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to judge correctly, when objects in the trough of the sea will rise to the summit, and to, what is called, "humour the motion of a ship." The author has more than once seen the efforts of the most scientific French officers (engineers) rendered abortive, owing to their being unable to calculate the " coming too," and failing off;" in short, the motion [of objects and of the vessel], when an unlettered English seaman has made every one of his shot take effect.-Years at sea can alone give this knowledge!

That better instruction than usually falls to the lot of common sailors in England would not injure them in their profession, have the testimony of this naval picer: Mr. Whitbread may inquire in the navy, after further facts to the same purpose, if he pleases.

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If boys destined for the sea service, whether mercantile or naval (to which last, in fact, ey ultimately come for a time), could be given an appropriate education, it would create almost a third class of naval officers, such as the (before-mentioned) great Cook! and some now living of the highest eminence (whom it would be indelicate to name), but unfortunately too few in number to be reckoned a third part of the navy;-there would then be, the "fire of youth," from those who have risen rapidly in the service through merit, assisted by interest :-"steadiness and naval tactics," from those who have risen gradually in the navy only; and thorough-bred seamanship and caution," from such as have served before the mast in both services.-Each would be an example to the other, and so, correct and blend.-It may be said, This is the case at present, and the navy is very well as it is!"-Will reading and writing give a lad the courage, and teach him the method, to" hand a topgallant sail in a squall of drift! the mast expected to go over the side every instant!"

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to furl a close-reefed top-sail in a dreadful winter's night of wind and snow! yard-arms dipping a-lee!"-Not exactly. ut while I find Scotch crews (who almost all can read, write, and cypher,) make the tremendous passages they do, to and from the Baltic, &c &c., in their little bits of crat, and act in the brave, active, and loyal way in which they do in the navy, I can never be brought to think that the elements of learning in a seaman is a bar to their most estimable qualities; on the contrary, if it does not improve seamanship (an art only to be acquired by practice), I am satisfied it cannot prevent its acquirenient; and improves character and conduct-And be it remembered too, that often and often the noblest fellows, whom officers would give the world to promote, must hopelessly remain in the situations of (at

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the utmost) petty officers, debarred of that great spring of action, the hope to rise !!!,not only in the navy, but every where else indeed. When these men therefore, with all the qualities of heroes, can never be brought to adorn the navy, as some formerly in their situation now do, and all because, forsooth! they cannot read and write!, I cannot but think the want a very considerable injury to the service, and consequently to the nation!One remark,selfish enough, God knows, strikes me as might be made, viz. you acknowledge these are "noble fellows;"-the term of course is derived from their noble conduct in certain situations:-why, Sir, if they do so them away?-I do not wish to take them much good here, would you wish to take away from any situation that would not be instantly and constantly re-filled by their equals, (for promotion cannot go beyond certain limits)-nor are such seamen likely to become bankrupt in such qualifications, until the race is extirpated!-and let it be remembered too, that their removal is to stations where they may be of more value.

The following deserves the reflection of superior officers, as well in the merchant service as in the navy.

The author here would fain attempt to impress, as forcibly as he can, the extreme service a "cork-boat" might be made to render, whether in this dangerous business of boarding, reconnoitring, rowing guard, sending dispatches on shore, or other duties of peculiar importance ;-all of which might be executed by such a boat, with perfect safety to the crew, at times absolutely impracticable to others. It should be as much on the principle of a life-boat, as lightness (for hoisting in and out) and dispatch, to which may be added cheapness, will admit of:-to meet the above essential properties, perhaps a form between the whale-boat and Norway yawl, (stem and stern exactly alike however) to hold three rowers, pulling each a pair of short oars (as the Yorkshire cobles), and one in the stern and stem, to steer also with an ear, would be found best to answer. An arrangement might easily be struck out for stowing provisions, water and compass. The equipments should be the same as the life-boat, with the addition of cork waist-belts, for the crew. It would even be worth while for many menof war to purchase such a boat by subscription. Admirals, or commanders of squadrons, night however, at all events, be allowed them by government to advantage. The author begs to observe, that he has no sort of connection with the person who, he believes, has a patent for life-boats, viz. Mr. Greathead of Shields; but he has been in these, and wishes to add his testimony of their complete efficacy.

- Every anecdote of so great a man as Capt. Cooke is entitled to attention: the author pledges his veracity to the truth of his anecdotes, of course especially to such as this.

The author had the following account of this celebrated navigator from a gentleman to whose father Cook was bound, before he went to sea. The gentleman alluded to was both merchant and shopkeeper, at a large fishing-town on the Yorkshire coast, called Staiths. Cook, who came from that part of England, served in the shop-some money had been missed from the tills, and, to discover the delinquent, a peculiarly marked shilling was mixed with the other silver, which was counted:-the shilling was taken out by Cook, who, on being charged with it, acknowledged that it had caught his eye, and that he had taken it, but put another in its place. This was found to be true;-and although the family were highly respectable, humane and attached to him, yet the high spirit of the hoy could not brook remaining where he had been suspected ;-he ran away, and it is known, afterwards entered as a cabin-boy in the coal trade.

