the French. It is the latter which we propose to examine with some minuteness.

(I.) A (French a Latin ad), to; as, Avail (to be efficacious to or for); adieu (from à Dieu, to God); apart (from à part, aside); so Abandon (from à ban donner, to give to the ban); alarm (from à l'arme, as if to summon to arms); amass (from à masse, as if to collect into a mass).

(II.) A (French a=Latin ab), from, away, having its original force of an adverb; as, Abate (to beat down); avenge (to take vengeance from).

(III.) A (French a or e-Latin e), out of; as, Amend (from French amender Latin emendo, as if to free from faults).

(IV.) Anti (French anti-Latin ante), before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Anti-chamber (a chamber or apartment before the principal apartment to which it leads).

(V.) Avant (French avant Latin ab ante), from before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Avant-guard (the advanced body of an army).

(VI.) Coun (Old French coun-Latin con), together, having its original force of an adverb; as, Council, counsel, countenance, country. (VII.) Counter (Old French countre Latin contra):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and in divers senses: (1.) Over against; as, Counterdraw, counterfoil, counterfort, countergage, counterguard, counterlight, countermark, countermure, counteropening, counterpart, counterseal, countersign, counterstock, counterview.

(2.) Against, in opposition; as, Counteract, counterattraction, countercurrent, countermand, countermine, countermotion, countermovement, counternegotiation, counternoise, counterpassant, counterplea, counterpoison (a poison to act against other poisons), countervote, counterwind, counterwork.

(3.) Against and equally; as, Counterbalance, counterpoise, countervail, counterweigh.

(4.) In a contrary direction, by; as, Counterbuff, countermarch, counterwheel.

(5.) In return, reciprocally; as, Counterchange, counterpaled. (6.) In imitation; as, Counterfeit.

2. As a preposition, with its complement, against; as, Countercharm, counternatural, counterpoison (an antidote against a poison).

(VIII.) De (French de Latin dis), as an adverb, implying negation; as, Derange (to disorder).

(IX.) En, before a labial em (French en, before a labial em Latin in, before a labial im); as, Enclose, engrave, enambush, encage, encase, encave, encharge, enthrone, empale (to put to death on a stake), enamor, enchain, encircle, enable (as if to place among the able), endear, enfeeble.

(X.) En (French en=Latin in), as an adverb, denoting negation; as, Enemy (Latin inimicus), enmity.

(XI.) Enter or entre (French entre-Latin inter); as, Enterprise, entertain, entremets.

(XII.) Mal (French mal-Latin male), as an adverb; as, Maladministration, malanders, malconformation, malapropos, malcontent, malease. (XIII.) Outre (French outre-Latin ultra); as, Outrage.

(XIV.) Par (French par-Latin per); through, entirely; having its original force of an adverb; as, Pardon, paramour, paramount.

(XV.) Pur (French par=Latin per), through; as, Appurtenance, pur

tenance.

(XVI.) Pur (French pour Latin pro), forth, out; having its original force of an adverb; as, Purchase (to pursue, procure), purl, purfle or purfile (a profile, outline), purloin (to remove far away), purparty (a dividing out), purpose, purport.

(XVII.) So (French se=Latin sub), under, during; as a preposition, with its complement; as, Sojourn (to stay during the day).

(XVIII.) Sur (French sur-Latin super):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and that in various signifi

cations:

(1.) Upon, over; as, Surcingle, surcoat, surprise, surround, survey. (2.) Over, beyond; as, Surmount.

(3.) Beyond, in time; as, Survive.

(4.) Beyond, in a metaphorical sense; as, Surpass.

(5.) Over and above; as, Suraddition, surcrew, surname, suroxyd. (6.) Over, in excess; as, Surcharge, surfeit, surmise, surquedry. (7.) Nearly redundant; as, Surcease.

2. As a preposition, with its complement; as, Surbase, surface, surplice, surtout.

(XIX.) Tres (French tres-Latin trans), beyond, over; having its original force of an adverb; as, Trespass (to pass beyond or over). VI. ROMANIC COMPOUNDS:

1. Imperfect compositions; as, Piano-forte.

2. Perfect compositions; as, Faubourg, maintain.

3. Inverted compounds; as, Portfolio, wardrobe.

VII. DISGUISED. ROMANIC DERIVATIVES AND COMPOUNDS:

1. Bachelor (French bachelier, Portuguese bacharel, Spanish bachiller, Italian baccelliere, Low Latin baccalaureus and bacularius; also, AngloSaxon bachiler), a knight of the lowest order; also one who has taken his first degree in the liberal arts; also an unmarried man; from French bas chevalier, an inferior knight, compounded of French bas, low, and chevalier, a knight.

