Fort Frontenac (Kingston), Canada,
taken by Bradstreet and destroyed, ii.

491.

Fort Griswold, Groton, Connecticut,
taken by the British, massacre at, v.

507.

Fort Jefferson, on the Ohio, v. 315.
Fort Johnson, near Charleston, South
Carolina, iv. 404.

Fort Lawrence. See Chiegnecto.
Fort le Boeuf, at Waterford, Washing-
ton visits (1754), ii. 380; taken by
the Indians, iii. 45.

Fort Lee, on west side of the Hudson,

v. 66; taken by Cornwallis, 81, 82.
Fort Loudoun, on the Tennessee, ii.
518; surrenders to the Indians, 521.
Fort Mercer, Red Bank, New Jersey, v.
192, 195; evacuated, 199.

Fort Miami, taken by the Indians, iii. 44.
Fort of the Miamis, at mouth of St. Jo-
seph's river, ii. 163.

Fort at Michilimackinac, taken by the
Indians, iii. 45.

Fort Mifflin, Mud Island, New Jersey, v.
192, 195.

Fort Montgomery, in the Highlands,

New York, taken by the British, v.
186.

Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, South
Carolina, description of, iv. 403.
Fort Orange, i. 495. See Albany.
Fort Ouatanon, near Lafayette, Indiana,
taken by the Indians, iii. 45.

Fort Pitt, summoned by the Indians, iii.
46, 48; relieved, 49.

Fort Presque Isle, taken by the Indians,
iii. 46.

Fort St. Andrew's, Cumberland Island,
Georgia, ii. 290, 291.

Fort St. George, Amelia Island, Georgia,
ii. 290; abandoned, 291.
Fort St. Joseph's, at mouth of St. Jo-
seph's river, taken by the Indians,
and garrison massacred, iii. 44.
Fort Sandusky, taken by Indians, garri-
son massacred, iii. 43, 44.
Fort Stanwix, congress at, with Six Na-
tions, iii. 321; garrisoned by Colonel
Gansevoort, v. 168.

Fort Venango, with garrison, destroyed
by Indians, iii. 45.

Fort Washington, New York, v. 65;
movement against, by the British, 72;
loss of, due to rashness and interfer-
ence of congress, 80.

Fort Wayne, on the Wabash, iii. 44.
Fort William Henry, Lake George, New
York, expedition against (1757), ii.
459, 460; siege of and surrender,
466, 467.

Fox, Charles James, blamed by George
III. (1774), iii. 466; goes into the
opposition, 466, 467; on the Boston
port bill, 471; on taxing America,
480; on blunder of parliament to-
ward Massachusetts, iv. 11; opinions
of, 56; reproaches Lord North, 114:
able speech of, 118; views of, 132,
133; rebukes North, 282; retorts on
North as to "rebels," 309; spirit of
in parliament, 342; favors the United
States (1776), v. 53; speeches in par-
liament, 54; character of, 56-58;
meets Franklin in Paris, 128; on war
against the colonies, 144; denounces
using the red men, 159; urges settle-
ment with the Americans (1778), 225;
on treating with the United States as
independent, 255, 282; on Cornwal-
lis's report (1781), 495, 496; on de-
feat of Cornwallis, 523; denounces
Lord North, 530, 531; wishes to
quarrel with Shelburne, 536, 537;
head of foreign department of state,
539; course pursued by, 542, 543;
agrees to armed neutrality, 544;
views and course of, 545, 546; leaves
the ministry, 547; refuses Pitt's of-
fer, vi. 38; coalition with Lord North,
39; course on the navigation act, 44,
45; unfair offers to the United States,
46; advocates reform, 53.

Fox, George, travels of, in North Caroli-
na, i. 421-423; in Maryland, 438; ear-
ly history of, 530; internal struggles
of, 531; preaches to the people, 532,
533; makes converts, 534; visits
America, 546; death of, 573.
Fox, Henry, in parliament, ii. 409, 412;
leaves the cabinet, 456; accepts place
of paymaster, 471.

