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cal geographical observations, 194-Divisions of this part of the

subject, 195-Form of country, 195 - Mountain ranges, 197-

Valleys, 198-Rivers, 199― Diagram illustrating affluent and con-

fluent streams, 200-Nature of the observations to be made on

rivers, 201 Springs, 202-Lakes, 203 - Lagoons and marshes,

203-Line of coast, 204-Oceans, islands, rocks, shoals, &c., 205

-Tides, storms, tempests, &c., 206-Other objects and phenomena

which are worthy of notice, 207-POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, 208 —

Divisions of political geography, 208- Population, 208 - What to

observe with relation to population, 210- Language, 210-Govern-

ment, 212-Buildings, 213-Agriculture, 214-Trade and com-

merce, 215-Questions to be resolved with regard to trade and

commerce, 216-Past history and antiquities of countries visited, 217

-Coins, manuscripts, and works of art, 217.

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THIRD DIVISION, SECTION 2.

STATISTICS.

Population, 219-Methods of ascertaining the numbers of the popula-

tion, 219-Employments of the people, 221 - Result of labour, 223

- Hours of employment, 224 - Expenditure of families, 225- Edu-

cation, 226-State of crime, 227 - Public roads, 229-Home manu-

factures, 229-Foreign commerce, 231—Imports and exports, 232

-Home trade, 232 Currency and banking, 233-Weights and

measures, 233-Joint-Stock Companies, 233 - Public revenue, 234

-Municipal regulations, 234- Hospital accommodation, 234 — Rail-

roads, steamboats, &c., 234.

THIRD DIVISION, SECTION 3.

MEDICINE AND MEDICAL STATISTICS.

Climate as affecting health, 236 — Principal atmospheric elements, 237

-Importance of hygrometrical observations, 238-Effects of dry

and moist air, 239-State of the pulse at different elevations, 240 –

Conduction of terrestrial miasmata, 240-Importance of accurate

hydrographical observations, 241-Origin and character of febrile

diseases, 241-Local or personal causes of fevers, 242-Contagious

character of fevers on board of ships to be examined, 243- Yellow

fever, 244-Its treatment, 245- Idiopathic fever, 245- Period of

incubation in endemic and contagious diseases, 246-Exanthematous

diseases, 247-Asiatic cholera, 247- Plague, 248-Geographical

distribution of diseases, 248-Treatment of diseases amongst un-

civilized tribes, 249- Narcotic poisons, 249 Preservation of

medical plants and seeds, 249-Mode of keeping medical journals

on board ships of war, 250.

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THIRD DIVISION, SECTION 4.

ETHNOLOGY.

Objects of the science of Ethnology, 253- Physical characters of

nations, 254-Complexion and colour, 254-Shape of the features,

255- Colour of the eyes, hair, &c., 255 — Stature and weight, 255—

Shape and relative size of the head, 256— Form and structure of the

body, 257- Muscular strength, 257 - Characteristics of the state of

Society, 258-Practice of agriculture, 260-Mechanical arts, 260-

Metallurgy, 261-Arts of war, 261-Clothing, 261 - Domesticated

animals, 262-Art of navigation, 262- Notions on Physical Science,

262-Notions of morality, 263-Regulations of social life, 263—

Polygamy, 264-Civil government, 264-Religious impressions and

superstitions, 264-Language, poetry, and literature, 265-Im-

portance of obtaining specimens of composition, 265 Methods of

obtaining information concerning languages in which no written com-

positions exist, 266.

FOURTH DIVISION, SECTION 1.

GEOLOGY.

