as Professor of Architecture, a post he continued to fill with great success, his lectures supporting that reputation for learning and ability which he has always enjoyed. In 1811 he was elected one of the eight associés étrangers of the Academy of the Institute of France, and in 1843 one of the ten "members of merit" of the Academy of St. Luke's, at Rome. In 1845 he was created an honorary D.C.L. of the University of Oxford, and in 1848 he was the first to receive the gold medal of the Institute of British Architecture. He was also a member of the Academies of Munich, Berlin, and Berne.

SIR CRESSWELL CRESSWELL,

KNIGHT.

This learned and accomplished jurist was the fourth son of Francis Easterby, Esq., of Blackheath (who on marrying the heiress of John Cresswell, Esq., of Cresswell, took the surname of that ancient Northumbrian family), was born in 1794, and educated at the Charterhouse and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1819. Having attained the rank of King's Counsel in 1834, and led the Northern Circuit with an ability which acquired him high reputation, he was, in 1837, returned to Parliament in the Conservative interest, as member for Liverpool. He continued to represent that constituency till 1842, when, by the Government of Sir R. Peel, he was appointed one of the Justices of the Common Pleas, where he sat for sixteen years. In 1858, on the establishment of the new court for causes connected with matrimony, divorce, and wills, Sir Cresswell was appointed its first judge. The labour of this office was exceedingly heavy, but seemed not to affect him, and he was in apparently robust health when he was thrown from his horse in St. James'spark on the 17th of July, and his kneepan was fractured. From this he was rapidly recovering, and had quitted his bed, when he was suddenly carried off by disease of the heart, which had been hitherto unsuspected.

As one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Sir C. Cresswell was distinguished for his acuteness and the rapidity with which he grasped the most intricate questions of detail. His knowledge of legal evidence was complete, but it was in his summing-up that he was most distinguished. He would take a difficult case, and step by step, in the most simple manner, would unravel the different threads, and lay the issues simply and

intelligibly before the jury. He had a horror of trickery and double dealing; and woe betide that man who was found intentionally attempting to deceive. His penetration was such that nothing escaped him. But his greatest success in life, and which will ensure his permanent reputation, was his connexion with the Divorce Court. This jurisdiction was allowed on all hands to be a great experiment, and its success or failure depended in a great measure on the judge who should be appointed to carry out the plan. Sir Cresswell Cresswell, with that perfect self-reliance which characterized him, undertook the task; but he could have formed little conception of the amount of business the establishment of the Court would give rise to. The estimated annual number of cases was eighteen to twenty. The first year showed more than 300 cases. This it was supposed was merely exceptional; but the experience of the succeeding years proved that a large annual amount of work was to be reckoned upon. This great accession of business is mainly attributable to the masterly manner in which Sir Cresswell Cresswell formed and developed the prac tice of the Court. In framing the rules of the Court, and in the five years during which he was its presiding genius, his great object seemed to be to act not only himself, but to compel others to act also on sound principles of common sense. In this object he was eminently successful, and there is no court in the kingdom in which legal proceedings are so simplified as in the Divorce Court. Sitting as judge in the new court, his profound legal knowledge and practised acuteness stood him in great aid. They enabled him frequently to elicit the exact point of the case out of a great mass of irrelevant details. Comments from time to time have been made as to the rapidity with which Sir Cresswell Cresswell got through so many cases. Those, however, who attended his court would at once understand the reason. His perceptions were so rapid and clear, that, as if by intuition, he seemed to fix upon the right witnesses at once, and to extract the truth from them. He knew what evidence would satisfy him, and having obtained all he required, gave his decision. His judg

ments are admitted to have been masterpieces of sound and logical reasoning, and will long be referred to as precedents. It is remarkable that, although Sir Cresswell Cresswell sat as Judge of the Divorce Court for more than five years and a half, initiated a new practice, and adjudicated upon more than a thousand cases, some of them of a most intricate character; and

although there have been several appeals to the full court, and to the House of Lords, in only one instance was his judg ment reversed. Such a result speaks, perhaps, more for the extraordinary abilities and judgment of the late judge than any thing else. As a common-law judge, he had completely to master the old ecclesiastical system of jurisprudence, to prune and cut away the useless, and only to retain the valuable, portions. His powers of labour were immense. Since the amended Act was passed, which empowered him to represent the full court for three years, he sat almost daily from November to August, and must have worked late into the night and early in the morning. In his private character and in his own immediate family circle he was greatly prized. His charity was great, but perfectly unostentatious, and his loss has been severely felt.

AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD EGG, R.A.

The death of Mr. Egg, the eminent painter, so soon after attaining the full honours of the Royal Academy, and at the early age of 46, will be felt as a great loss to art and the public, as well as to a large circle of friends. For three years Mr. Egg had been a sufferer from asthma, and went to reside in Algiers for the benefit of its genial climate, and for rest from his arduous profession. He had been working at a picture of an Oriental subject, suggested by his residence at Algiers, and it was advancing successfully, when, three weeks before his death, he was again seized with his old complaint; and, despite the efforts to save him of skilful physicians, and the attentions of a devoted wife, he never rallied. He was buried at the New Cemetery, Algiers, on the summit of a hill, commanding a wide prospect over a beautiful vale, all the principal residents, including the Consul, following in the funeral procession. Mr. Egg was born in Piccadilly in 1816. He was the son of Mr. Egg, one of the earliest rifle-makers of celebrity. As in all known instances of subsequent distinction, the penchant for art showed itself at an early age. He did not, however, enter the school of the Academy until he was twenty; but he must have studied elsewhere, as he was the same year an exhibitor at the Society of British Artists and the British Institution galleries. His first pictures in the Academy were exhibited in 1838. Possibly from the late Mr. Leslie being then the Academy Professor of Painting, and from a congenial admiration for the sources whence that delightful humorist on can

66

vas drew his inspiration, Mr. Egg's earliest pictures were illustrations of Le Sage and Cervantes. One of the best of these, called "The Victim," was painted in 1844, and is in the Vernon Collection, South Kensington. It is taken from the Diable Boiteux." Next may be named "Gil Blas exchanging the Rings with Camilla," and "The Wooing of Katherine." The exhibition at the Academy, in 1818, of his admirable picture "Queen Elizabeth discovering that she is no longer Young" led to his being elected an associate the same year. Next year he painted, for the late Mr. Brunel's Shakspearian gallery, a scene from "Two Gentlemen of Verona." At the Brunel sale this work fetched 630 guineas. In 1850 he surpassed all previous efforts in "Peter the Great sees Catherine, his future Empress, for the First Time," an interesting incident, told with much vraisemblance and technical ability. Mr. Egg from this time produced several works of more serious and tragic interest than he had yet attempted. In 1860 he returned to the lighter scenes of Shakspeare, choosing a subject from "The Taming of the Shrew." In the autumn of the same year he was elected an Academician, but never again exhibited. The most salient feature of Mr. Egg's art was its dramatic character. His expression was hardly so subtle as Leslie's, nor his execution so frank and suggestive; but, on the other hand, he was a richer and more powerful colourist. Mr. Egg was a first-rate actor, a fact which will explain the dramatic truth of his pictures. For his many inestimable qualities of heart and head Mr. Egg was esteemed by all who knew him, and numbered many eminent literary men among his personal friends.

THE EARL OF ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, P.C., K.T., &c.

James Bruce, eighth Earl of Elgin and twelfth Earl of Kincardine, was the eldest son of Thomas, seventh Earl, by his second marriage, with Elizabeth, daughter of James Townshend Oswald, Esq., of Dunnikier, co. Fife, and was born in London on the 20th of July, 1811. He was educated at Eton, and from thence went to Christ Church, where he was a fellow collegian with Lord Dalhousie, Lord Canning, Lord Herbert of Lea, and Mr. Gladstone. He was of the First Class in Classics in 1832, and subsequently he became a Fellow of Merton College, being known in his father's lifetime as Lord Bruce. In 1841 he entered Parliament as member for Southampton, and as a supporter of Sir Robert Peel; and in the same year he succeeded to the Earl

dom, which being a Scotch peerage did not interfere with his seat in the Lower House; but this he resigned in 1842, on being appointed to the Governor-Generalship of Jamaica.