Fox Indians, or Ottogamies, besiege De-
troit, ii. 203; all cut off, 203.
Fox river, Jesuit mission on, ii. 152.
France, early voyages and settlements
in America, i. 15-21; Huguenot colo-
nies, 51-54; settlements of, pillaged,
105, 106; loscs and regains Acadia,
Cape Breton, etc., 219, 220; relations
of, to American colonies, 613; mercan-
tile system and colonial rivalry with
England, ii. 88, 89, 177; disputes as to
boundaries on the lakes, etc., 222, 223;
on the Ohio, 224, 225; declares war
against England, 300; struggle with
England in the East Indies, 302;
plans to recover Louisburg, failure,
309, 310; boundary claimed by (1748),
337; competes with England for the
Ohio valley, 343; a French brigan-
tine seized, 361; active in the Ohio

valley, 369; begins hostilities, 371;
posts established by, 378; success of,
385; discussions with England as to
possessions in the Ohio valley, 415,
416; seizure of ships denounced as
piracy, 440, 441; successful in Ohio
valley, 468; state of, under Louis
XV., 475; negotiates for peace with
England, 537-540; at peace with Eng.
land, 562.

Gives up Louisiana to Spain, iii. 75;
peasantry, low state of, iv. 41, 42;
leans to the American colonies, 43; is
not trusted by England, 126, 127; spirit
in Paris as to America and England
(1775), 189; wishes for representa-
tive government, 369; sends money
to aid the Americans, 371; unhappy
condition of, 371, 372; retaliates on
England, v. 20; the nobility wish to
help the United States against Eng-
land, 20, 21; sends ships to the United
States, 130, 133; promises made to
England, 133, 134; encouraged by
Prussia to help United States, 241,
242; at war with England, 249; fleet
sails for America, 256; sends minis-
ter to the United States, 258; con-
trasts with Spain in literature, etc.,
259, 260; state and feeling of, 264;
contest in the cabinet, 265; litera-
ture, finances, etc., 267; principle of
the treaties, 268; the fleet arrives,
284; discussions, etc., as to alliance
and joint plans, 320-326; protects
rights of neutrals, 344; Paris eager
for peace, 465; congress yields to, as
to peace, 472; fleet of De Grasse, with
troops, in the Chesapeake, 516; har-
monious action with the Americans,
516, 517; needs peace (1782), 562;
clamor in, for peace, 572; the French
troops leave the United States, vi.
31; generous to the United States,
120; offers perfect reciprocity to the
United States, 152; state and pros-
pects of (1789), 472, 473.
Francis, Colonel E., bravery and death
of, v. 162, 163.

Franciscans, accompany Champlain, i.
21. See Catholics, Roman.
Frankland, North Carolina, west of the
mountains, vi. 460.

Franklin, Benjamin, early life of, ii. 258;
makes his way to Philadelphia, 29;
plans a newspaper, advocates schools,
libraries, etc., 239, 260; character and
ability, the assembly printer, 259, 260;
principles of his paper, 261; lotteries
of, and volunteer militia, 304, 305;
plan for union of the colonies, 386;

substance of plan, 387; advises colo-
nizing the West, 338; on Shirley's
plans, 413, 414; on taxation by parlia-
ment, 414; helps Braddock's expedi-
tion, 420; on prowess of the regulars,
425; on increase of colonial popula-
tion, 438, 439; activity and zeal of,
445, 446; agent of Pennsylvania in
England, 461; interview with Gran-
ville, 461; defends the acts of the
Pennsylvania assembly, 529; on
American independence, 532, 533.

Wishes Pennsylvania to become a
royal government (1764), iii. 91; goes
as agent of Pennsylvania to England,
92; interview with Grenville, 96; dis-
couraged, 133; summoned to bar of
house of commons, 201; answers to
questions, 201-204; in Paris, 262;
reprints "Farmer's Letters" in Eng-
land, 286; agent of Massachusetts to
lay complaints before the king, 391;
on slavery, 412; projects a land com-
pany on the Ohio, 416; sends Hutch-
inson's letters to America, 425; great
influence of (1773), 445; presents ad-
dress for removal of Hutchinson, 459;
before the privy council, 460; railed
at by Wedderburn, 461-463; un-
moved as to his course, 463, 464;
turned out of the American post office,
464; seeks for conciliation, 464, 465.