Advantages possessed by naval officers for the acquirement of facts in

geology, 268- Precautions to be observed by collectors of specimens,

269— Problems still waiting for solution, 270 — Acquirement of the

necessary rudimentary knowledge shown to be easy, 270- List of

useful books, 271-Tools and apparatus, 271- Rules for collecting,

272- Methods for observing, 273 - Organic remains, 275-Neces-

sity of separation of fossils found in different strata, 276— Import-

ance of individual fossil remains, 277 — Value of collections of recent

shells for comparison with those found in tertiary strata, 277 —

Rarity and value of bones of vertebrated animals, 277-Caverns, 278

-Fossil footsteps, 279 Coal deposits, 279-Salt deposits, 281-

Cleavage, 282—Nature of the sea bottom, 284-Origin of the sort-

ing of pebbles at different depths beneath the sea, 284-Observa-

tions connected with aqueous catastrophes, 286-Ice-action, 287-

Erratic boulders, 288-Deposits of "till," 288-Distribution of

organic beings, 289-Volcanic phenomena, 290—Craters of eleva-

tion, 291 - Aërial dust, 292-Elevation of the land, 293-Subsi-

dence of the land, 295- Coral reefs, 295-Rate of growth of coral,

296- Evidence of slow sinking of the land to be sought for on reefs

and atolls, 297-Value of the description of a thick and widely-

extended mass of coral rock, 298-Concluding instructions, 299.

FOURTH DIVISION, SECTION 2.

MINERALOGY.

Classification of minerals, 300-List of minerals already classified, 301

-Simple apparatus for distinguishing minerals, 301-List of works

giving accounts of the characters of minerals, and the methods of

observing them, 302-Chief characteristics in the discrimination of

minerals, 302-Cleavages, 302-Goniometers: Carengeot's, Wol-

laston's, &c., 303-Books treating of elementary crystallography,

304-Prices of collections of models in wood, 304-Distinctions

between true crystals and pseudomorphous minerals, 304 — List of

works treating of pseudomorphous minerals, 304- List of works

on chemistry useful in the study of mineralogy, 305 — Use of

the blow-pipe or dry method in determining the constituents of

minerals, 306-Method of using the blow-pipe, with lists of auxiliary

instruments and re-agents, 307-Tools necessary for the travelling

mineralogist, 310-Hints useful in searching for minerals, 310—

Crystalline and other bodies to be searched for when crystals have

been found in a vein, 312 — Importance of observing and recording

the association and succession of minerals in veins, 313-Cavities of

igneous rocks, &c., to be searched for minerals, 315-Minerals of

the zoolite family; where commonly found, 316-Siliceous deposits,

agate, stalactites, &c., 316-Siliceous and calcareous nodules and

clay ironstones, 317-Crystallized minerals found in the bodies of

rocks, 318- Porphyritic rocks, 319-Observations to be made in

volcanic districts, 319-Isolated minerals in metamorphic rocks, 319

-Minerals found in moraines, 320-Gold found in rocks and sand.

320- Minerals occurring in masses or beds, 321-Coal not confined

to rocks of a particular geological date, 321-Peculiar features

usually characterise beds containing coal, 322 — Fossil plants found

in the neighbourhood of coal, 322-Means of detecting coal-beds

by the detritus of brooks and rivers, 323.

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FOURTH DIVISION, SECTION 3.

EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

Definition of Seismology, 325—Explanation of the pulse or wave of
force, 325-Instances of elastic waves, 325, 326-Velocity of trans-
mission of waves of force in different substances, 326- Magnitude
of the wave, 326-Definition of an earthquake considered as the
transit of waves of elastic compression, 327- Fundamental condi-
tions of the propagation of seismic waves, 327 - List of works to be
referred to, 329- Usual features, &c., of earthquakes, 329 — Primary
and secondary phenomena of earthquakes, 329, 330-Centre of
impulse or origin of earthquakes, 330— Great earth-wave occurring

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in earthquakes inland, 330-Secondary elastic waves, 331-Forced