Cary's New Universal Atlas, containing distinct Maps of the Principal States and Kingdoms throughout the World. From the latest Authories extant. Imperial folio. Plates 60. Full coloured in sheets, half binding, with Russia backs and corners, maps guarded, price £10. 8s.-outlined copy, same binding, £8. 18s. J. Carey,

London, 1808.

This is a considerable work, which has been during several years in a course of publication, and is recently completed. On inspecting it, we find that Mr. Cary has availed himself of the best published authorities within his power. He does not appear to us to have been favoured with extensive manuscript assistance; but to have relied on what has been communicated to the world, by various artists, chiefly in Europe, of course.

We shall not need, we trust, to apologize to our readers for slightly hinting at the` best authorities for geographical delineations, such as Mr. Cary has had recourse to, in the work under our inspection.

The globular projection oftheeastern and western hemisphere, with which this volume opens, is succeeded by Mercator's projection of the earth: no great novelty was to be expected in these. We cannot, however, refrain from remarking, that it is very much to the honour of our country, that the discoveries made by Capt. Cook, and other British navigators, have greatly diminished the proportion of terra incognita which formerly engrossed so considerable a space on our globes; and we are further beholden to various laudable · institutions among us, as well as to private travellers, who have lately brought us acquainted with the interior of provinces and regions before unknown. No longer

need

Geographers, on barren downs,

:

Place elephants for want of towns. even Africa itself, has been forced to yield its tribute of information to British perseverance and the dexterity of a Rennel has done much towards combining into a correct delineation of that continent the scattered authorities of our enterprising countrymen.

Capt. Cook's maps annexed to his voyages are certainly the best authorities that tries visited by him. Those of Vancoucan be procured, in reference to the counver and the unfortunate De la Peyrouse, for the N. W. coast of America, may be considered as their companions, so far as they go. These Mr. C. has consulted.. Britain has several excellent maps of parts of its surface. Mr. C. has incorporated the most correct he could procure, as well of Ireland as of Britain. A complete general map may be expected from the trigonometrical surveys which have been formed with incessant labour and perseverance. Cassini's large map of France Geography has within our recollection has been his authority for that country. assumed such different features from those For the Netherlands he has followed which it formerly exhibited, that we Ferrari's 25 sheet map; the modern dehardly know our old acquaintances again, partmental divisions are added. Italy is in modern maps. Late discoveries, and from Dalbe's large map. We have rea still later political events, have changed son to believe that there is no map of the divisions and subdivisions of continents Spain and Portugal on a large scale sufficiand countries, very materially; what fur-ently correct to satisfy the wishes of mother distributions this afflicted globe is to undergo, time alone can discover.

dern geographers. The Prince Regent of Portugal commanded observations to be

taken with a view to ascertain the bearings of the coast, and to lay down the basis for a correct map; these we have seen, and believe they have been copied by Mr. Arrowsmith. The map, however, was not completed; and now we suppose is abandoned. We have little to say on modern maps of Spain. Germany has been done at large by Chauchard, and Mr. C. has followed him, assisted by provincial maps of the circles, &c. There is a large new map of Hungary: and as this country has lately distinguished itself in the higher branches of science, we presume that this may be depended on as correct. We have seen, by favour of the Rev. Mr. Brunmark, chaplain to the Swedish embassy, who had a considerable importation of them, a series of extremely well executed maps of Sweden. The art of engraving has within a few years been carried to great excellence in that country; and some of its productions vie with those of Britain. Its maps are completely in the English taste and are rendered valuable by the distinctions applied to its mineral productions, and the notice of their localities. Denmark bas lately been well done. Zanoni's Poland, so far as we know, is the best extant. The Russian empire is so extensive and difficult, that although there are large maps of parts of it, yet, they require combination to be rendered useful. There is, we believe, a very large map of the whole; but we cannot speak to its correctness. The sovereignties of Asia have never yet had the ability to construct maps of their own; nor the disposition to permit others to survey their dominions; Turkey and Persia, therefore, must be treated by inference rather than by actual observation: or if we may depend on the observations taken in the principal cities, and on some few points, the intermediate countries must be the subject of estimate.

For Hindoostan we are obliged to Major Rennel. Mr. Arrowsmith also, not long ago published a capital map of this country: it may therefore stand as an exception among the Asiatics. The Islands of India have been observed with considerable accuracy by our navigators as being of great importance, to them. Mr. C. has profited by their communications. Africa has been compiled from the same travellers as had been used by Major Rennell,-Park, Brown, Barrow, &c. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, are principally

from the large surveys of M. Du Barré.

Dr. Morse has been the authority for N. America, so far as the United States extend. We have seen approximations of the northern parts, and of Canada, which appear to have escaped Mr. C. We hope to receive considerable information, when the Congress shall publish the travels of Messrs. Clarke, &c. with the maps which illustrate them. A sketch of their travels has appeared in the form of a pamphlet, [Vide Panorama, Vol. II. p. 373 for a letter on this subject.] but no maps of any kind. South America has two authorities: the coast has been surveyed by order of the king of Spain from the river de la Plata southward; and the whole of the western coast up to Panama, with its gulf; the large map of La Cruz, which has been Mr. C.'s guide in the interior, was published by order of the Spanish government, and may, we doubt not, safely be relied on. The travels of Depons have lately added a map of the Carraccas.

