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a PARTICIPLE,

an ADJECTIVE,

Prin. LII. An Itnransitive Participle, being the Subsequent of an IndeInde-a NOUN, pendent Phrase, may have, "in Predication,"

EXAMPLES.

(W.).

a PRONOUN, or

a PREPOSITION,

"The hour having arrived, we commenced the exercises."

"Our horse becoming weary, we procured lodgings at a private house."

"The witness being an infidel, exceptions were taken to his testimony."

"The book being mine, I might claim the first use of it." "Recess being over, we betook ourselves again to our ordinary tasks."

Prin. LIII. An Adjunct of an

Independent Phrase may be a

WORD (W10),
SENTENCE (W12).
PHRASE (W11), or

EXAMPLES. "The HOUR for adjournment HAVING ARRIVED before the committee were ready to report, a motion was made and carried to suspend the rules."

Prin. LIV. A Word, Phrase, or Sentence, being an Adjunct of an Independent Phrase, is an

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ADJECTIVE (Wit)

or

ADVERB (W13).

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EXAMPLES. "The BUSINESS for which the convention was called HAVING BEEN ACCOMPLISHED on the first day of its session, it was determined to devote the following day to public discussions."

NOTE. An Independent Phrase may be resolved into an Independent Substantive and a Participial Phrase-the latter always an Adjunct of the former.

EXAMPLE. (1.) "MR. HAMMOND, having acquired a fortune, GAVE all his sons a liberal EDUCATION."

In this example, the Phrase" having acquired a fortune," is Participial Adjunct of" Mr. Hammond”—the Subject of the Sentence.

EXAMPLE. (2.) Mr. Hammond having acquired a fortune, all his soNS RECEIVED a liberal EDUCATION."

Here, the Phrase "Mr. Hammond having acquired a fortune," is Independent in form-the word "Mr. Hammond," is a part of the Phrase-not a part of the Sentence-the Phrase is a logical Adjunct to "received"the Predicate of the Sentence.

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MIXED.

Prin. LVIII. A Phrase may be

Def. 39. A Transitive Phrase is a phrase whose Subsequent is a Transitive Verb or Participle.

EXAMPLES.

"He does not venture to try the effect of his imperial voice, in hushing its stormy billows, and bidding its proud waves to stay themselves at his feet."

Def. 40. An Intransitive Phrase is a phrase whose Subsequent is a Noun or Pronoun, or an Intransitive Verb or Participle.

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To die, to sleep, perchance to dream."

"I saw an eagle, wheeling near its brow."

Def. 41. A Simple Phrase is a phrase, having but one Leader and one Subsequent.

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EXAMPLES. Enough remains of glimmering light,

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To guide the wanderer's steps aright."

Thought mecting thought and will preventing will."

Def. 42. A Compound Phrase is a phrase, having two or more Leaders or Subsequents joined in the same construction.

EXAMPLES. "The engraver has placed the Conjunction without and above the circle.

"Rewarding and punishing actions by any other

rule, would appear much harder to be accounted for, by minds formed as he has formed ours."

"The whole animal kingdom is in a state of constant decay and renovation."

"Habits formed in childhood and youth, last a whole lifetime."

Def. 43. A Complex Phrase is a phrase whose. Leader, Subsequent or Adjunct, is qualified by another phrase.

EXAMPLES.

"Some IN the FIELDS of purest ether play,
And bask and whiten IN the BLAZE of day."

"The greatest possible intimacy should never induce you
TO DISPENSE with politeness."

"The office of wisely DEVELOPING the MINDS of young wo-
men, should be ranked AMONG the most honorable
EMPLOYMENTS in the land."

'Long years have elapsed since I gazed ON THE SCENE
Which my fancy still robed IN ITS FRESHNESS of green."

"Dost thou aspire TO JUDGE between the Lord

Of Nature and his works?"

Def. 44. A Mixed Phrase is a compound phrase, having one or more Transitive Subsequents and one or more Intransitive Subsequents.

EXAMPLES.

"Forbade To wade through slaughter to a throne,

And shut the gates of mercy on mankind."

"The old gentleman had never entertained the idea of William's leaving home and engaging in business for himself."

WORDS WHICH ARE NOT ELEMENTS IN A SENTENCE.

