sioned a smile some years ago, if it had been proposed to teach the Irish peasant English by writing it on his money: yet, such is the fact, at present, and it may ultimately prove, that from this, the last resource, as it should seem, of substitute circulation, future ages may receive a benefit, important beyond description, which otherwise might not have reached them. This too will act as an additional stimulus to the clergy in Ireland: when the people become instructed, the clergy will surely acquire knowledge: and with the general diffusion of knowledge, will combine a state of prosperity for that country, of which its most ardent well wishers have at this instant not the slightest conception. Already has Ireland manifested such a spirit of improvement, and a progress so rapid during the last twenty years, that those who have witnessed it, think it more than the fifty previous years had accomplished. The order with which it has advanced, and the extent to which it has been carried, have surprized many; and we have every reason to hope that it will proceed with accelerated velocity. Let it not be said, that while the country is improving, the lands are better cultivated, houses are better built, and manners are more polished, that the still more important branches of national welfare, religion and morals, are condemned to inattention and to torpidity: and that the invigorating effects of knowledge and instruction are repressed and disregarded. Closing here our speculations, but not our good wishes, we shall now proceed to submit to our readers, the state of that national institution to which Ireland looks for the supply of its clergy, and for the improvement of its public ecclesiastical officers in those branches of learning, which are not only necessary to the discharge of their functions, but also ornamental, and desirable to their possessors. of scholars; and both old and new, as actually existing, are calculated for the reception of 250. Both buildings undertaken per order of trustees.-Annual expence of 200 additional students, £5,000. Sum necessary to complete the additional buildings calculated at ten thousand pounds. This establishment accommodates 200 students with lodgings; affords them commons and instruction; supplies them in the public halls with coals and candles during study hours. Each student pays £9. 2s. entrance money; provides himself with clothes, books, bedding, and chamber furniture; pays for washing, mending, and candle light for his room. This expence may be moderately rated at £20 per annum VACATION-During the months of July and August recess, from Class a few days at Christmas and Easter; the same at Pentecost. Students do not quit college at any of these three periods. At Christmas, general Examen; at Easter and Pentecost, prepare for the solemn Examen and Adjudication of Premiums, which terminates the academical year. As it is required, even during vacation, to have leave of absence from their respective prelates, much the greater part of students remain in college, where they are well employed at stated hours in study, composition, and lectures, in furtherance of the ensuing course. RESIDENCE. All masters and students obliged by statute to strict residence during term. This residence is religiously observed, ADMISSION. All students on the establishment are admitted according to Statute, cap. 8, de Alumnis. Each student before admission must deliver to the president authentic certifi cates of his age, parentage, baptism, of hav ing taken the oath of allegiance, together with the recommendation of his prelate. He is then examined in the classics and admitted, if approved of by the major part of the exa miners. The following are extracts from the official Declarationes alumnorum collegii Romana paper. Sums expended in building, by the Roman Catholic college, since its establishment, to Jan. 1806, including £1,629. Is. 31d. for wall of inclosure and for partition of Halis, £21,643. Is. 94d. The greatest number of students who were or could have been accominodated in the buildings existing previous to the 1st of January, 1806, 200. Catholici apud Maynooth, Ego infra Scriptus polliceor et spondeo me nec ullam conjurationis latentem societatem coire, neque aliàs coiturum; meque diligen ter et sumina fide servaturum onania et singu la statuta et Constitutiones hujus Collegii, quamdiu in illo commorabor, nihilque ex animo facturum dicturumve, quo dicta statuta et constitutiones quidquam detrimenti capiant, vel quo.ad eorum violationem aut contemptum cæteri Alumni inducantur. In quorum fideņ The object of that part of the building undertaken in 1806, was to provide better lodgings for the said 200 students, who were behisce subscripsi. fore but indifferently accommodated, as in many instances no less than 3 or 4 have been residing in one common room. The object of the additional building in 1807, was to procure accommodations for a greater number Pro rege et patria. Præses Administri, Cæterique omnes in Collegio degentes sæpius secum animo revolyant Collegium ipsum serenissimi Regis nos 8 ......Supper. 9 Common prayer. &c. The rules of Latin versification, &c. PHILOSOPHY: Logic, Metaphysics, Ethics.