before then, at the head of their organ the Workingman's Advocate, published in the city of New York between 1825 and 1830.

The Anarchists are thus regarded by the Socialist Labor Movement of America and Europe, as the natural enemies of Socialists all the world over. Anarchism can not subsist in any civilized country. The only place, or at least "the best place for an Anarchist is in Central Africa, where the absolute sovereignty' of his individualism could run riot in conjunction with its logical sequence-pure and simple barbarism conjoined to conditions analagous to the gorilla state." All of which possibilities are certainly hostile to the belief of Socialists that civilization to be assured must recognize with them

"LOVE AS OUR PRINCIPLE, ORDER AS OUR Basis, Progress as OUR END.”

And if these fundamentals be not adhered to, then there will never be realized the prophecy of Claude Henri, Count St. Simon, "the Socialist,"—who fought with Lafayette, Rochambeau, Steuben, Kosciusko, Pulaski and other humanitarian foreigners to free the American colonies from British monarchical tyranny, and whose never to be forgotten words were

"THE FUTURE IS OURS."

A

CHAPTER II.

CAUSES OF GREELEY'S SOCIALISM.

MERICAN Socialism having been shown to be altruistic, coöperative and peaceful, and to be absolutely antagonistic to its antithesis Anarchism, which is egoistic, competitive and violent, nothing more need be said on that subject in these pages than to refer the reader to Horace Greeley's lecture on the "Emancipation of Labor' in which he very clearly expresses the opinion that anarchic methods generally lead to reaction culminating in despotism, instancing the French Revolution as a case in point, by showing how Marat and the sanguinary "Sans Culottes" of '93 led to Napoleon and the Empire. Having done with this matter, we will now answer at length two of our former questions, which were :—

What were the causes that made Horace Greeley a Socialist? And-Why was he so earnest in the cause of industrial reform ?

On Memorial Day, 1889, the comrades of Horace Greeley Grand Army Post stood around Greeley's grave in Greenwood Cemetery,- —as is their annual custom when they decorate his last resting place with flowers, evergreens and American flags,-and listened to an address. The orator of the occasion, Col. J. M. Lawson, then told the Post,which principally consists of journeymen printers and working journalists, that the youth of Greeley "was an unva

rying round of study, industry and constant privation, yet of thorough indifference to the untoward experiences which marked this period of his life. He was endowed with none of the graces of even the crude society from which he sprung, and his person was destitute of polish, charm or fascination; but as he grew to manhood, it began to be perceived that his was no ordinary intellect, and that, added to an insatiable thirst for knowledge, he was gifted with a marvelous memory, a ready, apt and logical utterance, a subtile sense of discrimination, and a keen insight into the mysteries of life. Hence it was that he soon became the youthful mentor of the village of East Poultney, Vermont, in fact its town encyclopedia. It was here, after the most rudimentary opportunities of the district school followed by the largest range of reading possible in an intelligent commonwealth of New England, that he entered a printing office as an apprentice and laid the foundation of his future editorial career.

"From the age of fifteen to twenty he was a wanderer on foot, carrying his humble pack over the hills of New Hampshire, crossing the dense woods of the Empire State, and penetrating the uncut forests of Pennsylvania, always in pursuit of the practice of his craft. And were these migrations, like those of the trader and the pioneer, that he might lay up riches? Not that—only that his surplus earnings might go to save the encumbered farm of his father. This self-abnegation and generosity were worthy and conspicuous features of his subsequent life.

"On the 18th of August, 1831, Horace Greeley, having descended the Hudson from Albany, arrived in the City of New York with a capital of ten dollars. I will not recount the scoffs and jeers which greeted his uncouth appearance as he went from printing office to printing office in search

of work; how most unwillingly and by a mere accident he was put to the test as a practical typesetter."

And so forth. But poetic, albeit earnest descriptions,— in which the progress from poverty to capital is related,—— cannot do justice to his hard, cruel childhood and early manhood, which helped to make him a Socialist. Horace Greeley, "born of republican parentage, of an ancestry which participated vividly in the hopes and fears, the convictions. and efforts of the American Revolution," was not the man to feel "thorough indifference to the untoward experiences" which marked his early life. On the contrary, he thought it all out and became an enthusiast of ways and means, not only for the temporary amelioration, but for the final emancipation of the whole human race from every kind of slavery.

As a boy and young man, Greeley knew little other than wretchedness, hunger and bankruptcy. He was even a "tramp" in search of work, after having seen his family driven by the relentless law out of their home to starve or rot. He was profoundly impressed by the tragedy of the death of his mother who, he says-"had for years been worn out by hard work and broken down in mind and body, when toil and trouble had gained the victory over her." He had been born and lived in New Hampshire, the very stony soil of which made the agricultural element a poverty-stricken people. In fact when Greeley was nine years old, in 1820, almost every one in New Hampshire, he asserts, was "hopelessly involved, every third farm was in the sheriff's hands, and every poor man leaving for 'the West' who could raise the money requisite for getting away. Everything was cheap,-dog cheap; yet the comparatively rich were embarrassed, and the poor were often compulsorily idle, and on the brink of famine."

Horace Greeley had to work on his father's farm almost

from the time he could walk and then, he states, "first learned that this is a world of hard work. Often called out of bed at dawn to ride horse to plow' among the growing corn, potatoes, and hops, we would get as much plowed by 9 to 10 A. M. as could be hoed that day; when I would be allowed to start for school, where I sometimes arrived as the forenoon session was half through. In Winter, our work was lighter; but the snow was often deep and drifted, the cold intense, the north wind piercing, and our clothing thin."

His father who was always on the verge of ruin, dealt in lumber, besides being a farmer, and in August, 1820, Greeley tells us, occurred a family catastrophe brought about by the chronic "bad times" and pecuniary shortage in the paternal homestead combined, when, as we are informed, "the sheriff and sundry other officials, with two or three of our principal creditors, appeared, and-first formally demanding payment of their claims-proceeded to levy on farm, stock, implements, household stuff, and nearly all our worldly possessions but the clothes we stood in. There had been no writ issued till then, -of course, no trial, no judgment,—but it was a word and a blow in those days, and the blow first, in the matter of debt-collecting by legal process. Father left the premises directly, apprehending arrest and imprisonment, and was invisible all day; the rest of us repaired to a friendly neighbor's, and the work of levying went on in our absence. It is needless to add that all we had was swallowed up, and our debts not much lessened. Our farm, which had cost us $1,350, and which had been considerably improved in our hands, was appraised and set off to creditors at $500, out of which the legal costs were first deducted. A barn-full of rye, grown by us on another's land, whereof we owned an undivided half,