Generally, the disuse of the English or inflected genitive should not be encouraged.

66

66

one

Note V. When the thing possessed is only one of a number belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used; as, A friend of his brother's," implying that his brother has more friends than one; "the picture of my friend's," signifying that it is one of several belonging to him. For these we have the Grammatical equivalents: of his brother's friends;" "this is one of his friend's pictures." "This picture of my friend" suggests a different meaning, namely, a likeness of my friend. The form indicated by this rule has been called the double possessive.

Note VI.-A Noun depending upon a Participle used as a noun is put in the possessive case; as, "He was averse to the nation's involving itself in war;" "the time of William's making the experiment at length

arrived."

Note VII.-Sometimes two or three words may be dealt with as a single word in the possessive; as, "The King of Saxony's army." "Little and Brown's book-seller's shop."

Note VIII.-The possessive case is often a Grammatical equivalent to the adjective. The King's cause the Royal cause. Caesar's party=

the Cæsarean party. Some grammarians call it an adjective.

Note IX.-Ambiguous expressions like the following should be avoided. Thus, the love of God may mean, objectively, "our love to him;" or, subjectively, "his love to us." The injuries of the Helvetii-the injuries done by them, subjectively, or the injuries done to them, objectively. "The reformation of Luther" denotes either the change on others, the object, or the change on himself, the subject. "The reformation by Luther, or in Luther," removes the ambiguity. The connection will sometimes explain the meaning of such expressions.

Note X.-The frequent recurrence either of the Analytic possessive or of the Inflective possessive should be avoided. See Exercises.

Note XI.-When the first noun ends in s, the s is often annexed to the apostrophe in prose, but frequently omitted in poetry; as, "James's book;" "Miss's shoes ;" "Achilles' wrath to Greece the direful spring."

Note XII.-The s after the apostrophe is omitted when the first noun has the sound of s in each of the two last syllables, and the second noun begins with that of s; as, For righteousness' sake; for conscience' sake. When the second noun does not begin with s, the practice is various.

COLLOCATION.

§ 358. In the present English, the Genitive or Possessive case always precedes the noun which it limits; as, The man's hat hominis pileus; never the hat man's =pileus hominis.

ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION OF THE GENITIVE CASE.

§ 359. A substantive in the possessive case, or under the government of the preposition of, is said, when it is

in the genitive relation, to be joined to a substantive attributively.

The different kinds of attributive genitive relations are,

1. The relation of the active subject or agent to an action or effect: "The course of the sun;" "Solomon's temple"=the temple built by Solomon; "the march of an army."

2. The relation of possessor to the thing possessed: "The king's crown;" "the boy's hat;" "the garden of the poet."

3. The mutual relation of one person to another: "The boy's father;" a man's friend."

4. The relation of a whole to its parts: "The top of a tree;" "the wheels of a carriage." This relation is also called that of the partitive genitive.

5. The relation of a quality to a person or thing: "A ring of gold;" 66 a man of honor." The genitive formed by inflection, or the Saxon Genitive, is generally used to express the relation of the possessor, and sometimes to express the relation of the agent to an action and the mutual relation of persons. The analytic genitive, or the Norman Genitive, as it is sometimes called, is almost always used to express the relation of quality..

EXERCISES UNDER RULE II.

THE POSSESSIVE CASE.

RULE II.-a. Man's extremity is God's opportunity. C. S.

b.

Thy forest, Windsor, and thy green retreats,

At once the monarch's and the Muse's seats,
Invite my lays.-POPE. C. S.

c. A letter on his father's table, the next morning, announced that he had accepted a commission in a regiment about to embark for Portugal-CHARLES LAMB. C. S.

d. Gray hairs are death's blossoms. C. S.

e. A mother tenderness and a father's care are nature's gifts for man advantage. F. S.

f. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most eloquent of men.-C. S.

Note I.-Will you go to the president's this evening? C. S.

Note II.-a. The captain, mate, and seamen's exertions brought the ship, under Providence, safely to port. C. S.

6. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen. F. S.

Note III.-a. He has obtained the governor's and the secretary's signature to that document. C. S.

b. This measure gained the king as well as the people's approbation. F. S.

Note IV.-a. England's glory he promoted.

b. He labored to promote the welfare of the world.

=

Note V.-a. This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's. C. S.

b. This is a picture of Raphael's. C. S.

Note VI.-a. Such will ever be the effect of youth's associating with vicious companions. C. S.

b. This coolness was occasioned by the queen intercepting certain letters. F. S.

Note VII.-a. The anniversary of King William and Queen Mary's accession to the throne approached. C. S.

b. The Bishop's of London charge gave great offense. F. S. Note VIII.-He fought and died in defense of America's liberty= Give the equivalent.

Note IX.-a. He was influenced by the love of Christ. Give the two equivalents.

=and=

b. He was stimulated to take arms by the injuries of England. and=

=

Note X.-a. The extent of the prerogative of the King of England is sufficiently ascertained. F. S.

b. That is my father's brother's daughter's house. F. S.

c. Burns's poetry is the offspring of genius. C. S.

d.

St. Agnes' eve-ah, bitter cold it was!

The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold.-KEATS.

C. S.

e. I was here introduced to Justus' son, a very pleasing young man. C. S.

f. If ye suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye. C. S.

THE OBJECTIVE OR ACCUSATIVE CASE.

§ 360. RULE III.-A noun denoting the Direct object, or the Effect of an action, is put in the OBJECTIVE CASE; as, "God rules the world which he created."

The Direct object is complementary to a Transitive verb, and is necessary to complete the sense; as, "God rules the world," he threw a stone."

