three o'clock in the afternoon, and the battle raged furiously until darkness put an end to it. Sometimes one side prevailed and sometimes another, but during the night the Union troops left the field in the possession of the enemy, and withdrew to Malvern Hill, where the remainder of the army was strongly posted within reach of the James River. This is sometimes called the battle of Glendale, but the Confederates called it the

battle of Frazier's Farm,

it having been fought mostly on a farm owned by a man of that name. General McCall, who so narrowly escaped capture after the battle of Gaines's Mill, fell into the hands of the enemy in this battle, and was carried a prisoner to Richmond.

Malvern Hill forms a kind of table land sloping toward Richmond. In front the ground is open, and behind that is a broken and thickly wooded country, with a long swamp passable at only a few places. General McClellan posted the left and centre of his army on Malvern Hill,

and the right in a line through the woods running back to the James River at a place called Haxa". The positions of the different commanders are shown in the awmpanying man As Lee was expected to attack on the left, the most troops were pland there, and the gunboats were so stationed in the river that they could give their & if PT.

demes be got £" by fanoes towther again in the morning of Drosisy, 7y to sod fall wed the Union troops, but an ac

1862.]

BATTLE OF MALVERN HILL.

*269

count of the difficulty of the ground he did not get ready to attack until late in the afternoon. He had made up his mind to carry the heights by storm, and to "drive the invaders into the James." The battle began by an artillery duel, which was followed by an unsuccessful attack of infantry on Couch's division, the Confederates being driven back in confusion. Another heavy attack on Porter's corps, on the left of the Union line, was also repulsed, and for a short time there was a lull in the fighting. But about six o'clock still another determined effort was made to storm the positions held by Porter and Couch. After a heavy fire from artillery, the Confederates rushed up the hill with fixed bayonets, but they were met with a fire of cannon and musketry which cut them down by hundreds. At the same time the gunboats in the river were throwing into their lines heavy shells, which burst with a dreadful noise, tearing up the earth and trees. and doing great execution. The Confederates struggled bravely, but the effort was too much for them, and by nine o'clock they were repulsed at all points and driven from the field. This battle, which is called the battle of Malvern Hill, ended in a loss to the Confederates of about five thousand men, while the Union troops did not lose more than a third as many. But although it was a victory for the Union arms, it had all the effect of a defeat, for General McClellan, feeling that his position was not a safe one, again ordered a retreat. During the night the troops took up once more their weary march. The next day was rainy, but as soon as McClellan's purpose was discovered, Lee prepared to follow again. The Union army had disappeared into a thickly wooded swamp, and it was soon found out that it had crossed the morass by a single narrow road, and taken a position at Harrison's Landing, on the James River, where it was protected by the gunboats, and where provisions could be safely brought to it. On the 8th of July, General Lee withdrew his army within the defences of Richmond.

Thus ended what is commonly called the seven days' fight before Richmond, but the fighting really ended at the close of July 1, the sixth day. McClellan's retreat continued during the seventh day, and he was not entirely settled in his new position until July 3, the eighth day after Lee's attack began. General McClellan gives his whole loss during this movement

as 15,249. But General Lee in his report estimates it as much greater, and claims that he took ten thousand prisoners, thirtyfive thousand stand of small arms, and fifty-two pieces of artillery. The Confederate loss is not fully known, but it is supposed to have been more than nineteen thousand.

As soon as the army reached the James, the Prince de Joinville and his nephews, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres, left by a gunboat for Fortress Monroe. They were sorry to leave, as they had made many friends, but urgent matters called them to Europe, and they were obliged to bring their military service in the United States to a sudden close. The young princes had performed their duties nobly during the seven days' fight, and had especially distinguished themselves in the battle at Gaines's Mills, where, attached to the staff of General Porter, they freely endangered their lives in aiding to reform the broken lines. In courage, fidelity, and activity they were excelled by none, and their brother officers who had shared the privations and dangers of the field with them saw their departure with regret.