PREPOSITIONS,

CONJUNCTIONS,

EXCLAMATIONS,

INDEPENDENT WORDS and

WORDS OF EUPHONY.

Def. 45. A Preposition is a word used to introduce a Phrase, showing a relation of its object to the word which the Phrase qualifies.

EXAMPLES. "In dread, in danger and alone,

Famished and chilled, through ways unknown;
Tangled and steep, he JOURNEYED on,
Till, as a rock's huge point he turned,
A watch-fire close before him BURNED.'

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Prin. LIX. A Preposition is an element of a Phrase, but not of a Sentence.

EXAMPLE. "The time of my departure is at hand."

What" time ?"-" of my departure." Time "is" when ?-" at hand.”

"

Here the Phrase, of my departure, is a single Element in the Sentencedescribing "time." "At hand," is a single Element, modifying "is." But, in the Phrase, "of my departure," the word " of" is an element-the Leader, showing a relation of "departure" to "time." The word “at,” is an Element in the Phrase, “at hand."

NOTE. (a). A Preposition is often used as a representative of the Phrase of which it is an Element.

EXAMPLE. "These crowd around, to ask him of his health."

In this example, the word "around" is used for the whole Phrase, around him,-an adverbial Phrase. The Preposition "around," being used as a representative of the Adverbial Phrase, of which it is the Leader, becomes an Adverb, by virtue of such office; and is then an Element in the Sentence as well as in the Phrase. In the analysis of the Sentence, "around" is an Adverbial Element. In the analysis of the Phrase, "around" is a Prepositional Element.

NOTE. (b). The Subsequent of a Phrase may also become an Element in a Sentence.

EXAMPLE. "Give me a calm, a thankful heart."

Here, the word "me," is the Subsequent of the Adverbial Phrase, to me -a Substantive in its office in the structure of the Phrase. But, being used as the representative of the Adverbial Phrase, it becomes an Element in the Sentence as well as in the Phrase. In the analysis of the Sentence, "me" is an Adverbial Element. In the analysis of the Phrase, “me” is

a Substantive Element.

[See Clark's Grammar, pp. 95 and 145. See, also, pp. 92-94.]

CONJUNCTIONS.

Prin. LX. A Conjunction is a word used—

1. To introduce a Sentence.

2. To connect Words or Phrases in construction.

EXAMPLES. "And I am glad that he has lived thus long."

"God created the heaven and the earth."

"Across the lake, through bush and brake,
Resounds the bugle horn."

NOTE.

"It was her good fortune to be loved and to love." His income was one thousand dollars per annum, over and above his incidental expenses.

Conjunctions which introduce Auxiliary Adverbial Sentences, generally perform a double office;—

1. To introduce the Sentence:

2. To indicate the peculiar office of the Sentence which it introduces.

EXAMPLES.

"And, IF I sought,

Think'st thou no other could be brought."

"And, WHEN its yellow luster smiled

O'er mountains yet untrod,

Each mother held aloft her child,

To bless the bow of God."

In the first Sentence above, the word "if," introduces the Auxiliary Sentence, "I sought"-while at the same time it indicates that its Sentence makes the Principal Sentence conditional.

In the second example, "when" introduces its Sentence, "luster smiled"-indicating also that it is used as an Adjunct of time, modifying the action expressed by "held."

[See Grammar, pp. 97-98, see also, pp. 179-80.]

REMARKS. In the CHART, the Conjunction is placed without and above the circles, to indicate:

1. That it is not an Element in the Sentence.

2. That it is used to introduce the Sentence.

EXCLAMATIONS.

Prin. LXI. An Exclamation has no dependent construction.

NOTE. An Exclamation sometimes has no accompanying word-as "Fie!" "O!"

Sometimes it accompanies a word-as "O liberty! O sound!-once delightful."

Sometimes it has a Phrase attached-as "O for a lodge in some vast wilderness!"

Sometimes a Sentence follows-as:

"Oh! I have loved, in youth's fair vernal morn,

To spread imagination's wildest wing."

REMARK. In the CHART the Exclamation is placed without and to the left of the circles, to indicate:

1. That it is not an Element in the Sentence.

2. That it usually precedes words which accompany it.

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