-The professor obliged through paucity of books to compile the treatise, and dictate the same to his scholars. Books: Seguy Philosoph. Locke. NATURAL OR EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: different branches of elementary mathematics, algebra, geometry, conic sections, astronomy, mechanics, optics, hydraulics, &c. &c. &c. chymistry. Books: several Eng. lish authors. DIVINITY:-Dogmatical.-First course, de religione, second d°. de incarnatione et ecclesia, third do. de sacramentis in genere, de eucharistia. The professor obliged to compile; chiefly from books cited below. He dictates his courses. Books: Hook. Bailly.. Duvoisin. Le Grand. Parisiis 1774. Tournely. Bailly. N. Alexander. P. Gollet Con. Tour.-Moral.-First course, de actibus humanis, de conscientiâ, de peccatis, de matrimonio. Books: Paul Antoine. Second do. de legibus, de virtutibus theol. et moral, de sacramento pænitentiæ. Books: Petrus Collet. Third do. de jure et justitiâ, de contractibus, de obgl. statuum, de censuris, &c. Books: Continuator Tournilii. The professor explains, the scholars study Paul Antoine and P. Collet. The lecturers explain the treatises of their respective professors. No regular professor (at present) of sacred scriptures, but a portion of the new testament is committed to memory every week; the gospels explained, the acts of the apostles, the epistles from Dom Calmet, Maldonatus, Esthius, Synopsis Criticorum, and other biblical expounders. MODERN LANGUAGES.-English.-Murray's grammar, Usher's. Elocution, Sheridan, Walker.Irish.-M'Curtin's grammar, Irish testament explained, fragments translated into English.French-Grammar. Fenelon, Massillon, &c. The following list shews what proportion of students has been sent to this institution from the Catholic provinces of Ireland re 9......All retire in silence to their chambers. Every Sunday and holiday during the academical year a sermon or homily by one of the students in holy orders.-Every Wednes-spectively, with their numbers in the present day general walk or relaxation. General Course of Study, Books, &c. HUMANITY.-Underclass, Latin andGreek. Sallust, Virgil, and Horace explained. Exercise. Select passages from Goldsmith's Roman history, occasionally translated into Latiu. Portions of Greek Testament, Lucian and Xenophon construed and explained. BELLES LETTRES,-or-1st class of Greek and Latin:-Greek.-Gospel of St. Luke, Aets of Apostles, Epistles of St. Paul, Homer, Epictetus, Xenophon, explained, &c. Latin.-Cicero's Orations, Offices, Livy, part of Seneca, Pliny's letters, Horace explained, 10 14 Waterford Kerry. 8 8 7 Dublin 13 year 1808. Armagh.. Meath... Ardagh Kilmore.. Clogher Downe ..... Dromore Raphoe Derry.. Cashel Killaloe... Cloyne Corke...... Limerick 1802 · 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 Entrance money, &c. 1,136 2 8 218 8 0 £5,635 16 1 Legacies and donations from 1798 (none before) to 1807 £3,012 13 Total CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. To the Editor of the Literary Panorama. SIR,--The public were given to understand, in your miscellany, that the subject of inhumanity to animals was taken up by some persons who had associated, for the laudable purpose of preventing such crimes. I hope we shall soon hear more of their proceedings, and that they intend persevering in their good cause. Having been informed of a case of £8,648 914 very great cruelty which lately happened, beg leave, by your means, to coinmunicate it to the above-mentioned persons, and others who may be willing to assist them in their endeavours. 0 State of the Establishments on the Conti- Masters. Scholars. Bourdeaux. Doway .3......80 .3. ...40 2. .30 1.. ..10 .1...... 8 Toulouse Lisle...... Total in France.... In Louvain. 17.....348 40 ..30 32 2......16 2......12 .27.....478 The scholars generally went to the public schools or universities, otherwise the number of masters would have been at least double. The whole number of scholars in the colleges of the Lombards, Nantz, Doway, Antwerp, and 20 in Bourdeaux, received priests' orders before they went abroad, and by the exercise of their functions were enabled to support themselves during the course of their studies. In the community at Paris there were foundations for about sixty scholars made by various persons. In Toulouse twelve. In Bourdeaux twenty were defraved by pensions from the king of France. In Salamanca thirty-two by the king of Spain. In Rome sixteen. In Lisbon twelve. In Louvain twenty, by foundations of different pe.sous. On Monday last, a bullock, which was driven from London down the Stratford road, along with another, became, after separating from its companion, in Low-Layton, wild and furious, what is usually called mad. It ran beyond the place were it was to be driven to, up the Lea-bridge road, there fell into a ditch and was pulled out. After returning a short way back again it laid down near the tive-milestone, and continued there for more than two hours; ropes were attached to it, and endeavours used to pull it up by means of a cart; then, (shocking to relate!) it was proposed to light some straw and force it up by that ineans!! Straw was lighted about a dozen times, under different parts of the animal. This hor rid operation niade it rise, and walk behind the