against the federal constitution, 375;
in Massachusetts state convention
(1788), gives efficient support to the
constitution, 397, 398, 402, 404.
"Address of the People of Great Britain
to the Inhabitants of America," Sir
John Dalrymple's pamphlet, iv. 150.
Admiralty courts, English, in the colo-
nies, ii. 80; hated by the people, 549,
553; iii. 147, 153, 205.
Admiralty or prize courts, instituted by
Massachusetts, iv. 272.

African slavery. See Slavery and Slave-
Trade.

Aguesseau, chancellor of France, ii. 231.
Aguillon, duchess of, endows a hospital,
ii. 140.

Aix-la-Chapelle, congress of, ii. 311, 312.
Alabama, De Soto enters, i. 42; first
settlement in, ii. 191.

Alarcon, Pedro de, discovers the Colora-

do river, i. 32; explorations of, 32, 33.
Alatamaha river, in Georgia, ii. 280, 281,
290.

Albania, a name of East New Jersey, i.

521.

Albany, New York, i. 490; founded (Fort
Orange), 495; surrenders to the Eng-
lish, 520; congress at (1748), ii. 333-
336; treaties made with the Six Na-
tions, 335; memorial as to raising
fund for defence, 336; Indian council
at, 368, 369; congress of colonial
commissioners (1754), 385; result,
386, 387; soldiers billeted at, 452.
Albemarle Colony, i. 420. See Carolina.
Albemarle county, Virginia, iv. 51.
Albemarle, duke of. See Monk.
Alexander, James, in New York, ii. 254;

proposes grand council of American
deputies, 383.

Alexander, Sir William, attempts settle-

ments in Nova Scotia, i. 218, 219;
sells titles of nobility, 219.
Alexander, William, earl of Stirling.
See Stirling.

Alexandria, Virginia, congress of gov-
ernors at, recommends taxation by
parliament, ii. 416, 417; good wishes
of the people for Washington on his
leaving for New York (1789), vi. 470.
Alfieri, words of cheer to Washington,
vi. 469.

Algonkin language, tribes speaking, ii.
90-93. See Red Men.

Allen, Andrew, and brothers, go over to
Howe, v. 83, 84.

Allen, Ethan, promises a regiment of
Green Mountain Boys (1775), iv. 143;
in command of the same, 182; crosses
Lake Champlain, 182; takes Ticon-

deroga, 183; attempt on Montreal
fails, 295; sent in chains to England,

295.

Allen, Samuel, of London, purchases
claim in New Hampshire, ii. 56.
Alloüez, Claude, one of Jesuit mission-
aries on Lake Superior, ii. 150-152;
with Marquette, 152, 153.
America, first English settlement in, i.
75; population of the twelve oldest
states (1688), 602; new English na-
tion in, 612, 613; spirit of the people,
ii. 70, 71; white population in British
America, under William III. and Queen
Anne, 78; tendency toward independ-
ence in the colonies, 85; population
under George I., 238; great prosperity
of the colonies, 264, 265; German
emigration large, 265; Anglo-Saxon
emigration, 320; office of America in
human progress, 325.

The thirteen colonies, character of,
ii. 327, rights of, and relation to the
mother country, 328; protest against
parliamentary prerogative, 347, 348;
not to be crushed, 351; further pro-
posals to tax America, 374,375; course
as to contest with the French in Ohio,
381-383; commissioners sent to Al-
bany, New York (1754), 385, 386;
treaty with the Six Nations, 386;
population, whites, negroes, etc., 389-
391; relations to the home govern-
ment, 391-401; plan of union pro.
posed by Halifax, 411; course of, as
to money, etc., 415; crown officers in
clamor for taxation, 417; rule as to
quartering troops, 447, 448; foreign
officers employed, 448; roused to ac-
tivity by Pitt's offers and measures,
482, 483; aid Pitt against the French,
500; prophecies of independence, 528;
to have a standing army, 564; iii. 33;
loyalty of America, 34; new combina-
tion of trade and taxes (1764), 73;
circular of committee on correspond-
ence, 79; resolved to be free from
taxes by England, 88, 89; petitions
to parliament refused to be received
(1765), 102-104; general opinion as
to submission to stamp-tax, 105, 106;
industry of all kinds restricted, 107,
108; opinions of the people as to
rights and liberties, 116-118; resolve
to resist the stamp-tax, 119; union
in danger, 120; royal governors take
oath to carry out the stamp-act, 158;
non-importation agreement, 159; com-
mittee of intercolonial correspond-
ence, 159; plan for permanent union,
162, 163; all of one mind, 164;

