hard treatment of, 86, 87 (see Carle-
ton); action of congress as to the
frontier, iv. 243; Americans resolve
to occupy, 291, 292; feeling of the
people, 291; St. John's and Montreal
taken, 294-296; expedition sent by
Washington overland, sufferings of,
etc., 297-300; Quebec assaulted, 304-
308; loss of, not regretted by France,
860; British plan to recover, 374;
American force increased, 375; a
general wanted, Thomas appointed,
377; congress sends commissioners,
377, 378; English forces arrive,
Americans retreat, 378, 379; large
army under Carleton, 380; cession to
the United States suggested, but re-
fused, v. 537, 538; boundary as set-
tled by the commissioners (1782), 576,

Cape Ann, visited by M. Pring, i. 81;
settlement at, 222.

Cape Breton, island of, named by the
French, i. 14.

Cape Cod, named by Gosnold, first Eng-
lish foot on, i. 80.

Cape Fear river, colony on, i. 409, 410.
Cape Horn, named by Schouten, i. 490.
Cardenas, Lopez de, in Coronado's ex-
pedition, i. 34.

Cardross, Lord, goes to South Carolina

with Presbyterian colony, i. 432; at
Port Royal, 432.

Carleton, Sir Dudley, Lord Dorchester,
i. 224, 494.

Carleton, Guy, at Quebec with Wolfe, ii.
503, 510; views of, iv. 27; governor
of Quebec, 58; brings "Quebec act
of 1774, 81; efforts to raise troops in
Canada, 191; proclaims border Amer-
icans traitors, 291; complains of neg-
lect, 294; fails to relieve St. John's,
296; arrives in Quebec, 301, 302; de-
fends it successfully, 302, 303; hu-
mane to prisoners, 308; kindness to
sick Americans, 379; sends in five
hundred prisoners on parole, v. 49;
blamed for his humanity, 58; pro-
poses to advance to Albany, 59; fleet
of, on Lake Champlain, 59, 60; goes
into winter quarters, 61; in Quebec,
103; ambition of, 147; superseded

by Burgoyne, 157, 158; declines Bur-
goyne's request, 163; directed to go
to New York (1782), 534; supersedes
Clinton, 555; humane spirit, refuses
offers of Indian raids, 555.
Carlisle, earl of, one of Lord North's
commissioners to America, v. 272,

290.

Carmarthen, Lord, in debate, iii. 478,
479.

Carolina, proprietaries of, i. 408; con-
flicting claims of Spain, etc, 408;
colonists from New England, 409,
410; colonists from Virginia, 410;
Drummond governor of North Caro-
lina, 411; planters from Barbadoes,
on Cape Fear river, 411; second and
enlarged charter, provisions of, 412;
Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, 412-415;
John Locke, principles, etc., 415,
416; constitutions for Carolina, close
corporation, orders of nobility, judi-
ciary, executive, etc., 416-419; sec-
ond draft of constitutions, making
Church of England the true church,
419; duke of Albemarle, palatine,
420; settlers at Albemarle, 420.
Carolina, North, Raleigh sends colony
to, i. 71; results, 74; new colony, 75;
rejects new constitution, 421; travels
of George Fox in, 421-423; insur-
rection and free government, East-
church governor of Albemarle, 423;
Miller secretary of state, etc., 424;
enforces navigation acts, 425; Cul-
pepper's insurrection, 425; excused
by jury in England, 426; Seth Sothel's
government and deposition, 427; char-
acter of settlers in North Carolina,
427, 428; progress of, ii. 13; ecclesi-
astical strifes, 14, 15; at variance with
the proprietaries, 15, 16; population,
16; troubles with the Indians, 203-
205; trouble with the governor, etc.,
256; independent spirit of, 341; con-
dition of (1754), 392, 393.

Spirit of (1764), iii. 92; the regu
lators, 232, 233; venal judiciary, 302,
303; outrages of Fanning and Tryon,
303-305; illegal extortions, 394; the
regulators, 395; IIusbands elected
representative, 395; treatment re-
ceived, 395, 398; grievances of the
regulators, 398, 399; attack of Tryon,
400, 401; infamous conduct, 401, 402;
joins in Virginia's course (1774), iv.
15; sympathy with Boston, 28; con-
gress in, meets, decision, elects dele-
gates to the continental congress, 36;
course pursued (1775), 180; spirit of,
258; convention at Hillsborough,

259; steps taken in the emergency,
259, 260; Franklin's plan discussed,
not adopted, 260; provincial council
organized, 260; Governor Martin of-
fers to subdue, 382; regiment of High-
landers formed, 386; march toward
Wilmington, 387; fidelity to the king,
388; defeated, great rising of the
people, 390; instruction to the dele-
gates, 390.

