REMARK. By a reference to pages 20 and 21, it will be seen that three distinct methods of analyzing a Sentence are given. By the first method, a sentence is analyzed by appropriate answers to judicious questions-the pupil requiring no previous knowledge of the technical terms used in grammar. The judgment and tact of the Teacher, as well as his knowledge of the science of language, are brought into action in the judicious selection of questions.

By the second method, the constructive offices of the words in a sentence are determined as a result of the proper answers to the questions in the first method.

By the third method, the judgment of the pupil is taxed. Every successive step taken in the process of Analysis, requires a distinct mental effort.

The CHART simplifies the process by reducing the various questions involved in the process of analysis to two or three. Thus the starting point being in the center of the Chart-if the word* is an Element (see Principal I.) in the Sentence, the first question to be settled is

Is the word a PRINCIPAL PART (A), or an ADJUNCT (a)?

If it is ascertained to be a Principal Element, then

Is it the SUBJECT (B), the PREDICATE (C), or the OBJECT (D)?
If it is the Subject, then

Is it a WORD (E), a PHRASE (F), or a SENTENCE (G) ?

If it is a Word, then

Is it a NOUN (L), or a PRONOUN (M) ?

-Thus following the Element through its various Classifications and Modifications, from the center of the Chart to the circumference.

REMARK 2. It is important that pupils have previous to entering upon further Definitions-sufficient Exercises in this proximate analysis to enable them to understand clearly

1. What are Elements in a Sentence, and whether the Element consists of a Word, a Phrase, or an Auxiliary Sentence.

2. What are not Elements in a Sentence. Hence the Teacher may find it profitable, at this stage of progress to give his class Exercises in analyzing a select number of the Sentences-so far as the small CHART fronting the title page will carry the process-given on page 127 and onward.

REMARK 3. In addition to the three distinct exercises in Analysis given on pp. 20-21, the following may be added, or-with advanced pupils-be used in place of the other methods.

"The pleasant sound returns again,"

What is the Subject of this Sentence?

"Sound."

What is the Predicate?

"Returns."

What are the Adjuncts of the Subjects? "The" and "pleasant."

What are the Adjuncts of the Predicate?

"Again."

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS WITH ADJUNCT PHRASES.

To him who in the love of Nature, holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language. For his gayer hours,
She has a voice of gladness, and a smile
And eloquence of beauty; and she glides
Into his darker musings, with a mild

And gentle sympathy, that steals away
Their sharpness, ere he is aware.

When thoughts

Of the last bitter hour come like a blight
Over thy spirit, and sad images

Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall,

And breathless darkness, and the narrow house,

Make thee to shudder and grow sick at heart,

Go forth unto the open sky, and list

To Nature's teachings, while from all around,

Earth and her waters and the depths of air,

Comes a still voice; yet a few days, and thee

The all-beholding sun shall see no more

In all his course.

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS WITH ADJUNCT SENTENCES.

"O let the song arise at times in praise

Of those who fell."

"He is in the way of life, that keepeth instruction.”

"He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand."

In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found. "He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, shall gather it for him that will pity the poor."

"Yet herein will I imitate the sun,

Who doth permit the base contagious clouds
To smother up his beauty from the world,
That, when he please again to be himself,
Being wanted, he may be more wondered at,
By breaking through the foul and ugly mists
Of vapor that did seem to strangle him."

"Nor yet in the cold ground

Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears,
Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall exist

Thy image. Earth that nourished thee, shall claim
Thy growth to be resolved to earth again.

The hills,

Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun; the vales,
Stretching in pensive quietness between;
The venerable woods; rivers that move

In majesty, and the complaining brooks,

That make the meadows green; and, poured round all,
Old ocean's gray and melancholy waste,

Are but the solemn decorations all

Of the great tomb of man.

All that tread

The globe, are but a handful to the tribes
That slumber in its bosom.