He

When difficulties presented themselves in Canada, Lord Elgin was selected, in 1816, as the best man to grapple with the position of affairs in that colony. carried out in Canada the conciliatory policy of his father-in-law, Lord Durham, and by preserving a neutrality between parties, by developing the resources of the country, agricultural and commercial, and by seeking in every possible way to study the wishes of the colonists, he, in a reign that extended over eight years, did much to quell discontent and to knit the Canadian provinces closely to the mother country. His services were rewarded in 1849 by his being raised to the British peerage as Baron Elgin of Elgin.

From Canada Lord Elgin was transferred to China as Special Ambassador; and, while on his way to that empire, he learnt by a communication from Earl Canning, that Calcutta, in consequence of the sudden outbreak of the Indian mutiny, was in a state of consternation; and he at once took the decided step of landing the troops intended for China in order that they might take part in the suppression of the rebellion. He passed on to China, and though by this weakening of his force his progress was delayed, yet in the end he succeeded in his aims; he saw Canton taken, and he negotiated the important treaty of Tientsin with the Celestials, which forms the basis of our present relations with them. This was a great triumph, and though there had been much bitter contention as to the policy of Lord Palmerston in prosecuting the Chinese war, yet its successful issue seemed to gratify all parties alike.

In the summer of 1859 Lord Elgin became a member of Lord Palmerston's Cabinet, with the office of PostmasterGeneral. His brother, Mr. Bruce, had been appointed Envoy in China, and in accordance with the treaty he ought to have been received in Pekin. Access to the capital, however, was refused to him, save on conditions which were considered derogatory to the British representative, and when the rights secured by treaty were insisted on, there ensued the disaster of the Peiho. Forthwith, in 1860, Lord Elgin was despatched once more to sustain the English authority, and he thoroughly fulfilled his mission by entering Pekin in state, and compelling the submission of the Celestial chiefs.

Scarcely had he gained this triumph than he was appointed to succeed Lord

Canning as Governor-General of India. In this position he was unceasing in his exertions for the development of the great resources of that wide territory, and it is much owing to his judicious arrangements that India has taken a rapid start in improvement, and in financial and commercial prosperity. He provoked no contests, and attempted no acquisition of territory, but maintained external peace, and developed the internal and material resources of the country.

In the autumn of 1863, Lord Elgin started on a tour of inspection of the north of India, with the intention of visiting Cashmere. Lady Elgin accompanied him, as did the Secretaries and other Government officials. On the 13th of November he incurred an unwonted degree of fatigue by ascending on foot one of the Himalayan passes, and was almost immediately seized by illness, which compelled him to take to his bed, at a secluded hamlet, called Dhurumsala, and he never recovered. The "Bombay Times" thus described the course of events during the short remainder of his life:

"The Viceroy and Governor-General of India died at two o'clock a.m. on the 20th of November, at Dhurumsala, in the valley of Cashmere. Up to the 19th his lordship was quite conscious, fully aware of his state, and perfectly composed. He made every earthly preparation for his departure. He made his will; gave injunctions that he should be buried at Dhurumsala; directed Col. Strachey to design a tomb for his remains; approved of the design when submitted to him; dictated the words of the telegrams that he ordered to be despatched to England, conveying the expression of his duty to his Queen, and the request that Her Majesty would appoint his successor; gave instructions respecting the return of his family to England; took leave of his family, and waited till his end came. His death is a great loss to the British empire: to British India, at such a time as the present, it is a loss which seems irreparable."

Lord Elgin was twice married. By Elizabeth Mary, daughter of C. L. Cumming Bruce, of Rose-isle, co. Sterling, M.P., whom he married April 22, 1841, he left issue an only child, Lady Elma Bruce. Being left a widower in 1843, he married, secondly, in November, 1846, the Lady Mary Louisa Lambton, eldest surviving daughter of John George, first Earl of Durham, by whom he left issue a youthful family. His third son died early this year; his eldest son and successor is Victor Alexander, Lord Bruce, who was

born in May, 1849, and succeeds to the honours, estates, and representation of the family of Bruce.