Independence first expressly sanc-
tioned in, iv. 391; sends troops to
join General Lincoln (1779), v. 368;
oppression and outrage of the British,
370, 374, 378, 381, 382, 392; the
people roused, 400, 401; loyalists in,
join Cornwallis, 491; sufferings in,
554; laws as to paper moncy, vi. 173;
state convention on the federal con-
stitution, 460; meets in July (1788),
461; divided by parties, 461; amend-
ments proposed and decision post-
poned, 462.

Carolina, South, first emigration to, i.
429; negro slavery, 429, 431; gov-

ernment free and representative, 430,
431; settlement on Ashley and Cooper
rivers, 430, 431; more emigrants,
431; dissenters, etc., 431; Huguenots,
432; contest between people and pro-
prietaries, 434, 435; Colleton deposed,
William and Mary proclaimed, 436;
parties in, ii. 9, 10; Locke's "model"
doomed, 10; Archdale, Quaker gov-
ernor, 11, 12; toleration to all except
"papists," 12; strife between dissent-
ers and churchmen, 12, 13; turbulent,
yet prosperous, 13; debt and paper
money, 194; success against the Span-
iards and French, 194, 195; troubles
with the Indians, 204; revolution, 215,
216; a royal province, 216; trouble
with governor, etc., 256; independent
spirit, 340, 341; meets northern colo-
nies at Albany congress (1751), 368,
369; condition of, 392; slavery in
(1754), 392; sends troops for Forbes's
expedition, 493; opposes Lyttleton,
514, 518; wishes to restrain the slave-
trade, 550; expedition against the
Cherokees, 550, 551.

Strife with the governor (1763), iii.
55; decides for union (1765), 120,
121; asks for modification of the
navigation act, 221; venal judiciary,
302, 303; "regulators'" proccedings,
302; sides with Massachusetts (1768),
324; government meddles with the
judiciary, 408; Montagu's threat, 408;
strife with the governor, 432; spirit
of (1773), 446, 447; action as to tea

ship, 457; position of, iv. 15, 16;
sympathy with Boston, 16, 28; elects
delegates to continental congress, 32;
proceedings in convention, 87; great
meeting (1775), 106; spirit of, 131;
proceedings in, 180; issues paper
money, 180; difficulties in, 255, 256;
savages to be employed by the Brit-
ish, 256, 257; prepares to defend
Charleston harbor, 257; arrest of the
governor proposed, 257; governor
dissolves last royal assembly and
takes refuge in ship-of-war, 257;
Campbell joins Martin, clamoring for
ships and troops to subdue Carolina,
382; convention in February (1776),
393; urged on by British oppression,
forms a constitution, 394; John Rut-
ledge president, and other officers,
395; council and assembly, 394, 395.

Declaration of independence re-
ceived, v. 5; new constitution, 288;
provisions of constitution, its adop-
tion, etc., 289; proposal of neutrality
defeated, 371; slavery, 413; General
Greene's letter to the legislature, vi.
92; Washington's advice, how re-
ceived, 92; noble spirit of (1785),
153; laws as to paper money, 172,
173; appoints delegates to the fed-
eral convention, 201; threatens to
secede on the slave-trade issue, 318;
attitude of assembly, 414; debates
on federal constitution, 415-418; con-
vention called, 419; constitution rati-
fied, 420; elects anti-federalists to
congress, 467.

Caron, Franciscan missionary, iv. 137.
Carr, Dabney, in Virginia legislature,
iii. 436; death of, 437.
Carr, Robert, royal commissioner (1664),
i. 371, 376.

Carrington, Edward, of Virginia, quar-
termaster with General Greene (1781),
v. 489; in congress (1787), vi. 281,
285; on the committee of seven, 286;
in favor of state conventions on the
federal constitution, 373, 374.
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Mary-
land, iv. 71, 252; in congress, signs
declaration of independence, v. 16; on
committee to visit Washington, 217.
Carroll, Daniel, of Maryland, in the fed-
eral convention, vi. 332; on the com-
mittee of eleven, 334.

Carteret, Sir George, one of the proprie

taries of Carolina (1663), i. 408; of
New Jersey, 520; his heirs sell East
New Jersey, 551, 578.
Carteret, James, landgrave in Carolina,
i. 430; succeeds Philip Carteret, 523.

