The Principal Sentence is introduced by the word "and.”

The Second is introduced by the word "as," which word also indicates the office of the Sentence. See p. 41.

The Third is introduced by the word "who." See Grammar, p. 156. The Fourth is introduced by the word "whose." See Grammar, p. 179, Obs. 3.

Def. 53. A Complex Sentence is a sentence that is composed of a Principal Sentence with its Auxiliary Sentence.

Def. 54. A Mixed Sentence is a Compound Sentence having one or more Transitive, and one or more Intransitive Predicates.

EXAMPLE. "Can one be pardoned and retain the offence?"

[Here "pardoned" is an Intransitive, and “retain" is a Transitive Predicate.

Def. 55. A Declarative Sentence is a sentence that asserts a proposition.

NOTE. A Declarative Sentence, may be

S POSITIVE OF
NEGATIVE.

Def. 56. A Conditional Sentence is a sentence that asserts a conditional or hypothetical proposition.

EXAMPLES. "If thine enemy hunger, feed him."

"Were I Alexander, I would accept the terms."

NOTE. A Conditional Sentence is always an Adjunct of another Sentence. It is called Conditional, because it renders its Principal Sentence conditional.

Def. 57. An Interrogative Sentence is a sentence, so arranged as to ask a question.

EXAMPLES.

"Has God, thou fool, worked solely for thy good ?"
"Heeds he not the bursting anguish and the heart-rend-
ing cry ?"

NOTE. By an Interrogative Sentence,

we may

Solicit information

or

Assert a fact more positively.

Def. 58. An Imperative Sentence is a sentence used to command, exhort or entreat.

EXAMPLES. "Give me a calm, a thankful heart,
From every murmur free."

And, noble earl, receive my hand."

"Back, to thy punishment, false fugitive!
And, to thy speed add wings."

NOTE. (a). We entreat or supplicate a superior.
We exhort or advise an equal.

We command an inferior.

Def. 59. An Exclamatory Sentence is a sentence so arranged as to express a sudden or intense emotion.

EXAMPLE. "How I love to see thee,

Golden evening sun!"

NOTE. (a). The emotion expressed, may be of wonder-joy-contempt -&c., &c.

NOTE. (b). Rhetorically considered, a Sentence of one class can be changed into one of a different class.-e. g. A Declarative Sentence can, by a change in the position of the words composing it, or by the introduction of additional words, be converted into Conditional, Interrogative, Imperative or Exclamatory Sentences.

EXAMPLES.

1. Declarative:-" You do wrong me." 2. Conditional :-" If you do wrong me. 3. Interrogative :-"Do you wrong me?" 4. Imperative:-"Do wrong me."

5. Exclamatory :-"How cruelly you do wrong me!"

Here. no change is made in the construction of the Sentence-each is grammatically the same:-i.e. Simple-Transitive. In each Sentence the same word is the Subject, the same words constitute the Predicate, and the same word is the Object. The difference, then, is Rhetorical :-the position of the words-the suppression of some of them-or the addition of others requiring different enunciation, and calling forth different emotions.

NOTE. (c). Grammatically considered, Sentences may also be changed from one class to another.

1. A Transitive Sentence may be rendered Intransitive.

Intransitive:-" America was discovered by Columbus."

Transitive:-" Columbus discovered America."

REMARKS. These are Grammatical changes; wherein the structure of the Sentence is altered-and the Principal Parts are differently modified. The GENERAL RULE for making a Transitive Sentence Intransitive, is— 1. "Let the Object become the Subject."

2. Let the Active Voice of the Verb be changed to Passive."

3. "Let the Subject become the object of the Preposition 'by,' in a Phrase modifying the new Predicate."

2. Some Compound Sentences, may be resolved into Simple Sentences.

COMPOUND.

SIMPLE....

SIMPLE.

{

EXAMPLES.

"Can storied urn or animated bust

Back, to its mansion, call the fleeting breath?"

S Can storied urn call the fleeting breath back to

its mansion?

Can animated bust call the fleeting breath back to its mansion?

But, not all Compound Sentences can be thus resolved into Simple Sentences.

EXAMPLES. "The Teacher and his method of teaching are intimately connected."

Oxygen and Hydrogen form water."

It is not true that oxygen forms water,
Nor is it true that hydrogen forms water.

[For further observations on this point, see Clark's Grammar, page 21.]

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

What are the Grammatical distinctions of Sentences?

What are the Rhetorical distinctions?

What is an Intransitive Sentence?

Make an Intransitive Sentence.

What is a Transitive Sentence?

Make a Transitive Sentence.

What is a Simple Sentence?

Make a Simple Sentence.

What is a Compound Sentence?

Make a Compound Sentence.

What are the Clauses of a Compound Sentence?

What is a Principal Sentence?

What is an Auxiliary Sentence?

What is a Complex Sentence?

Make a Complex Sentence-having

1. The Principal Sentence Simple-Transitive.

2.

3.

4.

66

5.

66

Simple-Intransitive.
Compound-Transitive.
Compound-Intransitive.
Compound-Mixed.

6. The Auxiliary Sentence Simple-Transitive,

7.

IN THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

REMARK. 1. In every Intransitive Sentence there must be two distinct Elements

The SUBJECT and the PRedicate.

2. In every Transitive Sentence there must be three distinct ElementsThe SUBJECT-the PREDICATE-and the OBJECT.

3. These constitute the Principal Elements of a Sentence.

4. A Sentence may have Adjunct Elements.

5. The Subject of a Sentence, and the Object of a Sentence must be a Substantive.

6. The Predicate of a Sentence must be at least-a VERB.

7. The Adjuncts of Substantives are ADJECtives.

8. The Adjuncts of Verbs are ADVERBS.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

1. THE SUBJECT-A NOUN.

INTRANSITIVE.

EXAMPLES.

"On some fond breast the parting soul relies."

2. THE SUBJECT-A PRONOUN.

"Thou art perched aloft on the beetling crag."

3. THE SUBJECT-A PHRASE.

"His having been intoxicated, was known to the family." 4. THE SUBJECT-A PHRASE.

"To be able to read well, is a valuable accomplishment.”

5. THE SUBJECT-A SENTENCE.

"What time he took orders, doth not appear."

6. THE SUBJECT-A SENTENCE.

"That I have taken this old man's daughter, is most true.”

7. THE PREDICATE-ONE VERB.

"Remote from cities, lived a swain."

8. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS.

"True eloquence does not consist in speech."

9. THE PREDICATE-A VERB AND A PARTICIPLE.

"All this has passed away."

10. THE PREDICATE-A VERB AND AN ADJECTIVE.

"His palsied hand-waxed strong."

11. THE PREDICATE-A VERB AND A NOUN.

"He was my friend."

12. THE PREDICATE-A VERB AND A PRONOUN

"It is I."

13. THE PREDICATE-A VERB AND A PREPOSITION.

"Its idle hopes are o'er."

14. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS AND A PARTICIPLE.

'From that position the whole fleet may be seen."

15. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS AND AN ADJECTIVE.

"That would be strange."

16. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS AND A NOUN.

"The habitual drunkard can not be a christian.'

17. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS AND A PRONOUN.

"They shall be mine."

18. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS AND TWO PARTICIPLES.

"That meteor might have been seen in Boston."

19. THE PREDICATE-A PARTICIPLE AND A NOUN.

"He must have been a man of wisdom."

20. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS, A PARTICIPLE AND A PRONOUN.

"Il might have been you,"

21. THE PREDICATE-TWO VERBS, A PARTICIPLE AND A PREPOSITION. "He would have been laughed at."