whether such root actually exists or not; as, Bland, brute; brev, “short," cec, "blind."

III. Stem-substantives, to be referred in each case to a verbal root, whether such root actually exists or not; as, Arc, barb; can, “dog," cib, "food."

IV. Primary derivatives, or derivatives from the root or stem by means of a single suffix; as, Act, final, factor, justice.

V. Secondary derivatives; as, Tolerable, moderate.

VI. Derivative words with prefixes; as, Abrade, allude..

VII. Compound words; as, Leopard, decemvir, privilege, satisfy, solstice, cisalpine, republic.

To these we may add,

I. Romanic stem-verbs or roots.

II. Romanic stem-adjectives.

III. Romanic stem-substantives.

IV. Romanic derivative words with suffixes.

V. Romanic derivative words with prefixes.

VI. Romanic compounds.

VII. Disguised Romanic derivatives and compounds.

I. LATIN ROOTS.

§ 321. The Latin root in English is often hidden or concealed by the numerous syllables by which it is surrounded; as, √ i transitoriness; V dic in dedicate.

Latin roots in English are often modified by the following processes, which all deserve attention:

.

Some

1. A root ending in a single consonant usually assumes, in becoming a word, a silent e; as, Imbibe, produce, deride, convene, move. times it assumes mute ue; as, Plague.

So in some roots ending with a double consonant; as, Infringe. 2. The root sometimes assumes an infinitive termination t, which is derived from tum, the termination of the supine or ancient infinitive form in Latin; as, dict in predict, from v dic.

3. The root often assumes an epenthetic n; as, Frang in frangible, from ✓ frag.

4. The root often changes its vowel.

Thus the radical vowel a, when preceded by a prefix, is changed into i in an open, and into e in a close syllable; as, Agent, exigent, from v ag; facile, deficient, defect, from v fac.

The radical vowel a, when preceded by a prefix, is sometimes changed into u; as, Capable, occupant, from v cap.

The radical vowel e, when preceded by a prefix, is changed into i in an open syllable; as, Legible, intelligible, from v leg.

The radical diphthong au, when preceded by a prefix, is changed into o or u; as, Claudent, include, from claud.

This change of vowel, which modern philologists have investigated with great care, is to be regarded as an attenuation or lightening of the vowel sound, as an offset to the weight of the preceding prefix.

5. The root often undergoes mutilation; as, Frail for fragile, from ✓ frag.

Give some instances of Latin verbal roots.

II. LATIN STEM-ADJECTIVES.

§ 322. Stem-adjectives, whether actually found in English; as, Bland, brute, crisp; or merely implied in the derivatives; as, Brev, "short;" cec, "blind;" dign, "worthy;" fort, "strong;" grat, "grateful;" lat, "broad;" len, "mild;" lent, "slow;" lev, "light;" magn, "great;" mal, "wicked;" mir, "wonderful;" mit, "mild;" moll, "soft;" mund, "pure;" nov, "new;" parv, "small;" prav, "wicked;" prob, "good;" ranc, "hoarse;" ser, "late;" true, "cruel;” turp, "base;" ver,

III. LATIN STEM-SUBSTANTIVES.

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true."

§ 323. Stem-substantives, whether actually found in English; as, Arc, art, barb, cause; or merely implied in the derivatives; as, Can, "dog;" cib, "food;" civ, "citizen;" crin, “hair;" crur, "thigh;" flor, "flower;" hum, "ground;" loc, "place;" mor, manner;" morb, "disease;" nav, "ship;" ov, "egg" pil, "hair" plum, "feather;" plumb, "lead;" rug, "wrinkle."

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IV. LATIN PRIMARY DERIVATIVE WORDS.

§ 324. Primary derivatives, or derivatives formed from the root or stem by means of a single suffix, include,

1. Derivative verbs with the form of the Latin supine, or, rather, of the Latin passive participle; as, Adapt, from Vap; accept, from v cap; lapse, from lab; corrupt, from Vrup; act, from vag; predict, from V dic; direct, from Vreg; refract, from √ frag.

2. Derivative verbs with other suffixes:

(1.) With the formative syllable er; as, Ponder, from √ pend.

(2.) With diminutive suffix il; as, Cavil; also, cantillate, oscillate, scintillate, vacillate.

(3.) With inchoative suffix esce; as, Frondesce.

3. Derivative adjectives:

(1.) In aceous, from nouns; as, Bulbaceous, from bulb; crustaceous, from crust; herbaceous, from herb.

