of a hundred other instruments, delight the astonished ear, and involuntarily raise the feet in tempered measure.

Sometimes between four and five thousand persons are assembled, and then the crowd is dreadful: all idea of pleasure ceases; dancing is at an end; and you are stifled with heat and suffocated with dust. Good characters are not very common, but the dresses are mostly very elegant; and the national custumes of Hungary, the Tyrol, Venice, Croatia, &c. greatly augment the brilliancy of the general coup d'œil. The royal family frequently attend, and are distinguished by black silk dominos. The writer has seen them as much squeezed and elbowed as the commonest plebeian. Gentlemen must ap pear in some kind of dress, or at least carry a mask in their hat according to law, otherwise admission might be refused. There are other regulations relating to public decorum, but in such a crowd where find the delinquent? Around the hall runs a handsome gallery with three rows of seats, and at the upper end is a saloon for refreshments. There are other rooms where gaming to a certain extent is allowed. The smaller he is opened only when the masquerades are very full. Behind this is another room for refreshments, and also a communication with the palace. From the gallery you descend into the supper-room3, which are commodious and well served. In short the whole building is admirably adapted to its purpose.

After walzing, minuets, country-dances, and cotillions have continued for some time, and the company are pretty well stifled with dust, on a sudden appear on all sides some imperial servants vociferously exclaiming "take care" they bring in wooden frames with wet cloths fixed in them, which they push along the floor by means of a long handle, and the whole room is drenched in a moment. This is a very great refreshment, and the company retire to other places until the floor is nearly dry again.

As morning approaches, what a change of scene! The masks are taken off, and the haggard looks and dishevelled locks betray the excess of pleasure. There lie some exhausted dancers sleeping and snoring; others are sauntering about gaping and yawning. The pleasing deception of such a tableau mourant, lately so animating, dies away; the speedy evanescence of human enjoyment starts up to view, and we behold the wheels and springs of the machine, the play of which was so attractive, now disjointed and motionless.

Müller's Cabinet.

Some years ago a collection of wax figures, representing celebrated personages living or dead, began to excite universal admiration.

e eques

The artist who called himself Joseph Müller, attracted as much attention as his perform ances. He is a man of extensive information, and of a refined taste. When the king and queen of Naples were on their return to Italy, he obtained permission to be in their suite. During his residence in that country, he procured casts of the choicest remains of antiquity, and returned with his collection. In a year or two after, being appointed sculptor to the emperor, he took a small house on one of the ramparts which, he fitted up with great taste. At the entrance stand casts of the trian statues of the Consul Balbas and Count Lasey. Among the most remarkable objects are, the Apollo and Catherine II; Field-mar losophers, and celebrated warriors, such shals and the Venus de Medici; busts of phias Bender, Clairfait, Wurmser, &c. Landon's tomb with artificial trees and shrubs. In the centre is a noble triumphal car, in which sit the emperor and empress; around it stand six the crown and insignia of the empire. Oppoor eight female figures (all portraits) hearing site is a very fine group of the archduke Charles in complete armour, to whom Pallas and Clio is recording his deeds. In a glass (Lady Hamilton) is presenting a laurel-wreath, case sits the late Archduke Palatine on horseback, in a rich Hungarian dress; the figure is as large as life. And to close this illustrigroup stands our hero of Trafalgar in full ous assemblage, at the foot of the above uniform, attended by a black servant. It must be allowed that M. M. thoroughly understands the imitation of nature; his figures are full of animation, and he has given an apparent motion to the eyes.

was some mystery which enveloped M. M.'s Many persons had long imagined that there character, and that he was of higher birth than he appeared to be, but from unknown circumstances had been compelled to work for his bread as an artist. At last he threw off the mask, and declared himself to be Count Deym. Having proved his nobility, the emperor appointed him one of the gentlemen of the bed-chamber, and he has since married a lady of rauk.

The Hierarchy

Consists of 57 catholic archbishops and bishops; 898 canons; and 15,136 inferior clergy: 1074 priests are attached to the couvents, and 376 to the nunneries. Over the united Greek church preside seven archbishops and bishops; and over the schismatic, nine dignitaries, and 5857 priests. The evangelical clergy are 568; the reformed 1800; and` the unitarian 136. They are said to be divided into parties, owing probably to the reforming spirit which so much pervaded the reign of Joseph II.

