preaching twice and catechising. And in our great need we kept 2 solemn fasts Let all that love and use fast

ing and prayer take notice that it is as prevailable by sea as by land, whensoever it is faithfully performed.-Quoted in Hart, I, p. 194, from Thomas Hutchinson's Collections.

3. The Indians.

Peckham, 1582, says:

All Savages

as soon as they shall begin but a little

to taste of civility will take marvellous delight in any garment,

be it never so simple

for such a trifle.

and will take incredible pains Now to the end it may appear

that this voyage is not undertaken altogether for the peculiar commodity of ourselves

that

yeelde us

it shall fall out in proof

if in respect of all the commodities they can that they should but receive this only benefit of Christianity, they were more than fully recompenced. Wee got for trifles neer 1100 Bever skinnes, 100 Martins, and neer as many Ottus.-Captain J. Smith in "A Description of New England."

Governor Winslow, 1621, says they were "very trusty, quick of apprehension, ripe-witted, just."

Penn, in 1683, testifies that

he will deserve the name of wise who outwits them in any treaty about a thing they understand. Do not abuse them, but let them have justice and you win them.— Quoted from Janney's Life of Penn.

4. Mechanism of colonization.

The colonization companies in England were certainly rare enthusiasts. It is amusing to notice in the proceedings of the Council for New England, 1622, the following item:

at

It is agreed that ye Councell meet the Morrow Sr. Ferd: Gorges Lodgings for conferring about ye forme of a patent betweene 7 and 8 o'clock in ye morneing.

The royal generosity of the kings in giving away continents is well illustrated by this account of how the above company disposed of New England, 1623:

There were presented to the Kings most excellent Matie a Plot of all the Coasts and lands of New England devided

into twenty parts each part conteyning two shares, And twenty lotts conteyning the said double shares made upp in little bales of waxe, And the names of twenty Pattentees by whom these lotts were to be drawne.-From Proceedings American Antiquarian Society.

Having given the lands to the companies, these must settle them. The proposal of the proprietors of Carolina in 1663 illustrates the method, and the expectations:

›Wee will grante to every present Undrtaker for his oune head, 100 acres of land, to him and his heires forever, to be held in free and common Soccage, & for every man Sarvt yt he shall bringe or send thithr yt is fitt to bare Armes, armed wth a good fierlocke Musket, performed boare, 12 bullets to ye pound, and wth 20 lb. of powder & 20 lb. of Bullets, 50 acres of land.-Hart, I, 297.

The charters show the crude geographical ideas and the dangers inherent in promiscuous grants. In the instruction given by Charles II., in 1660, to the first Council for Foreign Plantations we find the following unconscious estiImate of this chaos:

You shall informe yourselves by the best wayes and meanes you can of the state and condicon of all Forraigne Plantacions, and by what comissions or authorities they are and have bene governed and disposed of; and are to procure copies of all such comissions and graunts that you may be the better able to understand judge and administer.-Documents, New York..

In 1621 the Virginia Company, of London, tells us how they sent over fifty young women to be given in marriage for "one hundred and fiftie pounds of the best leafe tobacco for each of them;" for, they add, "we have used extraordinary care and diligence in the choice of them, and have received none of whom we have not had good testimony of theire honest life and cariadge."

In 1660 Charles II., in his instructions for the first Council for Foreign Plantations, has the following:

You are to apply your selves to all prudential meanes for the rendering those dominions usefull to England and England helpfull to them, and for the bringing the severall Colonies and Plantacons, within themselves, into a more certaine civill and uniforme of goveremt and for the better ordering and distributeing of publique justice among them.—Documents, New York.

5. Political life.

James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., whereas Sir Thomas Gates (and others) consisting of certain Knights, Gentlemen, Merchants, and other adventurerss, have been humble suitors unto us, that We would vouchsafe unto them our License, to make Habitation in that part

of America commonly called VIRGINIA,

situate

between four and thirty Degrees of Northerly Latiand five and forty Degrees of the same Lati

We, greatly commending, .

the Glory of his Divine Majesty,

the Infidels and Savages

their hereafter tend to

and in time bring

to human civility, and to

a settled and quiet government: Do, &c., agree. Poore, II, 1888. Charter, 1606.