projected, 172; firm in resistance,
207, 208; joy at repeal of stamp-
act, 214; further thought, 216; prog-
ress of liberty, 229; disputes and
disturbances, 230-234; conciliation
still possible, 247-249; dislike of the
revenue act, 261, 262; call for union,
262; new taxes in prospect, 263;
commissioners of revcuue call for
troops, 280; temper toward parlia-
ment, the enemy, 281; progress of
opinion, 286, 287; Shelburne's fair-
ness toward, 297; petitions rejected,
324; the agents see Hillsborough to
no purpose, 326; firmness, 340-341;
suspend trade with England, 343;
resolve on non-importation, 248; par-
tial repeal of revenue act promised,
362; take a stand on the tca-duty,
362; non-importation agreements fail
through New York, 386, 387; cry for
union (December 1773), 458; state
of (1774), 469; union in spirit and
purpose, iv. 18; foundation and ex-
tent of rights, 65, 66; self-denial to
avoid war, 76; all Protestant, 81;
firm union (1775), 106; whole conti-
nent alarmed, 167; love for the
mother country, 191, 192, 199; the
"twelve united colonies," 204, 237;
Georgia makes the thirteenth, 244;
Rhode Island and others send out
armed vessels, 249; question at is-
sue with England, 265; résumé of
the points in dispute, 265-269; the
people demand independence, 312,
313; ratify independence, v. 16; need
foreign alliances, 16; a new people
and nation in America, under happy
auspices, vi. 474.

་ Americans," as a national name, iii.
150; bopes and expectations as Amer-
icans, v. 281.

Amerigo Vespucci, i. 10.

Ames, Fisher, supports the federal con-

stitution in Massachusetts state con-
vention, vi. 396, 399, 404.
Amherst, Jeffrey, sent to America, ii.
484; commander-in-chief, 492; gov-
ernor of Virginia, 498; reaches Crown
Point, 502; lingers there, 506; fails
to support Wolfe, 506; takes posses-
sion of Canada, 523; sends troops to
South Carolina, 550; offers price for
Pontiac's head, iii. 49; declines com-
mand at Boston, iv. 128; advises great
increase of troops, v. 225; also evacu-
ation of New York, 282; recommends
forty thousand troops for 1778 in
America, 225, 282.

New World, under Raleigh's patent, i.
69; on the coast of Carolina and Vir-
ginia, 69, 70.

Amsterdam, great depot for commerce,
i. 478; steps toward treaty of com-
merce with United States, v. 343, 344;
the result, 345.
Anabaptists, i. 6C8. Sce Baptists.
Anderson, Captain, at Trenton, v. 96.
Andover, Massachusetts, remonstrates
against the witch prosecutions, ii. 65,

66.

André, Major John, in Philadelphia, v.
217; British adjutant-general, 428;
in correspondence with Benedict Ar-
nold, 428; meets Arnold, 430, 431;
sets off by land for New York, 431;
taken by American scouts, 433, 434;
letter to Washington, 434, 435; tried
and convicted as a spy, 435; suffers
on the gallows, 437.

Andros, Edmund, in New York, i. 574;
attempts on Connecticut resisted,
574, 575; in Massachusetts, as gov-
ernor-general of New England, 584;
oppressive course resisted, 585; in
Rhode Island and Connecticut, 587,
588; arrested and imprisoned, 599,
600; governor-general of Virginia,
ii. 18.

Angel, Colonel, good conduct of, v. 475.
Anhalt Zerbst, prince of, hires out troops
to England, v. 141, 222.
Annapolis, originally Port Royal, in
Nova Scotia, i. 19.
Annapolis, Maryland, founded, i. 169;
seat of government, ii. 21; the brig
Peggy Stewart destroyed with the tea,
iv. 71; convention in (1775), 253;
convention of deputies from the states
(1785, 1786), vi. 185, 195; five states
appear, Dickinson chairman, 195,
196; cautious report, fix time and
place for the federal convention, 196;
state convention meets in (1788), 411.
Anne, queen of England, ii. 78; proc-
lamation as to colonial currency, 83;
Iroquois chiefs visit, 199; share in
the slave-trade, 209.
Anson's expedition and voyage, ii. 295.
Anspach, margrave of, hires troops to
England (1777), v. 140, 141.
Antinomians, in Massachusetts, and
Anne Hutchinson, i. 260.
Appalachee, bay of, ii. 194.
Aranda, Spanish ambassador to France,
v. 128, 129; views as to helping the
United States, 129; counsels war
against England, 138; meets John
Jay in Paris, 570; views as to growth

Arbuthnot, Admiral, with fleet against
South Carolina, v. 375; incapable,
426; succeeded by Graves, 516.
Archdale, quaker governor of Carolina,
ii. 11, 12.