All that breathe

Will share thy destiny. As the long train
Of ages glide away, the sons of men,

The youth in life's green spring, and he who goes
In the full strength of years, matron and maid,
The bowed with age, the infant, in the smiles
And beauty of its innocent age cut off,
Shall, one by one, be gathered to thy side,
By those, who, in their turn, shall follow them.

So live, that, when thy summons comes to join
The innumerable caravan that moves

To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take
His chamber in the silent halls of death,

Thou go not, like the quarry slave at night,

Scourged to his dungeon; but, sustained and soothed
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave,
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.

"And even those hills that round his mansion rise,
Enhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies.

Dear is that shed to which his soul conforms,
And dear that hill which lifts him to the storms."

Let the pupil point out-in this and the preceding page

1. The Principal Sentences, naming their Elements.

2. The Auxiliary Sentences, naming their Elements, and the words of which they are Adjuncts.

3. The Adjunct Phrases-and the words which they describe.

4. The Adjunct Words, and their offices.

PHRASES.

A Phrase is two or more words, properly arranged, not constituting an entire proposition, but performing a distinct Etymological office, in the structure of a sentence. EXAMPLES. "Now, when the first foul torrent of the brooks, Swelled with the vernal rains, is ebbed away,

And, whitening, down their mossy-tinctured streams,
Descends the billowy foam,-now is the time
To tempt the trout."

What "torrent "?

........

Condition of "brooks "?

"of the brooks."

"Swelled with the vernal rains."

"Swelled" by what cause?.."with the vernal rains."

........

"Descends" where ?.... "down the mossy-tinctured streams." "Now is the time" for what? "to tempt the trout."

[For Observations on Phrases, see Clark's Grammar, pp. 10–11.] NOTE. Phrases are distinguished by their forms and offices.

CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHRASES.

Principle XVIII. A Phrase

is, in form,

PREPOSITIONAL (T),
PARTICIPIAL (U),
INFINITIVE (V), or
INDEPENDENT (W).

Definition 27. A Prepositional Phrase is a phrase, introduced by a Preposition, having a Substantive-word, phrase, or sentence-as its object of relation.

EXAMPLES.

"The shades of eve come slowly down,

The woods are wrapped in deeper brown."

"A habit of moving quickly is another way of gaining time.” "And cries of Live for ever,' struck the skies."

Def. 28. A Participial Phrase is a phrase, introduced by a participle, followed by an Adjunct, an object of action, or a word "in Predication."

EXAMPLES.

"Scaling yonder peak, I saw an eagle, wheeling near its brow."

"The atrocious crime of being a young man, I shall attempt neither to palliate nor deny."

Def. 29. An Infinitive Phrase is a phrase, introduced by the Preposition To, followed by an Infinitive verb.

EXAMPLES. 'See, Winter comes to rule the varied year."

"We ought to be mindful of our obligations."

Def. 30. An Independent Phrase is a phrase, introduced by a Noun or Pronoun, followed by a Participle depending on it, as an Adjunct.

EXAMPLES.

My story being done,

She gave me, for my pains, a world of sighs."

The class not having accomplished their tasks, I thought it advisable to dispense with a recess.

ANALYSIS OF PHRASES.

Prin. XIX. A Phrase consists

of

PRINCIPAL PARTS and ADJUNCTS.

Def. 31. The Principal Parts of a Phrase are the words, necessary to its structure.

EXAMPLES.

"As new waked from soundest sleep,
Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid

In balmy sweat; which, with his beams, the sun
Soon dried, and, on the reeking moisture fed.”

Def. 32. The Adjuncts of a Phrase are the words, used to modify or limit the offices of other words in the Phrase.

EXAMPLES. "WITH what an awful world-revolving POWER,

Were first the unwieldy planets launched ALONG

The illimitable VOID."

Prin. XX. The Principal

Parts of a Phrase consist of

The LEADER

and

The SUBSEQUENT.