We

do . . Give, Grant and Confirm to our trusty and well-beloved subjects, Robert, Earl of Salisbury,

Captain Pagnam

Sir HumphGeorge Piercy,

Dr. Meadows,

Geo. Bolls, Esq., Sher

iff of London, Wm. Crashaw, Clerk, Batchelor of Divinity,

Thomas Harris, Gentleman,

Geo. Walker,

Sadler, John Swinhow, stationer, Wm. Brown, shoemaker, Frances Binley, minister, Richard Shepherd, preacher, William Shirley, haberdasher, Wm. Gibbs, merchant, Thomas Gypes, cloth-maker, John Dike, fishmonger, Christopher Vertue, vintner, the Company Robert

of Goldsmiths, the Company of Brewers Chening, yeoman,

that they shall be one Body or

Commonalty perpetual "having that part of America called Virginia "[description follows, but it is too long

to quote].-Charter, 1609. Poore, Charters.

1610. Virginia.-Sir Thomas Gates draws the character of the first settlers. There was

a great shipwrack in the continent of Va. by the tempest of dissention: every man overvaluing his own worth, would be a Commander; every man underprising an others value, denied to be commanded. The next fountaine of woes was secure negligence, and improvidence, when every man sharked for his present bootie, but was altogether carlesse of succeeding penurie. Unto idlenesse you may joyne treasons, wrought by those unhallowed creatures that forsooke the ColUnto Treasons, you may joyne 'covetousnesse in the Mariners, who partly imbezzled the provisions, partly prevented our trade with the Indians, making the matches in the night, and forestalling our market in the day.

ony.

Cast up this reckoning together: want of government, store of idlenesse, their expectations frustrated by the traitors, their market spoyled by the Mariners, our nets broken, the deere chased, our boats lost, our hogs killed, our trade with the Indians forbidden, some of our men fled, some murthered, and most weakened, and indanngered, famyne and sicknesse by all these meanes increased.-Hart, I, 206–208.

1619. Virginia.-We have an official "Reporte of the ... General Assembly convened at James City, in Virginia, July 30, 1619, consisting of the Governor, the Counsell of Estates, and two Burgesses elected out of eache Incorporation and Plantation, and being dissolved the 4th of August."

The most convenient place we could finde to sitt in was the Quir of the Churche Where Sir George Yeardley, the Governor, being sitt down in his accustomed place, those of the Counsel of Estate sate nexte him on both handes, except onely the Secretary then appointed Speaker, who sate right before him, John Twine, Clerke of the General assembly, being placed next the Speaker, and Thomas Pierse, the Sergeant, standing at the barre, to be ready for any Service the Assembly should command him. But forasmuche as men's affaires doe little prosper where God's service is neglected . . a prayer was said. Prayer being ended, to the intente that as we had begun at God Almighty, so we might proceed with awful and due respecte towards the Lieutenant, our most gratious and dread Soveraigne.

[The

Assembly proceeded immediately to pass laws "Against Idleness, Gaming, durunkenes & excesse in apparell" within three days.]-Colonial Records of Virginia.

1620. Massachusetts.-Rev. John Robinson wrote his advice after the Pilgrim colonists, whom he could not accompany.

Whereas you are to become a Body Politick

and

are not furnished with Persons of special Eminency to be chosen by you into Office of Government; Let your Wisdome and Godliness appear not onely in choosing such Persons as do intirely love the common Good; but also in yielding unto them all due Honour and Obedience in their lawful Administration, not beholding in them the Ordinariness of their Persons, but God's Ordinance for your Good; and this Duty you may the more willingly, and ought the more conscionably to perform, because you to have them for your ordinary Governours which you yourselves shall make choice of for that Work.Hazard, Collections.

are

1620.-Mayflower Compact.

This day, before we came to harbor, observing some not well affected to unity and concord

it was thought good

there should be an association and agreement

the loyall sub

have

submit to such government and governors as we should by common consent agree to make and choose. In ye name of God, Amen. We jects of our dread Soveraigne Lord King James ing undertaken, for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian faith and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plan ye first colonie in ye Northene parts of Virginia. Doe by these presents in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick; for our better ordering, and preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute and frame such just & equall lawes

as shall be thought most meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye colonie: unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd ye 11 of November . .. Ano Dom. 1620.-Winthrop, History of Mass.

1632.-Governor Winthrop tells us in his Journal that (2-17-1633)

The governour and assistants called before them divers of Watertown. The occasion was, for that a warrant the pas

being sent to Watertown for levying of £8

tor and elder, etc., assembled the people and delivered their