Note VII.-a. I will submit me, for submission brings peace. C. S. b. This is true power; it approaches men to God. F. S.

c. His English partialities swerved him from the straight path of neutrality. F. S.

Note VIII.—a. In his life he ran the race of godliness, and now he wears the crown of victory. C. S.

b. A crown is a silver coin which weighs nineteen pennyweights. C. S.

Note IX.-a. These victories in India swelled his fame. C. S.

b. Provoked by the insult and the injury, he swelled with rage. C. S. Note X.- -a. These lines from Wordsworth read well. C. S. b. This apple is unripe, and is not fit to eat.

C. S.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB.

§ 387. RULE XXIX.-The verb am, and some others, admit after them a Predicate noun in the same case as the Subject; as, "Virtue alone is happiness;" "Hannibal was a famous Carthaginian general," " Washington was chosen commander-in-chief;" "He was called the arch-magician," "He will turn out a villain."

66

"I should go mad."-DE QUINCEY. "He obliged the Nile to run bloody for your sakes." The verbs to become, to grow, to remain, to seem, to be chosen, to be named, to feel, as to feel strong, and many others, belong to this class.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXIX.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB.

RULE XXIX.-a. Reverence and tenderness are the hallowed avenues through which alone true souls can come together.-H. J. TUCKERMAN. C. S.

b. He declared in the Senate that Catiline was a traitor.
c. Knowledge is the parent of love; wisdom love itself.
d. She walks a goddess and she moves a queen. C. S.
e. When knowledge was falsely called wisdom. C. S.
The Swan on still St. Mary's lake
Floats double, swan and shadow. C. S.

J.

THE SYNTAX OF THE INFINITIVE MODE.

C. S.
C. S.

$ 388. RULE XXX.-A verb in the Infinitive Mode depends upon a finite verb which it follows; as, "Cease to do evil; learn to do well;" "His penetration and diligence seemed to vie with each other."

Note I.-Besides entering thus into construction in dependence upon another verb, the infinitive mode also sometimes depends, a. On a Substantive; as, "He showed an eagerness to learn;" b. On an Adjective;

t

as, "He was eager to learn;" c. On a Pronoun; as, "Is it lawful for us to give tribute to Cæsar?" d. On an Infinitive verb; as, "To make believe;" e. On an Adverb; as, "He knows not how to learn;" f. On a second Preposition; as, "And he stood up for to read;" g. On a Conjunction; as, "An object so high as to be inaccessible."

Note II.-The Infinitive with its preposition expresses a coming event, an end, purpose, or cause; as, "Christmas is to be celebrated next week;" "I read to learn;" "I rejoice to hear it."

Note III.—An Infinitive may be a subject, or predicate, or direct object; as, "To die is gain;" "To be virtuous is to be happy;" "I dread to see him." It is remarkable that in these cases to is retained. See 263.

Note IV.-The Infinitive is used to express necessity or obligation; as, "It is never to be forgotten;" "It is greatly to be deplored;" "I had to pay it."

Note V.-The Infinitive of the Substantive verb has the same case after it as before it; as, "They supposed us to be them." In Interrogative sentences, both of the cases sometimes precede; as, "Whom do you suppose him to be?"

Note VI.-Some verbs are immediately followed by an Infinitive when the Object is the same as the Subject, but are followed by the Accusative and the Infinitive when the object is different; as, "I wish to go;" "I wish him to go."

Note VII.-Many verbs are never followed by the Infinitive without the Accusative, except in the passive voice; as, "I advised him to do it;" but passively, "I am advised to do it.' In this construction the accusative may be considered as both the object of the finite verb and the subject of the infinitive mode.

Note VIII.-An Infinitive, though it often comes last in the sentence, is seldom or never the Predicate, except when another infinitive is the subject; as, "To enjoy is to obey.'

Note IX.-The Infinitive is sometimes used absolutely; as, "To confess the truth, I was not present."

Note X.-The Active form of the Infinitive is often used in a Passive sense; as, "There is no time to waste;” “John has a house to sell."

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXX.

THE INFINITIVE MODE.

RULE XXX.-a. So far, peace seems to smile upon our future independence. C. S.

b. The Norman, shut out from France, began more and more to feel that England was his home and his sphere. C. S.

Note I.-a.

Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star

In his deep course? C. S.

b. In their conduct they are anxious to avoid even the appearance of evil. C. S.

c. It would be wrong for them to desert the cause they have undertaken. C. S.

d. To pretend to feel affection when none is felt is hypocrisy. C. S. e. They told him where to spend the night. C. S.

f. And what went ye out for to see? C. S.

g. Nothing makes a man more suspicious than to know little. C. S. Note II.-a. During the whole campaign he sought to fight. C. S. b. He studied to learn his duty. C. S.

Note III.- -a. To suffer is the destiny of man. C. S.

b. To live is to be miserable. C. S.

c. He loves to fight. C. S. :

Note IV.-a. The debt is to be paid. C. S.

b. Sin is to be repented of. C. S.

Note V. a. When questioned, he declared them to be soldiers. C.S. b. In their statements, whom do they represent me to be? C. S. Note VI.-a. I desire to learn the science of astronomy. C. S. b. I desire him to learn the science of astronomy. C. S.

Note VII.-They urged him to declare war. He was urged to declare war. C. S.

Note VIII.-Remember that to be humble is to be wise. C. S.

Note IX.-a. To say nothing of his ignorance, he is a bad man. C. S. b. It is not once in ten attempts that you can find the case you seek in any law-book, to say nothing of those numerous points of conduct concerning which the law professes not to prescribe. C. S. Note X.-In that affair he is to blame. C. S.

THE INFINITIVE MODE.