Opinion of, as to affairs (end of
1774), iv. 92, 98; consulted as to de-
mands for America, 92-97; interview
with Lord Chatham, 98, 99; in the
lobby of house of lords, 101; advice
to Massachusetts, 115; praised by
Chatham, 116; interviewed, 116, 117;
consulted as to sending commissioners
to America, 127; disagreement, 128;
advice to Massachusetts, 130; inter-
view with Garnier, 188; talks with
Burke, 138; leaves for home, 139;
sincerity and honesty of, 139, 140;
arrives in Philadelphia, 179; delegate
to congress, 179, 190; opinions of,
199; on the battle of Bunker Hill,
231; plan for confederacy of the colo-
nies, 243, 244; appointed to organize
the post-office, 246; on the committee
to visit Washington and the army,
262, 263; refuses legislative oath of
allegiance to the king, 273; labors for
the declaration of independence, 316;
on the committee of secret correspond-
ence, 362; answer to Ilowe's letter
(1776), v. 9; on committee to meet
Howe, 41, 43; one of the commis-
sioners to France, 50; arrives in
France, 127; influence exerted by,

127, 128; meets Voltaire, 247; an-
swer to Hartley, 248; presented to
Louis XVI., 250; personal appear-
ance and manners of, 251, 252; a
popular favorite in France, 252; op-
position to, by Arthur Lee and Izard,
253, 254; minister to France, 304;
on receiving instructions as to peace
negotiations, 526; communication to
Shelburne, 534, 535; in charge of
negotiation for United States, 535;
intercourse with Oswald, 537, 538;
begs Jay to come to Paris, 538; pre-
fers Oswald to Grenville, 540; meets
Oswald, 547; discusses terms of peace,
etc., with United States, 547, 548;
active against Spanish intrigues, 553;
agrees to the treaty as drawn up by
Jay, 570, 571; instructed to effect a
loan from France to the United States,
572; signs the treaty, 580; share in
the work, 580, 581.

Signs the definitive treaty of peace,
vi. 52; president of Pennsylvania,
208; in the federal convention, 211,
218, 219, 222; proposes having prayer
at the opening of the convention, 247;
on proportional representation, 252;
compromise in the convention, 257;
president of the Pennsylvania aboli-
tion society, 261; on property quali
fication, 296; on giving United States
power to cut canals, 360; prophecy
at close of federal convention, 367;
presents the constitution to the legis
lature of Pennsylvania, 381, 382.
Franklin, James, brother of Benjamin,

established New England "Courant"
(1721), ii. 258; government interfer-
ence against, 258, 259.
Franklin, William, son of Benjamin,
governor of New Jersey (1762), ii.
557; iii. 231; obtains cessions of
land from the Six Nations, 321; last
royalist governor of New Jersey
(1776), iv. 431; infamous proposal
of, v. 294; desires using the savages,
etc., 327.
Fraser, British general, v. 158, 187;
wounded, 188; death of, 189.
Frederic of Prussia, ii. 312; bulwark of
protestantism, 474, 475; struggles
against nearly all Europe, 476-481;
views of, 538, 540, 553; course and
views of (1776-1778), v. 235, 236;
as to George III., and efforts to sub-
due the United States, 237, 238;
views as to trade, as to American
declaration of independence, 238, 239;
visit to, by Arthur Lee, 239, 240;
criticisms on England's course toward

See

Free thought in France, v. 258.
Free trade for America, iv. 70; mutual,
with England, offered, vi. 47.
French settlements in America.
France and Canada.
Friends. See Quakers.
Frobisher, Martin, three voyages of, to
the polar regions, i. 63–65.
Frontenac, Count de, governor of New
France, ii. 160, 161; De la Barre suc-
ceeds him, 168; again governor, 179;
sends parties against Schenectady,
Salmon Falls, and Casco Bay, 189;
holds Quebec, 181; commands troops
against the Iroquois, 184; partial suc-
cess of, 184.

Frye, Colonel J, part of regiment of
goes to Bunker liiil, iv. 215.
Fuller, Rose, in parliament (1769), iii.

336; opposes Boston port/bill (1774),
471; urges repeal of tax on tea, 472.
Fur trade, Chauvin's monopoly of, i. 18;
attempt at monopolizing, 211; trade
in Connecticut, 264; dispute of pa-
troons and Dutch West India Com-
pany, 500.

G.

Gadsden, Christopher, ii. 516; in South
Carolina legislature, iii. 121; in con-
gress, 149, 150, 154; on South Caro-
lina and union, 198, 199; on people's
rights, 236; in the continental con-
gress, iv. 71, 74; defends New Eng-
land, 261; clear for independence,
393; commands troops, 393, 394;
in Fort Johnson, 404; barbarously
treated by Cornwallis, v. 393; re-
joices at South Carolina ratifying the
federal constitution, vi. 420.
Gage, Thomas, Colonel, ii. 421-423; let-
ter on taxation of the colonies, 443;
inactive, 502; recommends the mu-

