James River. He had a camp also at the village of Hampton, about three miles from Fortress Monroe. The Confederates occupied the places in front of these positions, and their cavalry used to ride down nearly every night from a place called Little Bethel, about eight miles north of Newport-News, and annoy the Union picket guards. Butler, wishing to stop this, sent up some troops, on the night of June 9-10, under General Pierce, to drive them away. Part of this force, which was largely made up of New York volunteers, marched from Hampton, with orders to go round so as to attack Little Bethel from the rear, and the remainder from Newport-News with orders to attack

General Pierce destroyed the enemy's camp at Little Bethel and advanced to Big Bethel. There he found about 1100 Confederates, under Colonel D. H.

NEIGHBORHOOD OF FORTRESS MONROE. Hill, with several guns, protected by a muddy stream in front. An attack was at once made upon them, but, being badly mismanaged, it was repulsed by the enemy. During this action fell Theodore Winthrop, well known as the author of "Cecil Dreeme," "John Brent," and other stories, who was shot by a North Carolina rifleman, while standing on a log and cheering on his men. He went from New York as a private in the ranks of the Seventh Regiment, the story of whose march to Washington he told so named after Captain Newport and Sir William Newce, whose names were jointly given to it, as was often done in naming places in those days.

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gracefully in the Atlantic Monthly Magazine two months afterward. Not satisfied with his experiences as a soldier during the thirty days' campaigning of the regiment, he accepted the position of military secretary to General Butler, an office which he had held only about a month when he met his sad fate. Another sacrifice to the cause of the Union was Lieutenant John T. Greble, of the Second Artillery, who was killed by a rifle-ball while covering the retreat by firing upon the enemy with a single field-gun. He had just ordered the gun to be taken away when the fatal ball struck him in the forehead, and he fell dead. Lieutenant Greble was the first officer of the regular army who fell in the Civil War. He was a very promising young man, and beloved by all who knew him.

We must now take a look into Western Virginia, where General Lee had sent troops for the purpose principally of overawing the inhabitants and

forcing them to take the side of secession. But most of the people there were firm Unionists, who had determined not to yield to the Richmond government. In the month of May General George B. McClellan, formerly an officer in the regular army, but then major-general of Ohio volunteers, was made a major-general in the regular army and given the command of the Department of the Ohio, formed of the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. His Department being separated from West Virginia only by the Ohio River, he was enabled to watch closely the actions of the Confederates there; and thinking that the Unionists ought to receive aid, he sent some of his troops across the river and issued a proclamation (May 26) calling upon all loyal men to take up arms against the disunionists. Many of them had already formed a regiment under command of Colonel B. F. Kelley. The Confederates, who were posted at Grafton, a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, fell back to Philippi on the approach of the Union forces. On the morning

THEODORE WINTHROP.

of June 2 an advance was made on Philippi, which is about twenty-five miles from Grafton. It was expected that the Confederates would be taken by surprise, but when the troops were approaching the place just before daylight the next morning, they were discovered by a woman, who sent her little boy by a short road over the hills to tell of their coming. When the Unionists came in sight of the camp the Confederates were all astir, and though their camp equipage was captured, the men escaped. A few volleys were exchanged by which several men.

were killed and wounded on each side. Among the wounded was Colonel Kelley, who was shot through the lungs, but he finally recovered.

The Confederates, determined to hold this mountain region if possible, sent there reinforcements of about six thousand men, under command of General Robert S. Garnett, who had been an officer of the regular army. Garnett took up a position at a place called Laurel Hill, a spur of the Alleghany Mountains, which commanded the main road from Wheeling to Staunton, placing a smaller body of men, under Colonel Pegram, at Rich Mountain, about five miles below. McClellan, who had a much superior force, made up his mind to try to capture Garnett's whole army, if possible. With this end in view, he sent General Rosecrans to assail Pegram in the rear, while he attacked in front. Rosecrans marched through thick woods and by mountain paths in a heavy rain, and finally got behind Rich Mountain. The path up the mountain was rugged and difficult, but the Union troops toiled up through briers and laurel-bushes, and over the wet rocks and slippery earth. At last the Confederates spied them, and opened on them with artillery, but their shots did little damage. After a sharp fight Rosecrans won the crest of the hill. During the following night, Pegram, finding McClellan in his front, tried to escape