§ 389. RULE XXXI.-The verbs Bid, feel, dare, do, have, hear, let, make, need, see, may, can, will, shall, must, are followed by the Infinitive, without the preposition to; as, "I bid her alight;" "I make him go;" "I feel the pain abate," "I saw him fall,” "We heard him say .99 "He let me go," "I dare go;" "I need not go," "I do go," "Would they have us go?” “I may go," "I can go," "I will go," "I shall go;" "I must go." Some other verbs are sometimes in the same construction; as, Observe, perceive, know, help. The to is seldom or never omitted after the perfect participle used passively; as, "We are bidden to rest;" "he was seen to move. To this let forms an excep

tion.

Note I.-BID, in the sense of command, usually is followed by an object and the infinitive without the preposition to; as, "Lord, if it be thou, bid me come to thee on the water." In the sense of promise, it is followed by an infinitive with the preposition; as, “He bids fair to make an able statesman."

Note II. DARE, used Intransitively, is followed by an infinitive without the preposition; as, "I dare do all that may become a man.' Dare, Transitive, is followed by the preposition to; as, "I dare you to do it." Note III.—FEEL, used Intransitively, is followed by an object and the

infinitive without the preposition; as, "I feel it move.' When used Intransitively, the infinitive has the preposition; as, "I felt afraid to speak."

Note IV.-NEED, when Transitive, is regular in its inflections; but when Intransitive, it drops the personal terminations in the present tense, is formed like the auxiliaries, and followed by the verb without the prefix to; as, "I need not go any further;" "She need dig no more." -Spectator, No. 121. "He need not urge this honorable court." To this there are exceptions: as,

"Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,

That to be hated needs but to be seen."-POPE.

Note V.-MAKE, in the language of Scripture, is followed by to; as, "He maketh his sun to rise." Sometimes the verb be is introduced after the verb make, while the preposition to is suppressed; as, "He is careful to make every word be heard."

Note VI.-HAVE, signifying possession or obligation, is generally followed by to; as, "I had to do this." When it implies volition, to is generally omitted; as, "Would you have us reject such an offer?" And yet we find," Him would Paul have to go forth with him." See § 263. The Infinitive present standing after have, in some cases expresses a duty, or task, or necessity; as, "I have to work for my bread."

When an Infinitive clause follows a transitive verb, the pronoun it is often placed immediately after the verb, and the infinitive placed in apposition to it; as, "I found it to no purpose to lay much stress on those texts that are usually alleged on the occasion."

The construction of English Infinitives is twofold: 1. OBJECTIVE; 2. GERUNDIAL.

When one verb is followed by another without the preposition to, the construction must be considered to have grown out of the objective case, or from the form in -an. This in the present English is the rarer of the two constructions. See § 263.

When a verb is followed by another, preceded by the preposition to, the construction must be considered to have grown out of the so-called Gerund, that is, the form in -nne, i. e., the Dative case: I begin to move. This is the construction with the great majority of English verbs.-La

THAM.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXXI.

RULE XXXI., Note I.-a. After the fatigues of the day, night bids us C. S.

rest.

C. S.
C. S.

b. He bids fair to be an eminent scholar. C. S.
Note II.-a. They dared do all their duty.
b. At that meeting he dared them to fight.
Note III.-a. I felt the pulse beat. C. S.
b. I felt afraid to stir. C. S.

Note IV.-a. They need but to see the work in order to be satisfied. C. S.

b. He need not beg, for he is able to work. C. S.

Note V. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures. C. S.

Note VI.-a. He has to study half of the night to get his lesson. C. S. b. They would have us refuse the invitation which has been so courteously given. C. S.

THE IMPERATIVE MODE.

§ 390. Forms in the Imperative Mode have in English three peculiarities:

1. They have a simple form for the second person; as, "Love thou;" the third being expressed by a circumlocution; as, "Let him love." 2. They take pronouns after instead of before them; as, in the example given, "Love thou." 3. They often omit the pronoun altogether; as, "Love."

Passion goes at once to its object, assuming it as the consequence of an indirect assertion. Thus, if the fact be that I desire that a person should go to any place, it is not necessary for me to state my desire in the indicative mode, and his going in the infinitive, or subjunctive, or potential: "I desire you to go;" or, "I desire that you go;" or, "I desire that you should go ;" but, by the natural impulse of my feelings, I say, "Go!" Now this mode, from its frequent use in giving commands to inferiors, has been called the Imperative. Under this general term may be included not only a command; as, "Let there be light," but also a wish expressed; as, "Let confusion live ;" and a prayer offered; as, "Help me, Lysander, help me ;" and a permission given; as, "Go, but be moderate in your food." In all of them the assertion of desire on the part of the speaker is clearly implied. The sense is, "I command that there be light;" "I wish that confusion may prevail ;” “I pray you to help me ;" "I permit you to go."

EXERCISES UNDER § 390.

THE IMPERATIVE MODE.

a. Attend, thou son of earth, to my instructions. C. S.

b. But, in order to understand this subject, let us turn the tables on the objector. C. S.

c. Read, but do not devour books. Compare your information; digest it. In short, according to the proverb, "Make haste slowly."JOHN RANDOLPH. C. S.

d. Live with your century, but be not its creature; bestow upon your contemporaries not what they praise, but what they need. c. s. e. Let them laugh who win. C. S.

f. Rouse not, I beseech you, a peace-loving, but a resolute people; alienate not from your body the affections of a whole empire. C. S.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

§ 391. RULE XXXII.-In conditional expressions, which imply both doubt and futurity, the Subjunctive Mode generally follows the conjunction which expresses the condition; as, "If thy brother trespass against thee,