Carteret, Lord, sells out to the crown in
Carolina with reservation (1729), ii.
216.

Cartier, James, discovers and ascends
the St. Lawrence river, i. 15; site of
Montreal, 16; third voyage, 17; at
Quebec, 17; result unfavorable, 17,
18.

Cartwright, George, one of the royal com-
missioners for New England (1664),
i. 371, 376.

Cartwright, John, advocates independ-
ence of America, iii. 474; views of
(1775), iv. 186.

Cartwright, speaker of assembly, etc.,
in Carolina (1674), i. 423.
Carver, John, goes to England, i. 201;
chosen governor by the Pilgrims, 207;
death, 210.

Carver, Jonathan, western explorer, iii.
354, 355.

Cary, Archibald, in Virginia convention,
iv. 415.

Cary, Thomas, in North Carolina, ii. 14-
16; with others sent to England, 16.
Casco, Maine, Indian ravages in and
near, ii 195.

Castin, Baron de Saint, in Maine, ii.

178, 183; activity in Acadia, 198.
Castine, on Penobscot bay, expedition
against by Massachusetts, v. 333;
failure, 333, 334.

Caswell, Richard, in North Carolina, iv.
259; head of the minute-men in
Newbern, 388; with Moore defeats
the Highlanders, 389, 390; in com-
mand of militia on Deep river, v.
384; in battle of Camden, 387;
rushes away with Gates, 389.
Catawba Indians, ii. 94; at Albany,
369; faithful to the English, 425.
Catharine II., empress of Russia, char-
acter and course, iv. 275, 276; re-
fuses to hire out her troops against
Americans, 276-279; sarcastic letter
to George III., 279.

Catholics, Roman, in Maryland, privi-
leges of, i. 161, 162; Jesuit influence
and course, 165-167; "papists," few
in Maryland, 172; how treated, 173;
position of, in Ireland, iii 21-25;
trials and sufferings of, 23-27; po-
sition of, in Canada (1774), iv. 80;
worship established, 80, 81; overtures
to, from congress, 81, 82; number in
colonies very few compared with
Protestants, 81.

Cavendish, Lord John, pronounces Brit-
ain disgraced by hiring German mer-
VOL. VI.-33

cenaries, iv. 357; on revising acts of
parliament, v. 54-56; supports mo-
tion to discontinue American war, 530.
Cayuga Indians, one of the Five Na-
tions, i. 583.

Celoron de Bienville, in the Ohio valley,
ii. 344, 366.

Chabot, admiral of France, i. 15.
Chad's Ford, v. 176, 177.
Chambly, Fort, taken, iv. 296.
Champlain, Lake, New York, crossed
by Ethan Allen (1775), iv. 182; cruise
of Arnold on, 194; forts garrisoned,
194; Arnold's and Carleton's strife
for mastery on, v. 59.
Champlain, Samuel, expedition to Cana-
da, i. 18; builds a fort on site of
Quebec, 18; explorations and advent-
ures, 20, 21; "father of New France,"
21; death of, 21; governor of New
France, ii. 138; invites Franciscan
and Jesuit missionaries into Canada,
138, 139.

Chancellor, Richard, reaches Archangel,
i. 62.

Charles I., king of England, i. 135;
treatment of Virginia, 135, 136; royal
monopoly of tobacco, 136; trial and
execution of, 333; effects produced,
334.

Charles II., king of England, restora-
tion, i. 344; character of, 344, 345;
favors Rhode Island, 362-364; lav-
ish grants of territory, 365, 366;
course as to Massachusetts, 380–381;
gives the territory of New Nether-
land to James, duke of York, 518;
dissolves parliament, becomes abso-
lute, 593, 594; death of, 595.
Charles III., king of Spain, v. 135;
much dislikes colonial independence,
136, 260; not ready for war with
England, 137; secretly aids United
States, 138; desire and policy of,
260.

Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar, and
his ministers, v. 234.
Charleston, South Carolina, founded, i.
430; attacked by the French, ii. 194,
195; attack and repulse of the Brit-
ish (1776), iv. 398-408; in danger
from the British, v. 369; besieged by
Clinton (1780), 376; Lincoln capitu
lates, severe terms, 377; spoils taken,
378; effect produced, 379; British
retreat to (1781), 504; state conven-
tion on the federal constitution meets
in, vi. 419, 420.
Charlestown, Massachusetts, founded, i.
223, 227; settlement at, 237; organi-
zation of a church, 238; spirited