tiny act for America, iii. 105; com-
mander-in-chief in America, 148;
dares not fire on the people in New
York, 162; ordered to send regiment
and ship-of-war to Boston, 289;
opinion as to Boston and its doings,
310-312; learns some truth, 314;
sends away troops, 349; on people of
Illinois, 409; talks like a braggart,
465; made civil as well as military
governor of Massachusetts, 475; takes
four regiments, and directed to pun-
ish severely, 476; arrives in Boston
(1774), iv. 7, 8; weak and vacillating,
8; governor of Massachusetts, 20, 21;
intrigues, 25; proclamation of, 26;
receives the regulating act, 43; char-
acter of this act, 43, 44; looks for
more troops, 53; his council, 54;
seizes the powder of Massachusetts,
55; requires more troops, 57; wishes
for help from Canadians and Indians,
57, 58; fortifies Boston, 59; uncer-
tainty of, 67; avoids mecting the as-
sembly, 68; report on the state of
America, 91; private letter of, 91;
small force of, 94; to act offensively,
ordered to seize forts, stores, etc.,
150; sends an expedition to Concord
(April 1775), 152; breaks his pledge
to the inhabitants, 172; martial law
in Massachusetts, 205; proscribes
Samuel Adams and John Hancock,
205; designs to occupy Charlestown,
214; anticipated by the Americans,
orders attack, 217; reports to Lord
Dartmouth Bunker Hill battle, 231;
wishes to get to New York, 242;
mean treatment of prisoners, and in-
solence of, to Washington, 249; or-
ders the southern savages to be hired
at any price, 256, 257; recalled, goes
to England, 260, 262.

Gallatin, Albert, at conference of dele-

gates, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
(1788), vi. 465,

Galloway, Joseph, a royalist, iii. 91;
elected to congress from Pennsylvania,
iv. 33; plan in congress for president-
general over the colonies defeated, 69,
70; deserts the cause of the United
States, v. 83.

Galvez, Spanish colonial minister, v.
136; governor of Louisiana, 341.
Gama, Vasco da, voyage to lindostan
by way of the Cape of Good Hope, i.
11, 12; ii. 88.

Gansevoort, Colonel, at Fort Stanwix, v.
165; sally from the fort successful,
169; thanked by congress, 170.
Garay, F., governor of Jamaica, sends

an expedition to explore the southern
coast, i. 24, 25.

Gardner, Thomas, of Cambridge, iii. 348,
349; words of cheer, 437, 438; spirit
of, iv. 47; death of, at Bunker Hill,
230.

Gardoqui, Spanish envoy (1785), negotia-
tions with Jay, vi 421, 422; specious
offers to the men of Kentucky, 463.
Garnier, French minister in England,
note to Vergennes, iv. 109; interview
with Franklin, 138, 139; to Vergennes,
185, 186, 189, 190.

Garth, agent for South Carolina, iii. 96.
Gaspee, insolence of commander of (at
Newport), iii. 414; burned, 415; af-
fair pronounced to be worse than pi-
racy, 428; commissioners meet in
Rhode Island as to, but gain nothing,

434.

Gates, Horatio, elected by congress ad-
jutant-general, with rank of brigadier,
iv. 234; enters on work, 239; ap-
pointed to command in Canada, 381;
unbecoming conduct, v. 15; letter
from Charles Lec, 87; meanly deserts
Washington, 95, 96; in northern de-
partment, disputes with Schuyler, 149;
sent to Ticonderoga, 149; demands
troops, discourteous to Washington,
149, 150; address to the Six Nations,
156, 157; goes to Philadelphia, 157;
supersedes Schuyler, 173; extra pow-
ers given by congress, 173; number
of troops in the northern army, 181,
182; not on field of battle, 190; ob-
tains Burgoyne's surrender, 190; num-
ber of prisoners taken, 191; improper
conduct toward Washington, 197; in
the "cabal" against Washington, 210,
211; rupture with the commander-in-
chief, 212; denies charge of wishing
to supersede Washington, 216; suc-
ceeds General Lincoln in the South,
384; marches to Camden, South Caro-
lina, 386; defeated by Cornwallis,
386-389; rushes away, 389; super-
seded by General Greene, 477; uses
Armstrong at Newburg, New York,
vi. 71; at the meeting of the officers,
73, 75; result of the meeting (1783),

75.

Gates, Sir Thomas, relieves the colony
of Virginia (1611), i. 103; assumes
the government, 103, 104; returns to
England, 107.

Gee, Joshua, advice to the board of
trade, ii. 241.

General court of Massachusetts, i. 243.
See Massachusetts.

George I., king of England, ii. 212-214.