Argall, Samuel, breaks up French set-
tlement on Mount Desert Isle, i. 105,
106; as governor of Virginia, arro-
gant, greedy, dishonest, 109, 110.
Aristocracy, power of the English, in
parliament, ii. 472.

Arkansas, De Soto enters, i. 145.

Arlington, earl of, Virginia given to, by
Charles II., 452, 453.

Armand, Colonel, v. 384; bad conduct
of, at Camden, 387.
Armed neutrality, league suggested by
Vergennes, v. 346; Denmark, Swe-
den, etc., agree, 346, 347; empress
of Russia's declaration, 353, 355;
other nations join, 356; Spain, France,
and United States approve principles
of, 358; the Netherlands join, 360.
Armstrong, General James, in service in
Charleston, South Carolina, iv. 297,
401; at Germantown, v. 193.
Armstrong, John, of Pennsylvania,

routes the Delawares at Kittaning,
ii. 454, 455; in the expedition against
Fort Duquesne, 493, 495.
Armstrong, Major John, used by Gates,
at Newburg, New York, vi. 71; au-
thor of anonymous addresses to the
army, 71, 72.

Army, American, number and condition

on Long Island and in New York, v.
24, 25; addition of volunteers, 26,
28; Pennsylvania regiments, Massa-
chusetts fishermen, 34; safely carried
to New York, 36-38; sufferings of,
34, 46; spirited attack on the enemy,
46, 47; plan of congress for enlist-
ments defective, 51, 52; course pur-
sued, 81; in New Jersey, 148; sup-
ply of arms from France, 148, 181;
stores at Peekskill, New York, de-
stroyed, 151; number under Wash-
ington (May 1777), 153; troops with
Washington, 209, 210, 213; sufferings
at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 212,
213, 217, 218; pay in paper money,
officers to receive half pay, 218.

Condition of, v. 296, 297; how to
be raised (1779), 318; severe straits
in the winter (1779, 1780), 334;
troops from North and South Caro-
lina join Lincoln, 368; condition of,

at Morristown, New Jersey, 424;
without pay, destitute, nearly dis-
solved, 443-445; revolt of Pennsyl-
vania troops, 451; patient suffering
of, 451, 452; pitiable condition, 458;
ragged and barefoot, 490; winter
quarters (1781, 1782), 525; Wash-
ington's high praise of, 561; at New-
burg, New York, appeals to congress,
vi. 59, 60; debt to, and half pay, 62;
anonymous addresses to, 71; meet-
ing of the officers, Washington's ad-
dress to, and result, 73-75; action
of congress respecting, 75; war at
an end, 77; rightful claims of, 78;
disbanded, 82; go home without a
farthing in their pockets, 83; Wash-
ington's last words in behalf of, 83,
84.

Army, Continental.

See Continental

Army.
Arnold, Benedict, captain of volunteers,
goes to camp (1775), iv. 170, 171; to
go against Ticonderoga, 173; at the
capture of, by Allen, 182; on Lake
Champlain, 194; in command of ex-
pedition to Canada, winter of 1775,
298; arrives near Quebec, 301; Brit-
ish flotilla surrendered to him, 301;
is wounded, 307; in Montreal, 381;
exploits on Lake Champlain, v. 59–61;
angry at congress for non-promotion,
148; attack on Tryon's force, 151;
appointed major-general, 152; re-
ward from congress, 152; bad habits,
offers to the English commander,
tried by court-martial, 427; gets him-
self appointed to command of West
Point, 428; correspondence with Clin-
ton through André, 428; letter to
Clinton in New York, 430; meets
André, 431; price of his treachery,
431; escapes to a British ship, 434;
insolent letter to Washington, 436;
reward of his base deed, 437, 438;
impudent letters, 438; sent to the
Chesapeake by Clinton, burns Rich-
mond, Virginia, 505; sent back to
New York, 507; plunders and burns
New London, Connecticut, 507.
Artaguette, daring adventures of, and
death, ii. 234-236.

Articles of war, improved code, v 51.
Ashe, General, American troops under,

defeated by Colonel Prevost, v. 369.
Ashley (1740), on raising revenue by
reducing duty, ii. 245.

Ashley and Cooper rivers, i. 430. See
Shaftesbury.

Assanpink Creek, New Jersey, v. 104.
Assiento, agreement with Spain as to

the slave-trade, ii. 209; assigned to
the South Sea Company, 270, 271.
Atlee, of Pennsylvania, on Long Island,
New York, v. 30.

