suc- ceeds him, 168; again governor, 179; sends parties against Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Casco Bay, 189; holds Quebec, 181; commands troops against the Iroquois, 184; partial suc- cess of, 184.
Frye, Colonel J, part of regiment of goes to Bunker liiil, iv. 215. Fuller, Rose, in parliament (1769), iii.
336; opposes Boston port/bill (1774), 471; urges repeal of tax on tea, 472. Fur trade, Chauvin's monopoly of, i. 18; attempt at monopolizing, 211; trade in Connecticut, 264; dispute of pa- troons and Dutch West India Com- pany, 500.
Gadsden, Christopher, ii. 516; in South Carolina legislature, iii. 121; in con- gress, 149, 150, 154; on South Caro- lina and union, 198, 199; on people's rights, 236; in the continental con- gress, iv. 71, 74; defends New Eng- land, 261; clear for independence, 393; commands troops, 393, 394; in Fort Johnson, 404; barbarously treated by Cornwallis, v. 393; re- joices at South Carolina ratifying the federal constitution, vi. 420. Gage, Thomas, Colonel, ii. 421-423; let- ter on taxation of the colonies, 443; inactive, 502; recommends the mu-
tiny act for America, iii. 105; com- mander-in-chief in America, 148; dares not fire on the people in New York, 162; ordered to send regiment and ship-of-war to Boston, 289; opinion as to Boston and its doings, 310-312; learns some truth, 314; sends away troops, 349; on people of Illinois, 409; talks like a braggart, 465; made civil as well as military governor of Massachusetts, 475; takes four regiments, and directed to pun- ish severely, 476; arrives in Boston (1774), iv. 7, 8; weak and vacillating, 8; governor of Massachusetts, 20, 21; intrigues, 25; proclamation of, 26; receives the regulating act, 43; char- acter of this act, 43, 44; looks for more troops, 53; his council, 54; seizes the powder of Massachusetts, 55; requires more troops, 57; wishes for help from Canadians and Indians, 57, 58; fortifies Boston, 59; uncer- tainty of, 67; avoids mecting the as- sembly, 68; report on the state of America, 91; private letter of, 91; small force of, 94; to act offensively, ordered to seize forts, stores, etc., 150; sends an expedition to Concord (April 1775), 152; breaks his pledge to the inhabitants, 172; martial law in Massachusetts, 205; proscribes Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 205; designs to occupy Charlestown, 214; anticipated by the Americans, orders attack, 217; reports to Lord Dartmouth Bunker Hill battle, 231; wishes to get to New York, 242; mean treatment of prisoners, and in- solence of, to Washington, 249; or- ders the southern savages to be hired at any price, 256, 257; recalled, goes to England, 260, 262.
Gallatin, Albert, at conference of dele-
gates, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1788), vi. 465,
Galloway, Joseph, a royalist, iii. 91; elected to congress from Pennsylvania, iv. 33; plan in congress for president- general over the colonies defeated, 69, 70; deserts the cause of the United States, v. 83.
Galvez, Spanish colonial minister, v. 136; governor of Louisiana, 341. Gama, Vasco da, voyage to lindostan by way of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 11, 12; ii. 88.
Gansevoort, Colonel, at Fort Stanwix, v. 165; sally from the fort successful, 169; thanked by congress, 170. Garay, F., governor of Jamaica, sends
an expedition to explore the southern coast, i. 24, 25.
Gardner, Thomas, of Cambridge, iii. 348, 349; words of cheer, 437, 438; spirit of, iv. 47; death of, at Bunker Hill, 230.
Gardoqui, Spanish envoy (1785), negotia- tions with Jay, vi 421, 422; specious offers to the men of Kentucky, 463. Garnier, French minister in England, note to Vergennes, iv. 109; interview with Franklin, 138, 139; to Vergennes, 185, 186, 189, 190.
Garth, agent for South Carolina, iii. 96. Gaspee, insolence of commander of (at Newport), iii. 414; burned, 415; af- fair pronounced to be worse than pi- racy, 428; commissioners meet in Rhode Island as to, but gain nothing,
Gates, Horatio, elected by congress ad- jutant-general, with rank of brigadier, iv. 234; enters on work, 239; ap- pointed to command in Canada, 381; unbecoming conduct, v. 15; letter from Charles Lec, 87; meanly deserts Washington, 95, 96; in northern de- partment, disputes with Schuyler, 149; sent to Ticonderoga, 149; demands troops, discourteous to Washington, 149, 150; address to the Six Nations, 156, 157; goes to Philadelphia, 157; supersedes Schuyler, 173; extra pow- ers given by congress, 173; number of troops in the northern army, 181, 182; not on field of battle, 190; ob- tains Burgoyne's surrender, 190; num- ber of prisoners taken, 191; improper conduct toward Washington, 197; in the "cabal" against Washington, 210, 211; rupture with the commander-in- chief, 212; denies charge of wishing to supersede Washington, 216; suc- ceeds General Lincoln in the South, 384; marches to Camden, South Caro- lina, 386; defeated by Cornwallis, 386-389; rushes away, 389; super- seded by General Greene, 477; uses Armstrong at Newburg, New York, vi. 71; at the meeting of the officers, 73, 75; result of the meeting (1783),
Gates, Sir Thomas, relieves the colony of Virginia (1611), i. 103; assumes the government, 103, 104; returns to England, 107.