The first support the court system, and

are anxious to promote instruction, banish prejudice, abolish superstition, to shake off the trammels of popery, and to preach practical religion. The second party are of the old orthodox school, and the most wealthy, particularly in the provinces. They have sworn by the old leaven, and shut their eyes against the effulgent beams of purer principles which are rapidly spreading. To the third belong the wavering, the trimmers, and the hypocrites. Another set, mostly composed of Italians and French, become Ciceroni, gamblers, coffee-house orators, brokers, spies, &c. Though proscriptions have been issued against them, yet they maintain their ground.

Churches.

eminence it makes a grand appearance. The foundation was laid in 1713, owing to a vow made by the emperor on account of the plague which raged at that time. The portal is supported by six Corinthian pillars, with a flight of eleven steps: in front is inscribed the following distich':

Vota mea reddam Domino

In conspectu timentium eum.

On each side of the church is a triumphal arch; and before them stand two columns, similar to the Trajan and Antonine pillars in Rome. The achievements of St. Charles, in alto relievo, are sculptured on them in spiral lines. They are thirteen feet in diameter, and each has a winding staircase withinside. The knights of the red cross reside there, and perform the church service. Since the grounds have been fixed on without the lines; regulations in 1784, four general burialand each grave contains ten or a dozen bodies.

RY LIFE OF REV. JOHN F. USKO, CHAPLAIN
TO THE FACTORY AT SMYRNA; WRITTEN
BY HIMSELF, JANUARY 1808.

From the clergy we naturally turn to the edifices dedicated to public worship. There are two-and-twenty within the walls, and a Jewish synagogue. St. Stephens is the metropolitan. It is of the order called Gothic, and was built in the thirteenth century. The spire is 435 feet high; at the marriage of NARRATIVE OF THE TRAVELS AND LITERAFerdinand III, in 1631, and at his coronation as king of the Romans in 1637, it was brilliantly illuminated in 1683, during the siege by the Turks, it was struck by above a thousand balls. Whether it be owing to the whim of the architect or to the sinking of the foundation, the spire evidently inclines very inuch to the north. The great bell weighs 354 cwt. and is made of Turkish cannon taken in the wars of 1711. The most remarkable monuments in the church are those of Frederic III. Prince Eugene, Cardinals Kollonitz and Trauthson, and Spieshamer the historian. There is also a repository for the bowels of the royal family; but the royal vault, where the bodies are deposited, is in the Capuchin Church. The mausoleum of Francis I. and M. Theresa is particularly distinguished; at the four corners are four weeping figures emblematical of Hungary and Bohemia, the Roman empire and Jerusalem. Between the mausoleum, and the altar is a wooden machine, by which the empress used to be let down from the convent into the vault, to weep over the remains of her beloved husband. In the city are six convents and one

Dunnery.

The forty-two suburbs of Vienna contain thirty churches, ten convents, and two nunneries, besides handsome palaces, gardens, squares, &c. The church of St. Charles merits a short description. Being built on an

* Q. Whence arose among crowned heads the singular custom of a monarch's bowels being buried in one place, his heart in another, and his body in a third? We should be glad if any of our readers could solve the question.

I was born Dec. 12, 1760, in Prussia, in the town of Lyck, and at the provincial college of that town, I was first instructed in the German and Polish languages, in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, geography, history, &c. In October 1777, I was sent, after a public examination, to the university of Koningsburgh, where I studied philosophy and divinity, algebra and mathematics, &c., continuing the study of the Latin and Greek authors, the Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac, under Professor Kypke, the Arabic under Professor Koehler, and in my leisure hours the English, Italian, and Dutch. After having finished the prescribed course of my studies, I was admitted candidate for divinity in 1780. A licence for preaching was granted to me: and I was entrusted with the education of young students at the royal college called Collegium Fredericianum. In 1782, I was elected by the town of Dantzick to be sent to Smyrna as pastor to the evangelical German community, which comprizes not only those settled there, but also the seafaring people, from the north of Germany and Prussia, from Sweden, Denmark, and Holland. Being ordained to the ministerial functions March 18, 1783, by Jonathan Waller, D. D. I quitted Dantzick for Smyrna: travelling to Berlin through Leipzic and Dresden, to Prague and Vienna. In the latter town I was greatly pleased with the institution for the Oriental languages, formed by the late Empress Maria Theresa, and the Oriental manuscripts preserved there. I