Attakulla-kulla, Cherokee chief, ii. 517.
Attucks, Crispus, mulatto, killed in Bos-
ton massacre, iii. 373, 374.

Aubry, brave French officer, ii. 494; de-
feated at Niagara, 501; in New Or-
leans, iii. 318, 352, 353.
Augusta, Georgia, founded, ii. 286; re-
covered from the British by Pickens,
v. 500.

Austria. See Joseph II.

Avalon, Newfoundland, i. 156.
Ayer, Samuel, brave conduct of, ii. 197.
Ayllon, De, with two ships, seizes In-
dians for slaves, i. 25; further enter-
prise, 26.

Bacallaos, i. 12, 26.

B.

Backwoodsmen, west of the Alleghanies,
iv. 83, 84; avenge murders by the
Indians, 84; prowess under George
R. Clark, v. 309–316.

Bacon, Sir Francis, i. 99; intolerance of,
toward Brownists or Independents,
192; views on colonization and church
authority, 202, 203.

Bacon, Nathaniel, goes to Virginia, i.
459; commands forces against the
Indians, 459, 460; proclaimed a rebel,
460; elected burgess, 460; demands
and gets a commission, 461, 462;
"grand rebellion" of, 463-465; death,
466; results of the rebellion, 469.
Baldwin, in the federal convention, from
Georgia, vi. 250, 253; on limit of
slave taxation, 325; on counting the
electoral votes, 340.

Balfour, Andrew, murdered by Fanning,
v. 554.

Balfour, British colonel at Charleston,
South Carolina, v. 479, 502.
Ballot, origin of vote by, in America, i.
228, 247.

Baltimore, George, first lord, i. 155;

colonizes Newfoundland, 156; obtains
charter for Maryland, 157; death, 158.
Baltimore, Cecilius, second lord, opposed
by Virginia, i. 159; character of, 159;
gentle administration, 165, 166; of-
fers to the Puritans, 165; pre-emp-
tion right, 165, 166; Ingle's disturb-
ance, 166; Protestant governor ap-
pointed, 167, 168; in England, 172;
appoints Fendall his lieutenant, 174;
death of (1675), 438.

Baltimore, Charles, third lord, i. 438;

rule in Maryland, 439; badly used by
James II., 440; religious troubles, in-
surrection in Maryland, etc., 441; his
claim to Delaware resisted by the
Dutch, 516; dispute with Pennsylva-
nia as to boundaries, 564.
Baltimore, fourth lord, becomes a Prot-
estant, ii. 23.

Baltimore, Frederic, sixth lord, ii. 395;
character of, 395; rights, income,

church patronage (1754), 395, 396.
Baltimore city, spirit of (1774), iv. 14,
15; hailed as a model, 15; women
of, and Lafayette, v. 506; words of
Washington to the people of (1789),
vi. 470.

Bancroft, Richard, bishop of London
and archbishop of Canterbury, senti-
ments of, i. 197.

Bancroft, Edward, of Connecticut, be-
comes a spy for the English, v. 17, 18.
Bank of North America, vi. 29; success
of, 123.

Bank of the United States, first begin-
nings of, v. 445; provisions of char-
ter, 556, 557; Hamilton's and Morris's
plans for, vi. 25, 26.

Baptists, in Massachusetts, i. 301; per-
secuted in Massachusetts, 312; in
Virginia, 448; in Rhode Island, 608,
611; views of, as to alliance with the
state, v. 154, 156.
Barbadoes, planters from, in Carolina,
i. 411.

Barclay, Robert, governor of New Jer-
sey, i. 578.
Barentsen, William, on the coast of
Nova Zembla, i. 478, 479.
Barlow. See Amidas.
Barnard, Sir John, ii. 244.
Barnsfare and his cannoneers, at Que-
bec, iv. 306.

Barnwell, and the Tuscaroras in North
Carolina, ii. 204.
Barre, De la, governor-general of Cana-
da, ii. 175; struggle with the Iro-
quois, 175, 176; superseded, 176.
Barré, Isaac, good conduct of, ii. 484,
485; with Wolfe, 503; wounded, 510;
leaves the army, iii. 65; eloquent
speech in parliament, 99-101; on the
state of America, 334; opposes tak-
ing away charter of Massachusetts,
477; eulogizes Montgomery in par
liament, iv. 309; in parliament, v.
54; supports the motion to stop the
war against the United States, 530.
Barrett, Colonel I., at Concord, Massa-
chusetts, iv. 158.