conduct of people, iii. 450; burned
on day of Bunker Hill battle, iv. 224.
Charlevoix, the traveller, ii. 223, 231.
Charlotte, North Carolina, v. 396; Corn-
wallis retreats from, 401; General
Greene arrives in, 478; country round
ravaged by the British, 479.
Charter, first colonial English, i. 85,
86; second for Virginia, 99; third,
104, 105 (see Virginia); charter of
Maryland (see Maryland); second
Plymouth Company's, 215; charter
revoked, 275; Massachusetts charter,
224 (see Massachusetts); Rhode Isl-
and charter, 296; Connecticut char-
ter, 358; in danger, ii. 48 (see Con-
necticut); Carolina charter, i. 408,
second, 412 (see Carolina); New
Netherland charter, 490; Pennsyl-
vania charter, 552, 553; New York
franchise, etc,, 582 (see New York).
Chase, Samuel, active in Maryland af-

fairs, iv. 252, 253; on the articles of
confederation, v. 12, 13; opposes the
federal constitution in Maryland con-
vention, vi. 412.

Chase, Thomas, a "Son of Liberty," in
Boston (1765), iii. 135; refuses oath
as juror, iv. 53.

Chastellux, iv. 369; Washington's af-
fection for, vi. 22, 23.

Chatham, earl of (William Pitt), in
house of lords, iii. 226; regret of the
people, 226, 227; plans league against
the Bourbons, 223; infirmities of
age, 228, 229; last time in house of
lords, 237; dismisses Townshend,
244; withdraws, 244; visited by
Grafton, 255; throws up office, 315;
advice to the aristocracy, 363; speaks
again in the house of lords, 365, 366;
on the revenue act, 380, 381; anxious
as to American affairs, 438; position
of (1774), iv. 98; interview with
Franklin, 98, 99; differs with Rock-
ingham, 99; speech on removing
troops from Boston, etc., 101–104;
praises Americans and congress, 102,
103; the last hope to prevent civil
war, 115; plan for reconciliation,
115, 116; praises Franklin, 116;
plan rejected, 116, 117; stern words
of, 116, 117; still the hope of good
men, 286; favors "Common Sense,"
312; on peace with the United States,
(1777), v. 144; denounces using red
men against Americans, 159; totally
opposed to continuing the war (1778),
224; opposed to the independence of
the United States, 253; last great
speech against dismembering the

monarchy," 253, 254; takes to his
bed and dies (May 1778), 254; pecu-
liarity of his career, 254, 255.
Chaumont, missionary to the Senecas, ii
147, 148.

Chauvin and Pontgravé, monopoly of
fur-trade, i. 18.

Cheesman, Edmund, executed in Vir-
ginia, i. 467.

Cherokees, ii. 95; treaty with, 216;
meet Oglethorpe, 284; faithful to the
English, 425; badly treated by Lyt-
telton, 514-517; in council, 516;
attacked by the English, 519; cause
Montgomery and force to retreat, 520,
521; kill the fugitives, 521; expedi-
tion against, 550, 551; peace by
mutual concessions, 551; negotiate
boundary with Stuart, iii. 320, 321;
another treaty (1770), 392; sought by
Gage against Americans, iv. 59; com-
mit murders, 84; number of warriors
(1775), 181; urged to take up the
hatchet, 257; engage in warfare
against the Americans, v. 62, 63; re-
sult, 63, 64; with other Indians, routed
by the Americans, 314; ravages in
South Carolina, 395, 396; promise the
British to ravage the country, 403.
Cherry Valley, New York, attacked, and
murders committed by Indians and
tories, v. 288.
Chesapeake bay, discovered by the Span-
iards, i. 50; called the "Bay of St.

Mary," 50, 51; explored by John
Smith, 94, 95; and by Clayborne, 154.
Chesterfield, lord, foretells revolution,
ii. 376.

Chew's House, Pennsylvania, v. 192;
Musgrave and British troops in, 194.
Cheyenne Indians, ii. 90; of the Algon-
kin family, 90.

Chicago, visited by Marquette (1675), ii.

159.

Chickasaws, ii. 97; fierce warriors, 234;
at war with the French, 235, 236;
ever friends with Oglethorpe, 291.
Chicheley, Sir Henry, in Virginia, i. 457,

458.

Chickahominy river, ascended by John
Smith, i. 93.

Chiegnecto (Fort Lawrence), town in
Acadia, expedition against, ii. 358,
360.

Child, Sir Joshua, on trade of Massachu-
setts, i. 382.

Childe, Robert, in Massachusetts, i. 306,
307.