phrates, went to Urpha, (or Ur Chaldæorum of Abraham) where is the tomb of Ephraim the Syrian and to Merdin, in Mesopotamia, from whence we saw the immense plain between the Euphrates and the Tigris, which is intercepted, or rather bordered by the mountain Sinjar (perhaps the Shinar of the Scriptures); and traversing that part of Mesopotamia, we arrived through Curdistan at Mosul, the ancient Nineveh, of which no other remains are to be seen but a vast quantity of bricks scattered in the plain. Having embarked on the river Tigris, (on curious rafts supported by goat skins blown up) we sailed for Baghdad, where we arrived at the end of June. Here we remained some months, and as I had already improved in the Persian language, I studied it with more application, under a Persian master, who knew the Arabic well. From Baghdad I went to Meshhed, Hussein, and Meshhed-Ali, where a famous tomb of that khalif or emperor is to be seen, which is visited by great numbers of Persians, who revere him next after Mohammed, as their principal saint. I proceeded to the .tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, called by the Arabs Kesit, visited very much by the Jews; and to Hella, a town on the banks of the Euphrates, built from the ruins of ancient Babylon, which is about three quarters of an hour distant from it. When I approached these immensely extensive ruins, I was amazed at the exact accomplishment of the prophecies of the Old Testament, by the prophet Isaias. I proceeded from thence over a vast number of ruins of bricks, to Takht Keosrou, or the remains of the city of Seleucia ad Tigrim, called by the Eastern nations Modain, or the two towns, being situated on both sides of the said river; returned, at the end of July, to Baghdad.

the Turkish language, though different from that of Constantinople in its pronunciation, is spoken in Persia at court, and by men of rauk and education, as well as by numbers of Turkmen who are established there. Froni hence we proceeded to Kasrune and Abusheher, on the Persian Gulf, where we arrived very fortunately in January 1796. How great was our joy, when we saw, some days after our arrival, an English sloop of war, commanded by Captain Selby, arrive from Bombay. The sight of so many English faces, was the greatest gratification to us, as we had not seen any European for a great length of time. We were treated with great politeness by the worthy captain, and sailed with him over the Persian Gulf to Bassora Here he stayed with Mr. Manesty, the Hon. East India Company's agent, more than a month, continuing my study of the Persian language, and especially reading their difficult manuscripts, under a Persian master.

We departed from Bassora the beginnng of March, for the dreary Desert of Arabia, riding on camels, accompanied by six Arabs likewise on camels, armed with matched fire-arms, lances, and swords. We traversed with them the dismal Desert, passed to Palmyra and its surprising and remarkable ruins and after having overcome all difficulties, and escaped all dangers, we arrived safe, after thirty-three days from Bassora, about the beginning of April, at Aleppo. Every one will readily believe how seriously we rejoiced at our fortunate journey through the Desert. Nobody had (perhaps) before us ventured to go to Palmyra from Bassora. After a short stay at Aleppo, we set off accompanied by a Tartar, to travel with expedition to Jerusalem. We passed through Hamah and Hums to Damascus, where we lodged at the Having prepared every necessary for our great monastery of Spanish monks, who journey to Persia, I departed with Mr. received us with great civility: we proceeded Wilbraham in August, passing through from thence through a fine plain at the foot Kirmanshah, Hamaand, (the ancient Ec- of Anti-Lebanon, till we arrived at the river batana) Gulpeigan, to Ispahan, where we Jordan, before it falls into the lake of Genearrived the latter end of September. In this sareth, where we entered Palestine; crossing vast city of 500,000 or 600,000 inhabitants, the said river, and passing through Galilee, I studied more exactly the true Persian we arrived at Nazareth, proceeded to Nabolus, language, under the care of one of the passed the ruins of Samaria, and arrived at Ulemas, or learned men. After having made Jerusalem early in May. Having seen the my observations on this large capital of Persia, Holy Fire, (as the Greeks call a highly and having bought the best Persian manu-blamable pious fraud, practised by them at scripts, historical as well as poetical, (now deposited in the Royal Library at Berlin) we set off for Persepolis, the ruins of which we beheld with astonishment; we then proceeded to Shiras, the native country of Saadi and Hafiz, whose tombs are seen there. Here I had again an opportunity of observing the differences of the Persian dialects, and to exercise myself in that dialect of the language, which is reputed the purest in Persia. But what I regarded as a great curiosity is, that

the sepulchre of our Saviour) and all the interesting places near Jerusalem, we went to Jaffa, where we embarked; Mr. Wilbraham for the Islands of the Archipelago (which I had already seen); and I, for Smyrna, where I returned safe in June 1796. In 1797, we had at Smyrna a dreadful rebellion of the Turkish mob, who set fire to our European quarter of the town and burnt it. We lost in the fire our best houses and libraries, but preserved the English chapel. In 1798,

I accompanied two of my pupils to Europe, | on board an Imperial ship, which was taken by Tripoline cruisers at the entrance of the Adriatic Gulf, between Otrante and Manfredonia, and carried to Modon, where we were providentially released, the commander of that squadron being an English renegado, who knew us, having been at Smyrna several times before a very happy circumstance for us! We were well treated, and honoured in every possible way.