2. Biscuit (French biscuit, Portuguese biscoito, biscouto, Spanish bizcocho, Italian biscotto), a kind of hard bread, as if twice baked, compounded of Latin bis, twice, and coctus, baked.

3. Coil (French cueillir, Portuguese colher, colligir, Spanish colegir, Italian cogliere, Latin colligo, compounded of con, together, and lego, to gather), to gather into a circular form; a corruption of collect, literally to gather together.

4. Count or compt (French conter, compter, Portuguese contar, computar, Spanish contar, computar, Latin computo, compounded of con, together, and puto, to reckon), a corruption of compute, to reckon.

5. Cover (French couvrir, Portuguese and Spanish cubrir, Italian coprire, Latin cooperio, compounded of co for con, together, and operio), to conceal, hide.

6. Curfew (French couvre-feu, cover-fire, compounded of couvre, cover, and feu, fire), an evening bell for raking up one's fire.

7. Kerchief (French couvre-chef, cover-head, compounded of couvre, cover, and chef, head), a head-dress.

8. Kickshaw (French quelque chose, something, compounded of French quelque, some, and chose, thing), something fantastical.

9. Vinegar (French vinaigre, sour wine, compounded of vin, wine, and aigre, sour; Portuguese and Spanish vinagre, Italian vinagro), an acid liquor.

10. Proctor (French procureur, Portuguese and Spanish procurador, Italian procuratore, Latin procurator), literally one who takes care of any thing for another; the same word as procurator, compounded of pro, for, and curator, one who has the care of any thing.

11. Provost (Anglo-Saxon prafast, prafost, profast, profost, prowast; Dutch prevoost, provoost, proost; German profoss, provoss; Danish propos, provst; Swedish profoss, prost; Icelandic profastr; also, French prévôt; Portuguese and Spanish preboste, preposito; Italian proposto, prevosto; Latin præpositus, compounded of præ, before, and positus, placed), literally, one set before or over any thing.

Note. This word, although of Latin origin, is evidently derived to us from the Anglo-Saxon.

12. Proxy (French procuration, Portuguese procuracao, Spanish procuracion, Italian procurazione, Latin procuratio), literally, the taking care of any thing for another; the same word as procuracy, compounded of pro, for, and curacy, the taking care of any thing.

13. Saragossa (French Saragosse, Portuguese and Spanish Saragossa, Latin Caesaraugusta, so named from Cæsar Augustus), a city in Aragon, Spain.

14. Verdict (Law Latin veredictum, as if vere dictum, truly said), the answer of a jury given to court.

NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK PORTION OF OUR LANGUAGE.-I. GREEK ROOTS.

§ 328. The whole stock of words in the Greek language, however large, is capable of being reduced to a comparatively small number of stem-verbs or roots, as bapt in baptism, graph in graphic, &c.

The general character of these roots is analogous to that of Latin See English Grammar, § 407.

roots.

II. GREEK STEM-ADJECTIVES.

§ 329. The Greek stem-adjectives which occur in English are found only in compound words; as, Cal, good, in caligraphy; cac, bad, in cacophony; is, equal, in isonomy; ne, new (compare Latin nov, English new), in neology; or in words with prefixes; as, Cryph, "hidden," in apocrypha.

III. GREEK STEM-SUBSTANTIVES.

§ 330. The Greek stem-substantives which occur in English may be distributed as follows:

1. From known Greek roots; as, ode, from √aed, oed, "to sing;" plague, from ✓ plag, "to smite ;" pore, from √ par, por, "to pass through."

Give instances of Greek verbal roots; and of Greek stem-adjectives; and of Greek stem-substantives.

2. From unknown Greek roots; as, Bomb, choir, chord, lynx, lyre, myth, sphere.

3. Stem-substantives, whether from known or unknown Greek roots, involved in words formed with suffixes, formed with prefixes, or compounded; as, Log, "word," "discourse" (from v leg, log), in logical, prologue, philologue; ac, "point," in acme, acrostic.

IV. GREEK DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH SUFFIXES.

§ 331. The primary derivatives are formed from the root or stem by a single suffix; as, Poet, poesy, poem, all from √ poe, to make; chrism, Christ, both from v chri, to anoint.

The secondary derivatives are formed from other derivatives; as, Poetic, poetical, poetically, from poet, a derivative noun; baptist, baptism, baptistery, from baptize, a derivative verb.