Gee, Joshua, advice to the board of trade, ii. 241.
General court of Massachusetts, i. 243. See Massachusetts.
George I., king of England, ii. 212-214.
George II., king of England, ii. 373;
George III., king of England, early years, ii. 373, 374; of age, 456; tem- per of, 456; promises to support Pitt, 458; gift to America, 462; accession to the throne, etc., 534, 535; dis- likes Pitt's course, 535-545; wants a stronger ministry, iii. 51, 52; asks Pitt's aid, 53; angry at Wilkes, 69; insane (1765), 104; proposes regency bill, 122; quarrels with the ministry, 123-129; anger against the colonies, 167; on modification of the stamp- act, 201; assents to its repeal, 212; governs at last, 258-260; a politician, 366; disdains Chatham, 367; calls for Lord North, 367; resolves to tax America, 382; qualities of, 382, 383; orders violation of Massachusetts charter, 388, 389; in harmony with Louis XV., 417, 418; inexorable and resolute against the colonies, 438; rejects petitions of Massachusetts, 439; scoffs at Massachusetts and Franklin, 460-465; implacable, and bent on subduing America, 465; sneers at the opposition, 465; ap- proves the Boston port bill, 475; eager to punish, 476, 477.
Unrelenting toward the colonies (1774), iv. 5; approves two acts against, 11; appoints councillors for Massachusetts, 20; interview with Hutchinson, 27; deluded, 27, 28; dis- solves parliament, 67; petition of con- gress to, 75, 76; opinion of, as to New England's resistance, 92; forbids ex- porting of arms, 91; receives petition of the colonies, 93; anger against Chatham, 104; elated, 105; joint ad- dress to and reply, 120; confident of success, 132, 133; answer to city of London, 149; confident, 151; refuses to receive city of London's address, 188; orders Indians to be engaged against the Americans, 188, 189; "blows must decide," 269; obstinate, orders Americans to be proclaimed rebels, 270, 271; resolved to ravage and destroy, if not able to subdue, 274, 275; begs of the empress of Rus- sia 20,000 mercenaries, 275; failure, 275-279; final blow which severs American allegiance, 313; asks a brigade from Hanover, refused, 347; negotiates with German adventurers, 349; and with duke of Brunswick, 352; orders forces to subdue the southern colonies, 383.
Excited by the interference of
France (1776), v. 22; opens parlia ment (November 1778), and urges continuance of the war, 223, 224; holds Lord North to this course, 225; violently opposed to Lord Chatham's being at the head of affairs, 249, 250; letter to North, 254; confession to North, 282; interview with the min- istry, 339; offers to Russia alliance, 351; friend of the slave-trade, 405; obstinate as ever, 524; acquiesces in the peace policy, 546, 550; troubled in mind, 570, 576; anxious for peace with Louis XVI., vi. 38; hates the coalition ministry, 44; thinks the Americans incompetent to establish a general government, 51; meets John Adams (1785), 148.
George, Lake, New York, ii. 459, 486.
Georgia, colony planted (1732), ii. 281, 282; councils held with the Indians, 283, 284; Lutheran emigrants to, 284-286; land titles in, 286; no slaves to be introduced, 287; new emigration to, 287, 288; forts built, 290; Indians friendly, 291; invaded by the Spaniards, 298; failure of the invasion, 298; slavery introduced, 299; condition of (1754), 391; a royal province, 391, 392; favors a congress, iii. 146; refuses the billet- ing act, 254; sides with Massachu- setts, 331; government meddles with, 408; spirit of, iv. 106, 107; de- nounces slavery, 107; policy of, 107; action of (1775), 181; Indians on the frontiers of, 181; enters the confed- eracy, making the thirteenth, 244; re- solve against slavery and the slave- trade, 244; provincial congress of, 391; instructions to delegates to con- gress, 391; frames a constitution, elects governor, etc., 392; expeditions of the enemy into, 366; Savannah taken by the British, 367; oppression and outrage by the British, 367, 370, 374, 381; slavery in, 413; laws as to paper money, vi. 172; appoints delc- gates to the federal convention, 201; threatens to secede on the slave-trade issue, 318; legislature calls state con- vention, which ratifies the constitu- tion (January 2, 1788), 392. Gerard, C. A., secretary of Vergennes, meets American commissioners, v. 129; presents offers of the king, 129, 130; first French minister to the United States, 256; received by con- gress, 285; on Washington, 319, 320; interview with committee of con.
« PreviousContinue » |