sea-wave, 332-Sound-waves through the earth and air accom-

panying fracture, 332-Phenomena accompanying earthquakes

beneath the sea, 332- Translation of the great sea-wave, its altitude,

and volume, 333-Means of observing earthquake phenomena, 334 —

Districts favourable for seismometrical researches, 334- Mercurial

instrument for observing earthquakes, 335-337- Description of heavy

solid pendulum to be employed for violent shocks, 338 — Objection

to instruments of this class, 339-Observations with a bowl of

viscous fluid, 339 — Other instruments, 340-Considerations which

determine the direction and velocity of an earthquake shock, 340 —

Arrangement of cylinders for determining the direction and hori-

zontal velocity of the shock, 341-3-Arrangements for determining

by means of a common clock the instant of the shock, 345-7 — Sum-

mary of observations to be made, 348- Calabrian obelisks, 350-

Meizoseismic circle or zone, 351 - Remarks on doubtful phenomena

worthy of record, 352 — Observations proper to be made in a city

overthrown or affected by an earthquake, 352-Local conditions to

be recorded, 353- Secondary phenomena to be observed, 353—

Sea-waves produced by falls of rock or landslips, 354-Effect of

earthquakes upon wells, springs, &c., 354- Permanent elevations and

depressions of the land accompanying earthquakes, 355- Effect on

rivers, 355-Observations on the forced sea-wave, 355- Observa-

tions of waves of sound, 356- Observations on the great sea-wave,

356-Use of the sextant in measuring the elevation of the crest of

the wave, 357— Means of determining the length of the wave, 357

-Secondary effects of the great sea-wave, 358-Specimens to be

taken of the fragments moved by the wave, 359- Collateral condi-

tions to be observed, 360— Effects on man and the lower animals,

360-Trustworthy traditions to be sought for, 361 Coseismal and

meizoseismal curves to be laid down, 361-Effects of earthquakes

felt at sea, 362- List of works, 363.

FOURTH DIVISION, SECTION 4.

ZOOLOGY.

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Instructions for collecting and preserving animals, 364- Àlgæ, 364

Sponges, 365-Corallines, 365-Corals, 365-Cautions to be

observed in collecting, 366- Instructions for preserving dried spe-

cimens, 367- Recipes for solutions proper for preserving specimens,

368. INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 369-Reference to works, 369—

Methods of collecting specimens of animalcules, 370—Acalephæ, 37

— Echinoderms, 371-Entozoa, 372- Epizoa, 373 - Cirrepedia, 374

— Crustacea, 375 — Varnish for crabs, eggs, &c., 376— Insecta, 376.

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MOLLUSCA, 378-Cephalopods, Spirula, Nautilus Pompilius, &c.,

379-Importance of drawings, 379-Pholades, Lithodomi, 380 –

Solens, Cardia, Tellinæ, Naticæ, Terebræ, &c., 381. VERTEBRATA,

382-Hunter's directions for preserving large specimens of fish,

382-3 Interesting fish of which specimens are required, 383-4 -

Directions for preserving fishes, 384. REPTILES, 385. BIRDS, 386-

Best mode of preserving birds, 387- Recipe for arsenical soap, 388

Directions for the collection of birds, 390. MAMMALS, 391-

Directions for skinning quadrupeds, 393-Directions for packing

and labelling specimens, 395- Necessary materials for determining

species, 396. THE HUMAN RACE, 396- Queries to be resolved by

travellers, 397-Transport of living animals, 398 - Directions for

treatment of animals, 398 - Hints for transporting humming-birds,

399-Importance of specimens of fossils, fossil-bones, &c., 401 - On

the use of the microscope on board ship, 402-The most useful

lenses particularized, 404- Instruments for minute dissection, 405

Notes of observation in the anatomical examination of an animal,

407-General directions to be observed during a voyage, 409.

FOURTH DIVISION, SECTION 5.

BOTANY.

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Importance of the transmission home of well-preserved living plants or

of dried botanical specimens, &c., 413 - Living plants for cultivation,

413-Seeds, bulbs, &c., 414-Cuttings, 414-Rooted plants, 414

– On preserving plants for the herbarium, 415 — Paper, where pro-

curable, 415- Directions for drying and preserving, 415 - Museum

of vegetable products, 417 - Classes of objects to be collected, 417-

9-All regions of the world offer valuable specimens, 419 — Regions

almost unknown to the naturalist, 420- List of botanical works.

420. BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES AND DESI-

DERATA, 421 - Copal, 421 - Grains of Paradise, 421- Cardamom,

Olibanum, Myrrh, 422- Gum Tragacanth, Storax, 423-Salep,

Sumbul Root, Assafoetida, Sagapenum, Galbanum, 424 - Opopanax,

Rhubarb, 425 - Catechu, Grass Oils, Gum Benjamin, Siamese Car-

damom, 425-Cassia Bark, Cassia Buds, Galangal Root, Elemi,

426- Sarsaparilla, Rhatany Root, Malambo Bark, Balsam of Co-

paiva, 427-Lignaloe, Lignum nephriticum, Peruvian Bark, Balsam

of Peru, 428- Balsam of Tolu, 429.