to join Garnett at Laurel Hill, but he was surrounded in the

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woods the next day, and forced to surrender with six hundred men, a few companies escaping. General Garnett, hearing of Pegram's loss, tried to retreat southward, but McClellan cut off his line of retreat, and he was forced to fly eastward over a mountain road. The way was difficult, and being followed closely by the Union army, he had to turn and fight frequently. The last stand was made (July 13) at a ford on Little Cheat River, where four companies of a Georgia regiment were cut off, and General Garnett himself, while trying in vain to rally his men, was killed. The losses in killed and wounded in these engagements were not very great, but the Confederates lost. more than a thousand prisoners, with nearly all their stores, baggage, and artillery. The Unionists thus gained control of Western Virginia through the skill of General McClellan, whose ability soon won for him a wider field of action.

While these things were going on in Western Virginia, MajorGeneral Patterson, in command of the United States forces at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, had begun to move toward the Potomac. General Joseph E. Johnston, commanding the Army of the Shenandoah, feeling that Harper's Ferry could not be held, burned the great railroad bridge and other buildings there which might be useful to the enemy, and withdrew his troops. (June 13) to Winchester, in the Shenandoah Valley. Patterson crossed the Potomac three days afterward, but on the 18th the troops were all ordered to fall back into Maryland, and part of them were called to Washington. Johnston then sent General Jackson, afterward called "Stonewall," with a brigade and General J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry, to Martinsburg, to destroy all he could of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. On the 2d of July General Patterson again crossed the Potomac at Williamsport, where the water was only waist deep, and took position at Martinsburg. Jackson fell back toward Johnston, keeping up a running fire with the Union forces as he retreated. Patterson had then about eighteen thousand men, while Johnston had only about eight thousand; but instead of advancing on Winchester and attacking the enemy, as he was expected to do, he turned. toward Harper's Ferry after reaching Bunker's Hill, and marched (July 17) to Charlestown. This left Johnston free to move where he pleased. How he improved the opportunity and what effect it had on the Union cause will be shown in the next chapter.

CHAPTER VII.

BULL RUN.

FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND MORE VOLUNTEERS.-GENERAL MCDOWELL.-ON TO RICHMOND.-THE MARCH BEGUN.-BEAUREGARD'S POSITION.-BATTLE OF BULL RUN.--STONEWALL JACKSON.-JOHNSTON AIDS BEAUREGARD.-DEATH OF GENERAL BEE.-MRS. HENRY'S HOUSE.-A DISGUSTED IRISHMAN.--THE STARS AND STRIPES OR THE STARS AND BARS.-KIRBY SMITH AND EARLY TO THE RESCUE.-THE UNION ROUT.-DAVIS VISITS THE BATTLE-GROUND.-THE CENTREVILLE PICNIC.-CONFEDERATE EXAGGERATIONS.-A LONG RETREAT.-DEN I GOT OFF.-CONFEDERATE HOPES. THE NORTH PREPARES FOR WAR IN EARNEST.-MCCLELLAN IN COMMAND OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC.-THE BULL RUN MONUMENT.

THE

HE extra session of Congress called by President Lincoln met July 4, approved of the President's acts, and empowered him to accept the services of half a million more volunteers for three years. Washington was then safe from attack, but the main Confederate force still lay at Manassas Junction, within marching distance of the Capital, and people who for weeks had watched the gathering there of what they looked upon as a resistless force began to wonder why the Grand Army, as the crowd of volunteers was fondly called, did not at once move upon and crush the "rebels." General Irvin McDowell, who, under General Scott, was at the head of this force, had never commanded a large body of men in the field, but he had had a thorough military training, and had seen European armies, and he was well aware that his troops were in no condition to meet an enemy. He had worked hard to organize them, but the regiments were formed of men from all grades of life, commanded principally by civilians without military knowledge. In most cases, so little drilling had they had that they scarcely knew their commanders, and some of the brigadiergenerals had never seen their brigades in line. A large part of the men, too, were three months' volunteers, whose term of service had nearly expired. General Scott, then seventy-five years old and too weak in body to take the field, was of the same opinion with General McDowell. He knew that the army was

in no condition to move, but the people and the press started the cry "On to Richmond!" and he was at last forced to yield to public opinion and make an advance when his judgment told him it was wrong.