(2.) In acious, from verbs; as, Bibacious, from √ bib; capacious, from ✓ cap; edacious, fallacious, rapacious, tenacious, vivacious, voracious. (3.) In al, from nouns; as, Final, from fine; verbal, from verb; costal, crural, dental, dotal, legal, local; or in ial; as, Cordial, labial, martial, pluvial.

(4.) In an, from nouns; as, Human, pagan, sylvan.

(5.) In aneous, from nouns; as, Cutaneous, pedaneous.

(6.) In ar, the same as al, from nouns; as, Lunar, solar, stellar, vulgar. (7.) In ent, from verbs; as, Cadent, candent, claudent; or in ant; as, Errant, secant, vacant; or in ient; as, Lenient.

(8.) In eous, from nouns; as, Aqueous, igneous, niveous, vitreous.

(9.) In ible, from verbs; as, Legible, edible; or in able; as, Arable, curable.

(10.) In id, from verbs; as, Acid, arid, algid; or from nouns; as, Florid, gelid, morbid, rorid.

Give some instances of Latin stem-adjectives; and of Latin stem-substantives; and of Latin primary derivative.

(11.) In ile, from verbs; as, Agile, fragile; or from nouns; as, Febrile, gentile.

(12.) In ine; as, Fagine, canine, ferine, saline.

(13.) In ose; as, Crinose, globose, verbose.

(14.) In ous; as, Porous, vinous, mucous.

(15.) In t; as, Relict; or ate; as, Private; or ete; as, Complete; or ite; as, Finite.

(16.) In tive or sive, from verbs; as, Active, captive, missive.

4. Derivative concrete substantives:

(1.) In acle; as, Miracle, spiracle; or icle; as, Vehicle, pellicle.

(2.) In aster; as, Poetaster, pilaster.

(3.) In ary; as, Library, granary (4.) In ule; as, Granule, spherule.

(5.) In ory; as, Armory, pillory.

(6.) In tor or sor; as, Factor, from Vfac; scissor, from v scind ag; cessor, from cede.

actor, from

(7.) In trix; as, Rectrix.

5. Derivative abstract substantives:

(1.) In acy; as, Curacy, lunacy, legacy, fallacy.

(2.) In ance; as, Chance, from

cad.

(3.) In ancy; as, Vacancy, peccancy, pliancy, tenancy.

(4.) In ence; as, Cadence, from v cad.

(5.) In ency; as, Cadency, pendency; agency, from Vag.

(6.) In ice; as, Justice, from just; malice, notice.

(7.) In ity; as, Brevity; crudity, from crude.

(8.) In mony; as, Alimony, testimony.

(9.) In itude; as, Altitude; solitude, from sole.

;

(10.) In tion and sion; as, Action, from √ ag; vision, from √ vid. (11.) In ture and sure; as, Culture, scripture; fracture, from Vfrag; rasure, from √ rad.

V. LATIN SECONDARY DERIVATIVES.

§ 325. Secondary derivatives; as, Courageous, tolerable, moderate, documentary, querimonious, plenteous, nationality.

VI. LATIN DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH PREFIXES.

§ 326. 1. Ab, from, in the different forms a, ab, abs; as, Avert, absolve, abstain.

2. Ad, to, in the different forms, a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at; as, Ascribe, accede, adduce, affix, aggress, allege, annex, append, arrogate, assume, attain.

3. Amb, about, having its original force of an adverb; as, Ambition, literally a going about; ambiguous, of uncertain meaning.

4. Ante or anti, before; as, Antecedent, going before; anticipate, to act before another; antediluvian.

5. Circum, around; as, Circumspect, to look round.

6. Cis, on this side, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Cisalpine, on this side of the Alps.

Give some instances of Latin secondary derivative words; and of Latin derivative words with prefixes.

7. Contra, against, having its original force of an adverb; as, Contradict, to speak against.

8. Cum, with, in its different forms co, col, com, con, cor; as, Cohere, collude, commit, contend, corrode; and having its original force of an adverb; as, Convoke, to call together; contend, to strive against.

9. De, from; as, Deduce, to bring from; deject, to cast down; detect, to uncover; dethrone, to remove from a throne; deprave, to make wicked.

10. Di or dis, apart, used as an adverb; as, Distract, to draw apart; disobey, to refuse to obey.

11. E or ex, out of; as, Eject, to cast out; exscind, to cut off; exceed, to go beyond; exclaim, to cry aloud.

12. Extra, beyond; as, Extravagant, literally wandering beyond limits; extraordinary, out of the common order.

13. In, in, in its different forms il, im, in, ir; as, Illumine, impose, incur, irrigate; inject, to cast in; impose, to place upon; impend, to hang over: denoting intensity; as, Incite, to stir up: denoting negation; as, Inactive; illumine, to set in light; incarcerate, to put into prison; irradiate, to affect with rays.