From Modon we sailed to Zante, where the French, having at that time possession of the Seven Islands, retained us as prisoners of war. However, we received in a fortnight an order to proceed to Corfu, to be presented to the general in chief (Chabot). We were therefore obliged to sail in a boat from island to island landed on Ithaca, and were in great danger of perishing between Santa Maura and Corfu by a squall of wind, but were very fortunately driven to Prevesa. At Corfu we were well received by the French general, and obtained from him permission of sailing for Venice, where we performed quarantine 30 days. From Venice we went to Trieste, to Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburgh, and at last to England, in September. How happy was I to see that most enviable country! I had here the honour to be presented (at the recommendation of the R. W. Levant Company) to the Lord Bishop of London, who received me with the greatest condescension and kindness, of which I shall for ever retain a grateful memory.

ho

returned to myrna. In February 1807 we received an order from the English ambassador Mr. Arbuthnot, to embark on board the Glatton, instantaneously. We were theretore carried away in a hurry to Tenedos, where we remained on board more than fifty days. It was shocking to see thirty-six persons, ladies, maid-servants, nurses, and children, crowded in one cabin together. After the expedition against Constantinople had miscarried, we were sent to Malta, where we performed our quarantine in a damp lazaret. The quarantine finished, I embarked with Mrs. Usko for England, where we arrived safe in July last. Soon after I bad again the unexpected happiness of seeing the Lord Bisnop of London, with whom I had the honour to spend two happy days in the same place (Sundridge near Seven Oaks) where I had the pleasure of seeing him nine years before, and in the same month of October.

I must here declare, to the honour of the Bible, that I &d not find during my travels, one circumstance in the Holy Scriptures contrary to the present manners and customs of the East, or to geography, and the situation of the different places mentioned herein; but, on the contrary, all is conformable to the different prophecies and descriptions in the Sacred Writings.

purpose, by studying the languages, and habituating himself to the manners of the people whom he intends to visit. We understand that Mr. Usko has been presented by the Lord Bishop of London to the living of Orsett, in Essex.

PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION AMONG THE

AMERICAN INDIANS.

The foregoing narrative is not only interesting in itself, as exemplifying an adventurous spirit, but as shewing how much may be accomplished by the exertions of an indiAfter a stay of only two months and a halfvidual who has properly prepared himself for the in England, I returned to the continent of Europe, through Hamburgh, to see my friends and relations in Prussia. In passing through Berlin, I was presented to the King and Queen of Prussia, little suspecting the unfortunate events and wretched consequences that were to follow them, through bad management. At Dantzic, I lodged at the governor's house (the Count Kalkreuth), who offered me a very nourable post in that town, at the Gymnasium and the Trinity-Church, in the quality of Doctor of Divinity and Professor of the College. But being already engaged with the Levant Company, I declined it. From Dantzie I passed to Koningsberg, and, Feb. 1, 1799, arrived at Lyck, where I found my old mother, of 81 years, alive. What a ravishing scene was that, after seventeen years absence! Having stayed with her two months, I returned to Smyrna, through Poland, Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, Bulgaria, and Varna. From thence I sailed on the Black Sea to Constantinople, and so to Smyrna, where I arrived in October 1799, after an absence of one year and a half. In 1800, I married my present wife whom I had educated myself: she was born in Smyrna. In the beginning of July 1804, we went together to Athens, and

(Compare Panorama, Vol. IV. p. 319.)? In the course of my observations on missionary attempts among the Cherokee Indians I have concluded, that after the habits are formed, the only way to reduce them is by the influence of the children. To this point I have therefore bent my whole force. The mode of dieting, clothing, and instructing them, and even of their recreations was important. During the two first years I laid in all the provisions necessary for table use; hired a cook, who, under the particular direction of the schoolmaster's wife, prepared the vic tuals in the American style. I provided a large table and furnished the requisite utensils, around which all the scholars could decently