V. GREEK DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH PREFIXES.

§ 332. Under this head we include Greek compounds whose first member is a particle of place, or a particle denoting negation, deterioration, or the like.

Such are, 1. Amphi, on both sides; as, Amphibrach, short on both sides, a poetic foot consisting of a short, a long, and a short; amphisbona, moving either way foremost, the name of an animal so moving.

2. An before vowels, or a before consonants, English in and un, denoting negation; as, Anarchy, want of government; ambrosia, an imaginary food supposed to confer immortality; atom, an indivisible particle; abyss, a bottomless gulf.

3. Ana before consonants, or an before vowels, Anglo-Saxon and English on; back, to the original state; as, Anatomy, the dissecting of an animal body into its constituent parts; analysis, the separation of a compound body into its constituent parts.

4. Anti, Anglo-Saxon and, English an in answer; against, in opposition to; as, Antipode, having the feet directly opposite; antipathy, opposite feeling.

5. Apo, Anglo-Saxon and English of; from, off; as, Apocope, the cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word; apology, a speaking one's self off, a defense in words; apostrophe, a turning away; apocalypse, an uncovering, revelation.

6. Cata, Greek kata; down, downward; as, Catarrh, a flowing down; catastrophe, a turning upside down, overthrow.

7. Dia, in two, asunder, apart; as, Diæresis, the resolution of a diphthong; through; as, Diameter, a line drawn through the centre; diagnostic, distinguishing, characteristic; between, denoting reciprocity; as, Dialogue, conversation between two or more.

8. Dys, badly, with difficulty; as, Dyspepsy, difficulty of digestion. 9. Ec before a consonant, or ex before a vowel, English out; as, Eclogue, a selection; eclipse, a failure.

10. En, English in.

11. Epi, English by, on, upon; as, Epigram, an inscription. Also as

Give instances of Greek derivative words with suffixes; and of Greek derivative words with prefixes.

a preposition, with its complement; as, Epitaph, an inscription on a sepulchre; to, unto; as, Epistle, a writing sent to a person.

12. Eu, signifying well; as, Euphony, agreeableness of sound.

13. Hama or a, together with; as, Hamadryad, a wood nymph, feigned to live and die with its tree.

14. Hyper, English over, beyond; as, Hyperborean, beyond the north; hypercritic, an over-rigid critic.

15. Hypo, under; as, Hypothesis, a placing under, a supposition. Denoting deficiency; as, Hyposulphurous, sulphurous, but having a less quantity of oxygen.

16. Is, signifying into; as, Isagogic, introductory.

17. Meta (connected with English middle), with, after; as, Metacarpus, the part after or beyond the wrist; over; as, Metaphor, a transfer; metamorphosis, a change of form or shape; metathesis, a transposition.

18. Para before consonants, or par before vowels, English from, by, along, with; as, Parabole, a comparison; paragraph, something written near; parathesis, apposition; parallel, by or near each other; to, toward; as, Paraclete, one that calls upon or exhorts another; beyond; as, Paraphrase, an extended explanation; denoting error; as, Paradox, a false opinion.

19. Peri, around, about; as, Periphery, the circumference of a circle; periphrasis, circumlocution; pericranium, the membrane that invests the skull; near; as, Perigee, point nearest the earth.

20. Pro, English for; as, Prophet, prologue; before, forth, in a metaphorical sense; as, Problem, something set forth or proposed.

21. Pros, unto; as, Prosthesis, the addition of a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word; proselyte, one that comes over to another sect or party.

22. Syn, before a labial sym, before 7 syl, before z or a double consonant sy, German and Anglo-Saxon ge, with, in company with; as, Symbol, that which compares with something else; sympathy, feeling with another; syzygy, conjunction; together, in a mass or body; as, Synagogue, a bringing together; synthesis, composition; syllable, a taking together of letters.

VI. GREEK COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH.

§ 333. The Greek language excels in compounds. The learned of Europe have been accustomed for centuries to borrow compound words from the Greek for terms of science. Hence, in English, Greek compound words are very numerous.

In Greek compounds the union-vowel between the two members is commonly o, while in Latin compounds it is commonly i. Compare aeronaut, which is derived from the Greek, with aeriform, which is derived from the Latin.

1. Imperfect compositions; as, Theanthrope (compare God-man) in theanthropism; hermaphrodite, male and female; dodeca, twelve, in dodecagon. These compounds are rare.

2. Perfect compositions: (1.) where the first term is an adjective or a substantive in the genitive; as, Cacodemon, democracy; (2.) where Give instances of Greek compound words in English.