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the future, the complaints and annoyances which had resulted from a fraudulent diversion by prize agents, from the hands of the lawful distributees, of the funds intrusted to them for distribution.

Ordinarily, an execution of the decree of distribution, by officers of the court, acting under the direct authority of the court, and drawing the fund from the registry or depository of the court, would not only be much more convenient to the distributees, but it would save to them the additional expense resulting from the employment of an agent to represent them at the navy department.

In the great majority of cases, it is believed that the purpose of the law would be accomplished, without any departure from its provisions, by the exercise of that discretion with which the court as a prize court is unquestionably clothed, of directing a sale of the prize property to be made by the commissioners of prize, the proceeds to be by them received and deposited in the registry, or with the usual depository of the court, and by them dis bursed therefrom, pursuant to the law and the provisions of the decree.

titution on re

If the documentary proofs and the examination Decree of resin preparatorio, disclose a case of recapture merely, capture. then two questions arise-first, whether the original belligerent owner is or not entitled to restitution, and if so entitled, what is the compensation to be paid by way of salvage?

and when on

We have already fully considered the principles When made, and authorities upon which the right of the bellige payment of rent owner, whose ship having been captured by salvage. the enemy is recaptured, to have restitution made

Military salvage and its

to him, exists or is lost, in that chapter treating of
the jus postliminium. And also the subject of the
compensation in way of salvage, where the owner
is entitled to a restitution.

Here, it is only necessary to refer to some few
additional authorities, illustrative of the practice
and proceedings of prize courts in such cases.1

Discussions as to the general principles of law amount regu- upon which salvage should be awarded to recaplated by stat-tors on a decree of restitution, and the measure United States. of compensation, are superseded by the interven

tute in the

tion of legislative provisions. This is the case in
the United States. By act of Congress of March
3d, Chap. xiv., it is provided, that in cases of re-
capture of vessels or goods belonging to persons
resident within or under the protection of the
United States, the same not having been condemned
as prize, by competent authority before the recapture,
shall be restored on payment of salvage of one
eighth of the value, if recaptured by a public ship,
and one sixth, if recaptured by a private ship; and
if the recaptured vessel shall appear to have been
set forth and armed as a vessel of war, before such
capture, or afterwards, and before the recapture,
then the salvage to be one moiety of the value.
If the recaptured vessel belong to the government

'The Santa Cruz, 1 Rob., 50; L'Actif, Edw., 185; The Cey-
lon, 1 Dods., 105; The Purssima Conception, 6 Rob., 45; The
Victoria, Edw., 97; The Flad Oyen, 1 Rob., 135; The Cosmop-
olite, 3 Rob., 333; Hudson vs. Guestier, 4 Cranch, 293, S. C.,
6 Cranch, 281; The Arabella and Madeira, 2 Gallis., 368; The
Falcon, 6 Rob., 194; The Schooner Sophie, 6 Rob., 138; The
Kiertighett, 3 Rob., 96; The Perseverance, 2 Rob., 139; The Nos-
tra de Conceicus, 5 Rob., 294; The Countess of Lauderdale, 4 Rob.,

283.

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and be unarmed, the salvage to be one sixth if recaptured by a private ship, and one twelfth if recaptured by a public ship; if armed, then the salvage to be one moiety if recaptured by a public ship. In respect to public armed ships, the statute provides for the same rate of salvage by the cargo as by the vessel; but in respect to private ships (as it is apprehended by inadvertence), the rate of salvage is made the same on the cargo whether the vessel be armed or unarmed.1

What constitutes a "setting forth as a vessel of war," within the meaning of this act, has received no judicial construction by the United States court, but the same provision, by a like clause in the British act, has received the interpretation of the English courts in the cases cited.2

Salvage, when allowed as a condition of restitution of recaptured property, is ascertained either by an appraisal of the property by appraisers duly appointed by the court, or by its sale, if the parties consent to such mode; and its distribution is upon decree, in like manner as the distribution of the proceeds of prize, upon condemnation and sale.

damage, costs,

Where, upon the hearing, in the first instance, Question of upon the papers and documents found on board and expenses, the vessel, and the examination in preparatorio resulting from taken by the commissioners, it appears, that for titution. any cause, in the judgment of the court, restitution should be decreed in favor of the claimants, the

The Adeline, 9 Cranch, 244.

The Ceylon, i Dod., 105; The Horatio, 6 Rob., 320; The Nos a Signora del Rosario, 3 Rob., 10.

question then arises whether upon such restitution, the damages, costs, and expenses are to be paid by the captors or the costs and expenses by the claimants. This rests entirely in the discretion of the court, and by the practice of prize courts has been made to depend upon the proof of probable cause of capture.

Wherever, upon the evidence taken in the first instance, the case is so doubtful that an order for further proof is made by the court, the costs and expenses are never allowed to the claimant.1 Nor where the neutrality of the property does not appear either by the documents or the evidence.2 Nor are such costs and expenses allowed in the case of a destruction or spoliation of papers, unless such destruction or spoliation has been occasioned by the misconduct of the captors themselves, as by firing under false colors. Nor where the master or crew prevaricate on the examination. Nor where any portion of the cargo is condemned." Nor where the ship comes from a blockaded port." Nor, if the ship be restored by consent, without reservation of the question of costs and expenses.7 But in each one of these and similar cases, showing a probable or reasonable cause of capture, it is in the discretion of the court to allow the costs and

'The Diana, 5 Rob., 67; The Einigheden, 1 Rob., 323.

The Statira, 2 Cranch, 102, note (a); vide Letter of Lord Stowell and Sir J. Nicholl in the Appendix.

The Peacock, 4 Rob., 185.

The William, 6 Rob., 316.

The Frederick Molke, 1 Rob., 86; The Betsy, 1 Rob., 93; The Vrow Judith, 1 Rob., 150.

The cases last cited.

The Maria Powlona, 6 Rob., 236.

expenses to the captors, and order them to be paid by the claimants as a condition of restitution.1 Wherever the captors are justified in their capture, their costs and expenses are decreed to them on restitution. For this reason, they are allowed their costs and expenses, where the original destination of the vessel was to the blockaded port, although changed on hearing of the blockade. Where the captured ship was sailing under false colors, whether the ship be an enemy's ship or not. Where the nature of the cargo is ambiguous, as to its being contraband. And in every case where farther proof is required by order of court.

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Wherever the expenses of the captors are allowed, such expenses are intended as are necessarily incurred as a consequence of the capture-such as agents' expenses, navigation expenses, pilots' expenses, harbor expenses, &c.-but not the expenses of insurance made by the captors, nor the expenses of transmitting a cargo from a colony to the mother country. The expenses of keeping the property, of its unloading and delivery, generally fall on the captors, unless where it is made a charge, or where it is specially apportioned, by order of the court."

1 Vide Letter of Lord Stowell and Sir J. Nicholl, Appendix. The Imina, 3 Rob., 167; The Principe, Edw., 70.

3 The Sarah, 3 Rob., 330.

The Twende Broder, 4 Rob., 33; The Gute Gesetschaft, 4 Rob., 94; The Christina Maria, 4 Rob., 166.

5 The cases last cited, and The Nostra Signora, &c., 6 Rob., 41. The Frances, 1 Gall., 445; The Apollo, 4 Rob., 158; The Mary, 9 Cranch, 126.

The Asa Grande, Edw., 45; The Catherine and Anna, 4 Rob., 39; The Narcissus, 4 Rob., 17; The Rendsberg, 6 Rob. 142; The Industrie, 5 Rob., 88.

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