Chiswell's lead-mine in Carolina, iii. 321.
Choctaws, ii. 98; with Bienville, 235;
meet Oglethorpe, 284; sought by

Choiseul, De, Etienne F., statesmanlike

views (1764), iii. 75; foresees revolu-
tion in America, 152; on the progress
of the American colonies, and proba-
ble results, 227, 228; sends agent on
inspection of America, 247; policy of,
260, 261; projects as to commerce,
etc., 294, 295; inquisitive as to Amer-
ican affairs, 300; watchful, 325; ob-
servant of English course in America,
329-331; on a republic in America,
339, 340; on Russian ambition, 342,
343; dismissed and exiled (1770),
397; the cause of this, his national
spirit and character, 397, 393.
Chowan river, North Carolina, i. 410,
411.

Christaensen, Hendrik, i. 489.

Christison, W., a brave Quaker, i. 315.
Church, Benjamin, partisan warrior

against the Indians (1676), i. 393.
Church, Benjamin, a professed patriot
(1771), iii. 407; advice to General
Gage, iv. 67; director of the hospital,
246.

Church of England prevails in Virginia,

i. 112, 443, 447; position in Mary-
land, 158; parties in, 186, 187; in
Carolina, 419; service of, in Boston
(1686), 585; in South Carolina, ii. 12;
in North Carolina, 14; established in
Virginia and Maryland, 18, 21; in
New York, 39; church livings in Vir-
ginia, 341; disestablished in Virginia,
155, 156. See Episcopal Church.
Cibola, Land of Buffaloes, and its seven
cities, i. 31; search for, 31-34.
Cilley, Colonel, of New Hampshire, ac-
tivity of, iv. 169; troops under, v.

184.

Cincinnati, Society of the, formed (1783),

vi. 82.

Citizenship of state. See State Citizen-
ship.

Citizenship of the United States, v. 200;
vi. 292, 293.

Civil list, American, refused by Gren-
ville, iii. 68.

Clarendon, Lord, friend to Rhode Island,
i. 362-364; also to Massachusetts,
370, 371, 376; in exile, 380; one of
the proprietaries of Carolina, 408;
prime minister of England, 590, 591.
Clarendon colony, North Carolina, i.
411.

Clark, George R., goes to the legislature

of Virginia (1776), v. 309; leads ex- i

pedition against British and Indians
on the Illinois and Wabash, 310; diffi-
culties and trials (1779), 313; attacks
and captures Hamilton at Vincennes,
313, 314; establishes Fort Jefferson,
315; thanked by the legislature of
Virginia, 316.

Clark, John, plants near Roger Will-
iams, i. 262; agent of the colony in
England, 362, 364.

Clark, Jonas, minister at Lexington, iv.

154.

Clarke, lieutenant-governor of New Jer-
sey (1786), ii. 255.

Clarke, Richard, and the Boston tea
party, iii. 448.

Clarke, Walter, governor of Rhode Isl-
and (1686), i. 587.
Clayborne, William, secretary of Vir-
ginia, i. 135; superseded, 137; ac-
tive and enterprising, 154; explores
Chesapeake bay, 154; occupies Isle
of Kent, 155; resists Lord Baltimore,
162, 163; attainted, 163; asserts
claim to Kent Island, 166; goes into
Maryland, 171.

Cleaveland, Colonel B., at King's Mount-
ain, South Carolina, v. 397, 399.
Clinton, George, governor of New York,
(1748), ii. 333; plan for governing
the colonies, 533, 334; advises coer-
cion, 337, 338; threatens the colonics
with the power of parliament, 339,
340; urges stringent measures, 355;
the assembly refuses to aid him in
regard to Indian alliances, 362; re-
moved, 375; impeached by New
York, 410.

Clinton, George (1775), delegate to con-
gress, iv., 190; in skirmish with Brit-
ish troops, v. 46; at Hackensack,
108; commander of forts in the High-
lands, on the Hudson, 185, 186; on
treating for peace, 256; on Washing.
ton's advice, vi. 93; refuses the de-
mand of congress, 193; pronounces
against the federal convention, 259;
as governor and president of New
York state convention, opposes adop-
tion of federal constitution, 455, 456;
reply to Hamilton, 457, 458; opposed
by Ilamilton, 467; re-elected gover-
nor of New York, 467.
Clinton, Henry, major - general, with
Howe, iv. 129; arrives in Boston,
193; in New York harbor (January
1776), 384; sails away, 385; stops
to see Dunmore in Virginia, 386;
instructed to suppress and destroy
rebellion 397; proclamation, 398;
lands troops on Long Island, near