THE RIGHT HON. EDWARD
ELLICE, M.P.

This gentleman, long and widely known in political circles as an influential member of the Whig party, and an active agent in some of the most important political movements of his time, was the son of Alexander Ellice, Esq., an eminent merchant of the City of London. He was born in 1789, and, after receiving a university education, was for some time engaged in trade, and had a considerable share in the Hudson's Bay Company, besides being a proprietor in Canadian and West Indian lands. In 1818 he was returned M.P. for Coventry in the Whig interest, and, with the exception of four years, from 1826 to 1830, continued to represent that city until his death. Mr. Ellice obtained a conspicuous position in the House of Commons by his business-like habits and his shrewd, good sense. His early political opinions were those half a century ago contemptuously designated as Radical," and they clung to him, more or less, throughout his public career. He was the early friend and constant companion of Burdett, Lord King, Lord Radnor, Lord Althorpe, and Sir John Cam Hobhouse (Lord Broughton), and the occasional companion of some of Lord Byron's earliest "Hours of Idleness" in London. In 1809, he was proposed by Lord Jersey, and elected a member of Brookes's Club. In the latter society, and as the brother-in-law of the late Earl Grey, he was of course the associate of all the leading Whigs of the past generation. Desiring a seat in the Lower House of Parliament, in 1818 he first successfully contested Coventry, defeating Mr. Joseph Butterworth, the London law publisher, a native of that city. Mr. Ellice's colleague was Mr. Peter Moore. In 1820 he was again returned by the same constituency, and at the head of the poll. His only failure was in the new Parliament of 1826, when two strangers with longer purses defeated him and his old colleague. In 1830 he regained his seat. In 1831 the Liberal party of Coventry returned him with Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, and after that year Mr. Ellice was not only always re-elected, but his expenses were comparatively small. Perhaps no representative of a large town was ever so long a popular member or was allowed such independent action in the House of Commons. On any unpopular vote in Parliament he was accustomed to make public an explanatory letter to his con

stituents. If this was not altogether satisfactory, his personal presence in Coventry made every thing right. He never canvassed in the ordinary sense of the term. On his arrival for re-election he addressed the workmen in the manufactories and at their nightly places of resort. It is needless to say that his occasional donations and gifts for public local purposes were most liberal. Among his best Coventry supporters he numbered several masters of Conservative opinions.

His

In the Opposition minorities of the first three Parliaments of which he was a member he commonly voted in Mr. Hume's divisions, but now and then divided with the majority when he deemed Mr. Hume's motions "Penny wise and pound foolish." On Lord Grey's advent to office, in November, 1830, Mr. Ellice was appointed joint Secretary of the Treasury, having the political department and "Whip" of the House of Commons. At no period of time was that position more arduous; and he was opposed by his friend Mr. Holmes, the Opposition manager- -one of the most able of Tory "Whips." But it was "Greek meeting Greek," and Mr. Holmes always said that Mr. Ellice was the most fair, yet fighting, opponent he had ever met in the field of politics. They continued friends till the death of the latter, twenty years ago. On the eventful dissolution of 1831 Mr. Ellice, virtute officii, was the principal manager of the general election. strong common sense and moral courage were of signal service to the Reform interest, and his relations, public and private, with Lord Grey were of great service to the Liberal interest and to the Whig party. He had also a large provincial connexion among the local leaders of the Liberal party, which influence he exercised to the further advantage of the Government, and really on the side of law and order. He was not a member of the Committee of Four who prepared the first scheme of Reform for the approval of Lord Grey's Cabinet; but he was the life and soul of the negotiations which followed the introduction of the Bill, and with Lord Durham and others he stood fast by the clauses enfranchising the Metropolitan boroughs. Mr. Ellice has the credit of the principal agency in the liberal addition Lord Grey, by consent of William IV., made to the number of the peerage after the Reform Bills became law; some of those titles were notoriously compensations for the sacrifice of disfranchised rotten boroughs.