cart (to which it was fastened) a short distance; then it fell down again, upon which fire was again put under it, until at last they got it home to the owners. I hope such horrid acts, which I fear are not very unfrequent, will become (if they are not already) objects of legislative interfe rence. As we are informed there is some intention of bringing an act of parliament forward for the prevention of cruelty to animals, if any of your readers will inform the public what the particulars of that intended act are, they will much oblige, AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPONDENT. May, 91808. From repeated inquiries made at the publisher's, we are led to infer, that the idea of a society in farour of animals is not wholly abandoned, but is not so far advanced as to be made a subject of public notice. BRITISH IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFAC TURE OF SWORDS. The following particulars in relation to a weapon so important as the Sword 'have appeared to us to deserve registering in the PANORAMA: they are abstracted from a paper published in Aris's Birmingham Gazette, in July, 1805. As the object of that paper was controversial, we have not given the whole of it, but only so much as contains useful information. Previous to this establishment, the army were chiefly supplied from Germany; but the German swords were, and are so ill constructed, that they would not, and will not, sustain this criterion; some few that were ordered by the board, and were procured from the German resident in London, were shivered to pieces, when submitted to the test, and from their repeated failures, no German swords have, for several years, been received into government stores, and no swords whatever, but such as would, in every respect, endure this proof. In consequence of these successful exertions, Mr. O. was honoured with a reconhighest respectability and high in office, to mendatory letter from a gentleman of the the then Chairman of the Committee of the honourable East-India Company, who, among other handsome things, says, "I have great pleasure in saying, that in the course of the last four or five years, he has supplied the ordnance with near twenty thousand cavalry swords; Mr. Osborn would readily agree that all the swords, that he should furnish to the Company, should be examined and proved at the Tower, and it would, no doubt, be much should undergo the strictness of our examinafor the advantage of your service that they Previous to the year 1795, the scientific principles on which swords should be constructed, were deplorably neglected; every regiment was at liberty to order its own swords, without reference to any standard, or proof of their goodness. A weapon so important both for offence and defence was left to chance or caprice, and the consequence was the sacrifice of many a brave fellow, and an unascertainable loss to the service and the country. At that period the Board of Ordnance requesed the trade to produce patterns of swords, together with the best modes of proof, in order that the highest degree of security that Art and Industry could proThe honourable East-India Company causvide, might be obtained. Accordingly each ed an order to be given to the German resi sword-maker produced his pattern, his price, dent in London, and Mr. O. for each to produce and his method of proving; on accurate exten regulation light-cavalry swords, to be amination, Mr. Osborn's system of proving, publicly tried at the Tower, under the inmounting &c. was adopted, and established by spection of Major Cunninghame; the trial the board, and general Ross (Surveyor general of workmanship therefore took place on the of the ordnance) desired him to lay down expli- 7th of November, 1804; but as the German cit directions for the guidance of the sword-found, by having his swords secretly proved, cutlers employed by the board. that they would not stand the slightest proof, he did not think proper to attend. In conformity with this application Mr. O. invented a proving machine, which was exhibited by request before his Royal Highness the Duke of York, general Ross, colonel Le Merchant, and a number of field officers, at the War Office, and was unanimously pronounced to be effectual, simple, and calculated to answer the important purpose of an unerring system : he was then ordered to make nine such machines for the direction of other sword manufacturers, and one of them was fixed in the Tower, and a proper person appointed to look to the proof agreeably to rules laid down. This regulation, though salutary, being strict, produced a few ineffectual murmurs on the part of other sword manufacturers. The establishment of these regulations, has been the happy means of saving the life of many a brave man; for there is now little danger of the sword falling fractured and useless from the arm of valour, for the blades of Bitish swords, like the hearts of British warriors, will seldom fail. tion." A regulation light-cavalry sword is 32 inches long in the blade, and should spring one inch in every six, viz. 54 inches, which will take it down to 27 inches. Several of the swords were sprung to 22, 21, and 20 inches, which was 5, 6, and 7 inches beyond proof, and all beyond 27 