The news of the retreat of the Army of the Potomac from its position before Richmond to the James River caused great excitement and anxiety throughout the loyal States, and President Lincoln decided to call for an additional force of three hundred thousand men. Desirous of learning the exact condition of affairs on the James, he visited the headquarters of General McClellan, July 8, and reviewed the army, which he found to consist then of eighty-six thousand men. Mr. Lincoln was fearful that General Lee's retirement toward Richmond meant an advance on Washington, and he suggested that the army should leave the Peninsula and return to Washington. But General McClellan opposed this, for he believed that with proper aid from the government Richmond might easily be taken from his new position.

CHAPTER XXIII.

POPE'S CAMPAIGN.

GENERAL POPE AND THE ARMY OF VIRGINIA.-POPE'S ADDRESS TO HIS SOLDIERS.-HALLECK AS GENERAL-IN-CHIEF.-LEE'S STRATEGY.-BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN. STUART'S RIDE

AROUND POPE.-POPE'S UNIFORM.-STONEWALL JACKSON BEHIND POPE.-FIGHT AT BRISTOW STATION. THE SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN.-POPE DECEIVED.-BATTLE OF CHANTILLY.-POPE SHOWS HIS BACK.-DEATH OF PHIL KEARNY.-POPE RESIGNS AND GOES WEST.-MCCLELLAN AGAIN.-POPE'S CHARGES AGAINST PORTER.-LEE'S SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN. THE CONFEDERATES CROSS THE POTOMAC.-COOL RECEPTION IN MARYLAND.BARBARA FRIETCHIE AND STONEWALL JACKSON.

WHI

HILE these things had been taking place before Richmond, the forces under Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had been brought together and consolidated into the Army of Virginia, the command of which had been given to Major General John Pope. As Fremont objected to serving under an officer who had been under his command in the West, his corps was given to General Sigel. General Pope, who had had some military experience in General Halleck's department, had come to Washington with singular notions about the methods of fighting in the East and the West, and soon after taking command he issued a bombastic address to his army, in which he cast reflections on the generals who had preceded him, and boasted of what he himself intended to do. "I have come to you," he said, "from the West, where we have always seen the backs of our enemies-from an army whose business it has been to seek the adversary, and to beat him when found." This made him unpopular with the Eastern soldiers, and created illfeeling against him among the officers.

It soon became evident that General Pope's ideas of conducting the war were so different from those of General McClellan and other officers in command of his army that they could not act in harmony unless they had some officer over them; so Major-General Halleck was called from the West and made general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. In this position of course he outranked both officers, and both had to obey his orders. He agreed with General Pope in criticising McClellan's movement to the James River, and insisted that the Army of the Potomac should be removed from the Penin

sula and brought back before Washington. This was precisely what General Lee wished to bring about, for McClellan's army was still very strong and, while holding a position almost impossible to be successfully attacked, continually threatened Richmond. President Lincoln had promised to send General McClellan twenty thousand men from Burnside's department in North Carolina, and with this addition to his army McClellan intended to advance once more against Richmond.

Lee finally concluded that the best way to get rid of McClellan would be to attack Pope's army and thus threaten Washington again, for he knew through his spies of nearly everything going on there, and he felt that such a movement would

frighten the politicians and bring such a pressure to bear on Mr. Lincoln that he would be forced to recall the Army of the Potomac. He therefore sent Stonewall Jackson to Gordonsville, toward which Pope appeared to be moving. Gordonsville was an important railroad place, on the line of the railway connecting Richmond with the Shenandoah Valley and with southwestern Virginia. Pope was then on the other side of the Rapidan with about forty thousand men, and Jackson, finding him too strong to attack, waited at Gordonsville for reinforcements. He was soon joined by A. P. Hill, and he then crossed the Rapidan in search of Pope. On the 9th of August part of his force, under General Ewell, attacked General Banks's corps at Cedar Mountain, and after a hard fight defeated it. Banks fell back, pursued by the enemy, and Jackson, after holding the battle-field two days, recrossed the Rapidan to Gordonsville. He was soon after joined by Lee with Longstreet's division and Stuart's cavalry, and moved forward again across the Rapidan. Pope then fell back behind the Rappahannock. Lee followed, and tried to find a place to cross the river, but all

HENRY WAGER HALLECK.