Note I. The Objective of the Effect expresses the result of the verb's action, and is often kindred to the verb in its origin; as, "On their hinges grate harsh thunder;" "the crisped brook ran nectar;" "gin horrible a ghastly smile;" "to live a life of virtue."

Verbs like these are called Intransitive. They are also called Subjective, as their meaning is complete without a direct object; as, "Henry lives;" "John runs."

Note II.-Verbs signifying to give, offer, promise, tell, etc., take both a Direct and a Traditive object; as, "I gave him the book"="I gave the book to him;" "I offered, sent, promised him the book;" "I told him the truth."

Note III.-Verbs signifying to make, appoint, name, strike, etc., take both a Direct object and an Objective of the Effect; as, "They made him king;" "she named him John;" "he struck her a severe blow." These are Factitive verbs, which govern objects produced by action of the verb on the direct object; as, "They appointed him chairman.”

Note IV.-Verbs signifying to ask, teach, etc., take two direct objects differently related; as, "Ask him his opinion;" "he taught them logic." The two nouns denote, the one a person, and the other a thing.

Note V.-The Direct object in the active voice should be made the

subject in the passive; as, "He offered me a lucrative situation=a lucrative situation was offered me ;" "a ship was promised me.' Forms like the following, though in the language, should not be encouraged: "I was offered a lucrative situation ;” “I was promised a ship in five days;" "I was allowed great liberty."

Note VI.-A_noun depending on a Preposition is in the objective case; as, "La Fayette in his youth came to America."

Note VII.-Nouns denoting Duration of time, or Extent of space, or Amount of weight or number, often stand without a governing word in the objective case; as, "Jacob said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel," "a kingdom five hundred miles square;" a guinea weighs five pennyweights six grains;" "water ten feet deep," "an army forty thousand strong," "you have asked me news a hundred times."-POPE.

66

Note VIII.-The adjective WORTH not only follows the noun which it qualifies, but is followed by a noun denoting price; as, "The book is worth a dollar;" "the land is worth the price paid."

Note IX.-The objective case follows the adjectives like, nigh, near, next. See § 364.

COLLOCATION.

§ 361. In English, the objective case follows the verb or preposition upon which it depends. See Exceptions in § 386 and § 494.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE III.

THE OBJECTIVE CASE.

RULE III.—a. They whom office has made proud, and whom luxury has corrupted, can not relish the simple pleasures of nature.

b. Love rules his kingdom without a sword. C. S.

C.

Can storied urn or animated bust

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?

Can Honor's voice provoke the sleeping dust,

C. S.

Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death ?--GRAY. C. S.

d. Had the life of Hampden been spared, he could not have changed the course of events, for he could not have changed the laws of nature, and the principles of human nature.-BANCROFT. C. S.

e. They who he had most injured he had the greatest reason to love. F. S.

f. He invited my brother and I to see and examine his library. F. S. Note I.-Let us run with patience the race set before us. C. S. Note II. The Secretary of State promised him the office of consul. C. S.

Note III.-By a long course of study he made himself a scholar. C. S.

Note IV.—I shall ask him the question when I next see him. C. S. Note V. She would not accept the jewels though she was offered them. F. S.

Note VI.-In his distress, he, for the first time, called upon God. C. S.

t

Note VII.-a. In order to be here punctually, he traveled forty miles yesterday. C. S.

b. He has been waiting here impatiently seven days. C. S.

c. A mass of gold found in California weighs five pounds. C. S. Note VIII.-The watch which I offer you is worth fifty dollars. C. S. Note IX. The star of military glory, rising like a meteor, like a meteor has set. C, S.

APPOSITION.

§ 362. RULE IV.-A noun placed after another noun to explain it, is by APPOSITION put in the same case; as, "Hope, the star of life, never sets;" "this sentiment is Lord Bacon's, the great precursor of Locke and Newton;""this was the remark of Dr. Edwards, him who was afterward President of Union College.'

Note I.-The words in apposition explain each other. Words which thus explain each other, and are in the same case, may be said to be placed side by side, or to be in apposition, according to the meaning of the Latin word appositio. The leading noun, which usually comes first in the sentence, is parsed as in the nominative, possessive, or objective case, and the following noun as in apposition with that.

When a word is repeated for the sake of emphasis, it may be said to be in apposition; as, Cisterns, broken cisterns that can hold no water." This is, however, a rhetorical form. See § 437.

Note II.-Nouns are sometimes set in apposition to WHATEVER STANDS IN THE place of a noun, whether a pronoun and adjective, or a part of a sentence, or a sentence; as, "You write very carelessly, a habit you must correct." Here you write very carelessly=you have the habit of writing carelessly. "You are too humane and considerate, things few people can be charged with."-POPE. "The terms of our law will hardly find words that answer to them in the Spanish or Italian, no scanty languages;" "his reputation as a soldier reflects glory on his country."

Note III.-The WHOLE and its PARTS, or a PART, are often found in the same case by apposition; as, "The whole army fled, some one way and some another.' "They love each other." They helped one another." Here one is in apposition with they, and another is in the objective case.

Note IV.-Two or more substantives in apposition, forming one COMPLEX NAME, or a NAME and TITLE, have a plural termination, and the sign of the possessive annexed to the last of the words; as, "The Miss Smiths;" "the two Mr. Thompsons;" "his brother John's wife;" "John the Baptist's head;" "Benjamin Franklin's life."-See § 187, and Art. 19, GIBBS's Philological Studies.

Note V.-When the explanatory term in apposition is complex or long, the sign of the possessive is affixed to the first noun; as, "I called at Putnam's, the well-known publisher and bookseller."

When a short explanatory term is subjoined to the name, it matters little to which the sign is applied. Usage is divided. Thus we may say, "I left the parcel at Putnam the Bookseller's," or "at Putnam's