inches was considered as being superfluous; but the parties wished them put to the utmost test, hence the reason why they were continued to be sprung till one of the other lost its elastic powers. The moment a sword becomes soft (set) or breaks, it is disabled. The process of proving is as follows: After being ground to a gauge, and weighed to see that they are conformable to the scale, they afe struck back and edge over a block of wood, this is called chopping; then they are struck flat-ways on an even surface of wood, this is called slapping; and, finally, they are sprung to 27 inches: every warranted sword undergoes this proof, and which is considered equivalent to every hardship a sword undergoes in the field of battle. SKETCHES OF VIENNA. [Continued from p. 325, Vol. IV.] The Prater. hour, and the proprietor often makes four or five hundred pounds of a night, though the entrance-money does not amount to seven house inhabited by a traiteur, where the clégantes generally make parties to dinner. The road leading to it is always watered in the summer months, there being a pump for the purpose at every two hundred paces. are lighted the whole night. At the close of the evening the fire signal is a gun. About half an hour after, another gun and a rocket ire let off. When it is quite dark a third gun is fired, and a row of rockets launched to an. nounce the commencement of the grand exAmong the places of fashionable rendez-hibition. It lasts about three quarters of an vous, the Au Garden and Prater certainly claim the precedence. The first is in the Leopoldstadt near the Danube: it owes its present beauty to Joseph II. who had it plant-pence. At the end of the Prater is a pleasure ed and adorned at a great expence, and ereeted a public tavern on the plan of the French restaurateurs. On the river is a raised terrace, which commands fine views of the surrounding country. It was opened in 1775, and over the middle entrance is the following inscription, a place of recreation dedicated to all persons by their adini r." The Brigittenane, another resort, is at some distance from the capital. The grand festival celebrated there, on the first Sunday after St. Bridget's day, attracts a great concourse of people. Nor must the ramparts be forgotten, which are soon reached from any part of the city, and offer a delightful promenade to those who wish to avoid dust and crowds. They are nearly three miles in circumference. These, however, are but humble satellites to the grand luminary, the common centre of attraction, the Hyde Park of beauty and elegance, the life and soul of Vienna, s, the Prater. The name is probably corrupted from the Prado at Madrid. Before Joseph the Second's time it was a roval chace: he But a Sunday's amusement of this kind is not sufficient for the insatiable Viennese; the night must have its sure of pleasure, as well as the day. From the Prater they drive to the Italian opera, to a German theatre, or to Kasperl's in the Leopoldstadt. This theatre is devoted to the amusement of the lower orders more particularly; farces in the patois of the country are performed, and Master Kasperl, whose real name is La Roche, is the Jack Bannister; nor would he yield to him in burlesque and humour, were they to be brought into competition. As a finale we shall close with a few descriptive lines by Count Jaubert: Déjà le cours, orné d'un double rang de chats, generously gave it to the public, and it has become a never-failing fund of amusement. It is surrounded by the Danube, and extends to the d stance of three or four miles. From a large semicircle, which is railed in, branch out different alleys into the forest which abounds with deer, wild hogs, and game. Innumerable wooden pavilions neatly fitted up, skittlegrounds, traiteurs, beer-houses, &c. are scattered throughout the alleys; and under the trees stand tables and benches ad infinitum. There, on a Sunday, which becomes a day of labour instead of rest, is collected an immense papulation. Hundreds of equipages are driving up and down the grand alley, besides male and female equestrians, and pedestrians in gay attire. Dissipation is the order of the day. The tables groan under the pressure of delicate viands and choice wines: mirth and his jocund train preside; the sports of children, music, and walzing, increase the general hilarity. Here sits a party enjoying the refreshing shade; there lies another extended on the grass, ex-glittering bayonets appal the timid female, hausted by the labour of feasting, ils font la digestion,as the Frenchman observes. Others, more, mentally disposed, are strolling among the copse in friendly converse, or wooing their mistress's eyebrow. When fireworks are displayed, the alleys Areanother source of delight to the Austrian capital. In a wing of the palace are two magnificent assembly-rooms, dedicated to Comus and Terpsichore. You ascend by a fight of steps, and pass through a file of grenadiers, whose tremendous mustachios and who is escorted by her beloved for the first time to such a spectacle. The enchanting hall soon opens to view. Thousands of bougies in brilliant lustres, elegantly arranged, confound the organs of sight; and the sound of horns and trumpets, with the softer tones |