Barrington, chancellor of the excheq
uer, ii. 536; military secretary (1774),

opinion as to conquering America, iv.
97; calls for twenty-five thousand
troops against America, and says the
idea of taxation is given up, 286; de-
clares it a necessity to hire merce-
naries, 357; views as to American
war, v. 22; address to the king, 283.
Barton, William, author of pamphlet on
powers, etc., of congress, vi. 20.
Barton, Colonel William, captures Brit-
ish general Prescott, near Newport,
Rhode Island, v. 155.

Bath, earl of, ii. 524.

Baum, Colonel, expedition against Ben-
nington, Vermont, v. 171; total de-
feat and death, 172, 173.
Baxter, George, brings charter to Rhode
Island, i. 363; drafts petition to gov-
ernor of New Netherland, 514, 515.
Baxter, Richard, i. 595, 596; on sla-
very, ii. 277.

Bayard, John, in town-meeting in Phila-
delphia, iv. 420.

Baylor, Colonel, at Trenton, New Jersey,
v. 99; light-horse of, slaughtered by
the British, 288.

Beauchamp, Lord, friend to America,
iii. 326, 344, 385.

Beaufort, South Carolina, v. 367; capitu-
lates, 379.

Beaujeu, naval commander in La Salle's
expedition, ii. 170; jealousy and ill
behavior, 171, 172; at Fort Duquesne,
422; falls in battle, 422.
Beaumarchais, Comte de, iv. 38; in
England, 361; interview with Arthur
Lee, 361; in Paris, recommends help-
ing the Americans, 361; communica-
tion to, from Vergennes, 371; offer to
Deane,v. 18; address to Maurepas, 131.
Beau-Séjour, fort at, taken, ii. 428.
Beckford, W., in parliament, opposes
taxing America, iii. 99; in house of
commons, 195; sensible words, 323,
326; prints American letters, 343;
views of, 344.

Bedford, duke of, colonial minister, ii.
331; ability and character, 331, 332;
resigns, 368; views as to peace with
France, 540; privy seal, 556; in the
ministry (1763), iii. 53; contest with
George III., 125; protests against re-
peal of stamp-act, 210, 211; in the
house of lords, 246; with Rocking-
ham, 258; the coalition ministry fails,
259; his party joins the ministry,
267; advises to ship American trai-
tors to England, 330, 332.
Bedford, G., of Delaware, in federal
convention, vi. 220; rails at Georgia,
253; on national legislation, 270.

Beekman, Dutch lieutenant-governor on
the Delaware, i. 516.
Behmus's Heights, v. 182.
Behring, V., discovers North-west Amer-
ica, ii. 303.

Belcher, governor of Massachusetts, ii.
245; accepts a salary by annual vote,
252; in New Jersey, 398; chief jus-
tice at Halifax approves exiling Aca-
dians, 430, 431.

Belgium, and peace of Utrecht, ii. 208;
sends an agent to the United States
(1783), vi. 55.

Bellingham, Richard, i. 223; governor
of Massachusetts, 375, 376.
Bellomont, governor of New York, ii.
40, 41; governor of Massachusetts, 68.
Bennet, Richard, governor of Virginia,
i. 147; enters Maryland, and takes
possession of government, 171.
Bennington, Vermont, wrongs of, iii.
119, 120.

Benton, Egbert, in New York legisla-

ture, moves calling a state convention
on the federal constitution, vi. 455.
Bentham, Jeremy, v. 21, 22.
Berkeley, Bishop George, noble charac-
ter, ii. 266; at Bermuda, 267; resi-
dent of Newport, Rhode Island, 267;
disappointed as to his great univer-
sity, 267; returns home, interest in
American progress, 267; prophecy in
verse, 267.

Berkeley, Lord John, one of the pro-
prietaries of Carolina, i. 408; obtains
grant in New Jersey, 520; sells West
New Jersey to the Quakers, 546.
Berkeley, Sir William, governor of Vir-
ginia, i. 139, 140; introduces re-
forms, 140, 141; elected by burgess-
es, 150; agent in England, 445, 446;
salary as governor, 449; dislikes edu-
cation, etc., 451; establishment, 456;
refuses to protect frontiers, 458; ac-
tion in Bacon's case, 461, 462; takes
flight, 463; savage ferocity, 467, 468;
censured and removed, 468; death,
468.

Bermudas, granted to Virginia in third
charter, i. 104.

Bernard, Francis, governor of New Jer-
sey, on enlarging royal power, ii. 529;
governor of Massachusetts, 531; plans
for subduing the colonies, iii. 54; se-
cret advice to the ministry, 79, 80; ad-
vice as to colonial subjection, 93, 94;
address to the legislature, 112, 113;
frightened, 139; fears trouble, 147;
calls for submission, 173; elated, 217;
altercation with the assembly, 217,
218; advises coercion, 222; naviga.