14. Intro, within, having its original force of an adverb; as, Introduce, to bring in.

15. Inter, between; as, Intervene, to come between; interdict, to forbid.,

16. Ob, against, in its different forms, ob, oc, of, op; as, Obtain, occur, offer, oppose; and having its original force of an adverb; as, Oppose, to place against.

17. Per, through, as an adverb; as, Perforate, to bore through: denoting negation; as, Perfidious, faithless.

18. Post, after; as, Postscript, something written after; Post-meridian, in the afternoon.

19. Pre, before, as an adverb; as, Prefix, to put before.

20. Pro, before, as an adverb; as, Provide, to look before; produce, to bring forth.

21. Preter, beyond; as, Pretermit, to pass by; preternatural, beyond what is natural.

22. Re, back, as an adverb; as, Revolve, to roll back.

23. Retro, backward, as an adverb; as, Retrocede, to go backward. 24. Se, apart, as an adverb; as, Secede, to go apart.

25. Sub, under, in its different forms sub, suc, suf, sup; as, Subject, succumb, suffer, suppose; subject, to bring under: denoting diminution; as, Subacid, a little acid; subterranean, under the earth.

26. Super, over; as, Superadd, to add over; superscribe, to write on the outside; supercargo, one placed over the cargo.

27. Subter, under, having its original force of an adverb; as, Subterfluent, flowing under; subterfuge, literally a fleeing under.

28. Trans and tra, beyond, over; as, Transpose, to put in another place; transgress, to go beyond; translucent, shining through; transform, to change the form; transmarine, living beyond the sea.

29. Ultra, beyond, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Ultramarine, situated beyond the sea.

ROMANIC PORTION OF OUR LANGUAGE.

§ 327. Besides the Latin portion of our language, which has been derived from the Norman-French, or subsequently introduced by the learned, and which has retained its Latin form, there is another portion of our language, also from the Latin, which has been corrupted more or less in coming down to our times.

This corruption or modification has affected not only roots and stems, but also suffixes and prefixes, and, of course, both derivatives and compounds.

I. ROMANIC VERBAL ROOTS IN ENGLISH.-1. Boil (compare ✓ bull in ebullition), to bubble up. 2. V cay in decay (compare ✓ cad in cadence, ✓ cid in incident), to fall. 3. V ceal in conceal (compare cel in cell), to hide. 4. V ceive in conceive (compare ✓ cap in capable, cip in recipient), to hold. 5. claim (compare V clam in clamor), to cry out, &c. II. STEM-ADJECTIVES.-The following are stem-adjectives: Chaste, clear, plain, vain.

III. STEM-SUBSTANTIVES.—The following are stem-substantives : Beast, etc.

IV. ROMANIC DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH SUFFIXES.-1. Derivative verbs:

(1.) in ish (Latin asco, esco, isco, osco), with loss of inchoative signification; as, Flourish, languish, abolish.

(2.) in ize (Greek izo); as, Authorize, moralize, pulverize, temporize. 2. Derivative adjectives:

(1.) in eer or ier (Latin arius); as, Volunteer, dernier, premier.

(2.) in esque (Teutonic ish); as, Arabesque, burlesque.

3. Derivative concrete substantives:

(1.) in ace or ass (Latin aceus); as, Populace, grimace, cuirass, cre

vasse.

(2.) in age (Latin atium); as, Plumage, message, village.

(3.) in ain or aign (Lat. aneus); as, Fountain, mountain, campaign, strange.

(4.) in al (Latin alis); as, Journal, rival, signal.

(5.) in iff (Latin ivus); as, Caitiff, bailiff.

(6.) in ist (Greek istes); as, Artist, jurist.

(7.) in eer or ier (Latin arius); as, Auctioneer, buccaneer, chevalier.

4. Derivative abstract substantives:

(1.) in eur; as, Grandeur.

(2.) in ice (Latin itium); as, Service.

(3.) in ism (Greek ismos); as, Deism, quietism.

(4.) in ment; as, Commencement, engagement.

(5.) in son (Latin tio); as, Fashion, poison, prison, venison, garrison. (6.) in ty (Latin itas); as, Beauty, bounty, loyalty.

(7.) in ue; as, Virtue.

(8.) in ure; as, Verdure.

V. ROMANIC DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH PREFIXES.-Besides the prefixes derived from the French which retain their original Latin form, there are others whose form is more or less disguised by passing through

Give instances of Romanic verbal roots; and of Romanic stem-adjectives; and of Romanic stem-substantives; and of Romanic derivative words with suffixes; and of Romanic derivative words with prefixes.