When the great national contest was happily and peacefully ended, Mr. Ellice was thoroughly tired of his vocation. After the new election he resigned the

Secretaryship of the Treasury, and desired no other office in the State. Indeed, he had pressing affairs in the Canadas and in the United States requiring his personal attention. He had actually taken his passage for another voyage across the Atlantic, when he reluctantly yielded to Lord Grey's pressure in accepting the Secretaryship at War, with a seat in the Cabinet. This office he held till the sudden dismissal of the Melbourne Ministry in November, 1834. On that event he went abroad, and was re-elected for Coventry in his absence-his brother, Mr. Russell Ellice, representing him. From this period his official public life ceased, and no inducement could tempt him again to take office. He disliked its shackles, and, in truth, he may have been too independent for it; but he honestly exercised any influence he may have had in forming Ministries, by recommending the best men for the right places. On the breaking up of Whig Ministries his great anxiety seemed to be to secure the interests of the younger men sacrificed in the political changes. Nor was he ever over anxious to recover office for his party. He invariably advised that a Conservative Minister should be allowed to turn himself out; and he more than once wisely counselled his own friends to leave office before they broke down.

Such was his singular public character. He was a politician sui generis, and one who cannot be replaced in this generation. Mr. Ellice was at least disinterested. Public life cost him a fortune. It is well known to his intimate friends that the Secretaryship of the Treasury inflicted on him a heavy loss, as he preferred to keep promises he had made in 1831-2, which the party funds could not clear. A peerage was within his reach, and yet unsought, because he preferred the station of a Commoner. He was at least no courtier in the vulgar sense of the term; but he was a loyal subject of his Sovereign, and a firm believer in the superiority of a constitutional mo narchy. Very shortly before his death, at the Inverness public meeting he expressed that loyalty in plain but eloquent words. The late Prince Consort much appreciated his judgment on military questions, and yet Mr. Ellice had the manliness in the House of Commons to condemn an appointment in favour of the Prince which he thought was the right of old officers of long and hard service. On the first Levee afterwards he made a point of presenting himself, and he was gratified by a frank and cordial reception. He ever retained his friendships, notwithstanding political differences. He preserved his social intercourse with Lord Derby, with his early

friend the late Sir James Graham, and with others of the old Tory and new Conservative party. For many years he had occasional differences with Lord Palmerston on points of foreign policy; but on his lordship's accession to the Premiership Mr. Ellice promptly and consistently supported his Ministry. He said, "in the state of parties and our foreign relations, Lord Palmerston, like Chatham, was the man for the times." He did not always agree with Earl Russell, but he ever did justice to that noble lord's services to the Liberal cause. Mr. Ellice was strongly opposed to the agitation of further reform in our representative system during the Cabinets of Lord Aberdeen and Lord John Russell, because he thought the measures then proposed inopportune, and that they would prove abortive in the state of parties. He predicted that neither would be read a second time, and such was their stillborn fate. No man knew better by experience the difficulty and danger of a Government in proposing organic reforms not supported by the feeling of a nation.

Mr. Ellice received in 1862 the honorary degree of Dr. of Civil Laws from the University of St. Andrews, and he was a Deputy-Lieutenant of Inverness-shire. He was the original chairman of the Reform Club, mainly established in 1831-5 by his influence. He was the intimate friend of many French statesmen of the Orleans dynasty, and of M. Thiers in particular. With many foreigners he maintained to the hour of his death confidential correspondence. He was true to old friends, alike in adversity and in prosperity.

Mr. Ellice married first the youngest sister of the late Earl Grey, widow of Captain Bettesworth, R.N., by whom he had an only son, Mr. Edward Ellice, M.P. for the Inverness Burghs. His first wife died on the 28th of July, 1832. In 1843 he married Lady Leicester, the relict of Mr. Coke of Holkham, the first Earl Leicester, who died in the following year. These marriages early and late allied him with distinguished members of the Whig aristocracy. Lady Leicester was the third daughter of the fourth Earl of Albemarle.

JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A., F.R.A.S.

Mr. Gwilt was born in the parish of St. George the Martyr, Southwark, on Jan. 11, 1784. He was the younger son of Mr. George Gwilt, architect, Surveyor to the county of Surrey, and was educated at St. Paul's School. He was admitted a student of the Royal Academy in 1801, and gained the silver medal of that Society in the same year for his drawing of the