George II., king of England, ii. 373;

death of, 533.

George III., king of England, early
years, ii. 373, 374; of age, 456; tem-
per of, 456; promises to support Pitt,
458; gift to America, 462; accession
to the throne, etc., 534, 535; dis-
likes Pitt's course, 535-545; wants a
stronger ministry, iii. 51, 52; asks
Pitt's aid, 53; angry at Wilkes, 69;
insane (1765), 104; proposes regency
bill, 122; quarrels with the ministry,
123-129; anger against the colonies,
167; on modification of the stamp-
act, 201; assents to its repeal, 212;
governs at last, 258-260; a politician,
366; disdains Chatham, 367; calls
for Lord North, 367; resolves to tax
America, 382; qualities of, 382, 383;
orders violation of Massachusetts
charter, 388, 389; in harmony with
Louis XV., 417, 418; inexorable and
resolute against the colonies, 438;
rejects petitions of Massachusetts,
439; scoffs at Massachusetts and
Franklin, 460-465; implacable, and
bent on subduing America, 465;
sneers at the opposition, 465; ap-
proves the Boston port bill, 475;
eager to punish, 476, 477.

Unrelenting toward the colonies
(1774), iv. 5; approves two acts
against, 11; appoints councillors for
Massachusetts, 20; interview with
Hutchinson, 27; deluded, 27, 28; dis-
solves parliament, 67; petition of con-
gress to, 75, 76; opinion of, as to New
England's resistance, 92; forbids ex-
porting of arms, 91; receives petition
of the colonies, 93; anger against
Chatham, 104; elated, 105; joint ad-
dress to and reply, 120; confident of
success, 132, 133; answer to city of
London, 149; confident, 151; refuses
to receive city of London's address,
188; orders Indians to be engaged
against the Americans, 188, 189;
"blows must decide," 269; obstinate,
orders Americans to be proclaimed
rebels, 270, 271; resolved to ravage
and destroy, if not able to subdue,
274, 275; begs of the empress of Rus-
sia 20,000 mercenaries, 275; failure,
275-279; final blow which severs
American allegiance, 313; asks a
brigade from Hanover, refused, 347;
negotiates with German adventurers,
349; and with duke of Brunswick,
352; orders forces to subdue the
southern colonies, 383.

Excited by the interference of

France (1776), v. 22; opens parlia
ment (November 1778), and urges
continuance of the war, 223, 224;
holds Lord North to this course, 225;
violently opposed to Lord Chatham's
being at the head of affairs, 249, 250;
letter to North, 254; confession to
North, 282; interview with the min-
istry, 339; offers to Russia alliance,
351; friend of the slave-trade, 405;
obstinate as ever, 524; acquiesces in
the peace policy, 546, 550; troubled
in mind, 570, 576; anxious for peace
with Louis XVI., vi. 38; hates the
coalition ministry, 44; thinks the
Americans incompetent to establish a
general government, 51; meets John
Adams (1785), 148.

George, Lake, New York, ii. 459,
486.

Georgia, colony planted (1732), ii. 281,
282; councils held with the Indians,
283, 284; Lutheran emigrants to,
284-286; land titles in, 286; no
slaves to be introduced, 287; new
emigration to, 287, 288; forts built,
290; Indians friendly, 291; invaded
by the Spaniards, 298; failure of the
invasion, 298; slavery introduced,
299; condition of (1754), 391; a
royal province, 391, 392; favors a
congress, iii. 146; refuses the billet-
ing act, 254; sides with Massachu-
setts, 331; government meddles with,
408; spirit of, iv. 106, 107; de-
nounces slavery, 107; policy of, 107;
action of (1775), 181; Indians on the
frontiers of, 181; enters the confed-
eracy, making the thirteenth, 244; re-
solve against slavery and the slave-
trade, 244; provincial congress of,
391; instructions to delegates to con-
gress, 391; frames a constitution,
elects governor, etc., 392; expeditions
of the enemy into, 366; Savannah
taken by the British, 367; oppression
and outrage by the British, 367, 370,
374, 381; slavery in, 413; laws as to
paper money, vi. 172; appoints delc-
gates to the federal convention, 201;
threatens to secede on the slave-trade
issue, 318; legislature calls state con-
vention, which ratifies the constitu-
tion (January 2, 1788), 392.
Gerard, C. A., secretary of Vergennes,
meets American commissioners, v.
129; presents offers of the king, 129,
130; first French minister to the
United States, 256; received by con-
gress, 285; on Washington, 319, 320;
interview with committee of con.