As geographers are not expected to visit the countries they describe, but must content themselves with compiling from the best voyagers and travellers known to them, so artists who undertake to construct maps of distant countries can but unite the delineations already laid down by those who have had sufficient skill for the purpose, We see no reason why the authorities thus quoted should not be mentioned, and brought under appeal: partly in proof that the artist has used due dili gence in his undertaking, and partly that if there be any error the source of it may be known, and it may be corrected. This deficiency in Mr C's volume we have endeavoured partly to supply, and hope that in so doing we have contributed to advance the science of geography. It is no censure on that science, to say that in many particulars it is susceptible of improvement: works like the present are truly honourable efforts for that purpose.

A Print, representing the Delivery of the Ratified Treaty of 1790 by Sir Charles Warre Malet, Bart. to his Highness Souae Madarow Narrain Peshwa, at Poonah, the Capital of the Mahratta States, in the East Indies, from a Picture painted by Thomas Daniell, Esq. R. A, and engraved by Mr. Charles Turner. size 24 inches by 36. Price 4gs. Proof,2gs. Prints. Mezzotinto. Published by R. Cribb, Holborn. 1807.

This picture derives interest from the accurate delineation of costume, in the faithful representation of an important political event in the annals of the British empire in the East. From the year 1774, the East-India Company had been engaged in successive hostilities with the Mahratta state, which were terminated in the year 1782-3, by a treaty of peace between the British government and the Peshwa, concluded at Salbyhe by Mr. David Anderson, under the orders of Governor General Hastings, through the good offices and mediation of the celebrated Mahratta chieftain Mhadjee Sindia; with a reservation that our future intercourse with the Peshwa, or supreme head of the Mahratta empire, should be through the channel of his interposition.

But the re-establishment of a direct and Immediate communication with the head of the empire, naturally became an object of the solicitude of the British Government, as the best mode of obliterating recent animosity, and of establishing the most effectual check on the restless ambition and inveterate enmity of Tippoo Sultan; and the jealousy of Mhad jee Sindia having been gradually lulled by the wise and candid policy of Mr. Hastings, and of his successor sir John M Pherson, through the able and conciliating conduct of Mr. James Anderson, who had succeeded his brother David as minister with Mhadjec Sindia; Mr. Malet was selected by Mr. Hastings, and under the subsequent confirmation of his successor, Sir John M Pherson, and with the full approbation and consent of Mhadjee Sindia himself, appointed to restore the ancient friendship and cultivate the most cordial intimacy between the two states. He accordingly assumed the character of minister plenipotentiary at the court of Poona, under the government general of India of Sir John M Pherson in the year 1786; and having from the commencement of his embassy, under the auspices of that government, studiously pursued and happily effected, various points of considerable moment and advantage to the British government, and having especially succeeded in the grand object of effectually conciliating the confidence and good will of the Peshwa and his ministers, he had the felicity, under the subsequent government and orders of Marquis Cornwallis, to conduct to an happy issue the negotiations for the cooperation of the Mahratta state, in the war against Tippoo Sultan, brought on by that prince's unjustifiable attack on our ally the Raja of Travancore.

The consummation of that interesting event is the subject of the picture, in which Mr. Daniell has faithfully represented the ceremonial of the delivery by Mr. Malet, (attended by Mr. Uhthoff, the secretary of the embassy, Capt. Heirn and Lieut. Ward,

1st and 2d officers of the body guard, and Mr. Findlay, surgeon of the embassy,) of the treaty of offensive and defensive alliance against Tippoo Sultan, ratified by Marquis Cornwallis, into the Peshwa's own hand in full Durbar, on the 6th of August, 1790, as described in the annexed copy, of Mr. Malet's official letter to Marquis Cornwallis on the occasion, dated August 7, 1790.

"In consequence of my desire of an early day being appointed for the delivery of the ratified treaty, that ceremony was settled to be performed at 6 o'clock on the morning of the 6th, so unusual an hour being chosen as the only auspicious one, for several days. I accordingly waited on his Highness the Peshwa at the appointed time, and was received in full Durbar. After some time had passed in expectation of the auspicious moment, it was formally announced, and I immediately delivered into his Highness's own hands, your lordship's letter and the ratified treaty, accompanying them with such expressions of congratulation on so important an event, as were suited to the occasion, and which were graciously answered with assurances of satisfaction and friendship. On my taking leave I was presented with an honorary dress, a jewelled serpech and jeega, a string of pearls, and an horse, which shall be converted to the Company's use and credit. "

Mr. Malet was created a baronet of Great Britain in reward of his services.

There is much to praise in the print before us. In fact, our memory deceives us, if there is not a greater harmony in the general aspect of the composition than in the original picture. The details have been made out, by outlines, and other work intended to give character before the mezzotinto ground was laid over the plate: these viewed at a small distance, have a very good effect, and the whole does credit to Mr. Turner's abilities. The size of the print renders it a handsome article in a gallery; and if that wicked sprite called fashion did not oppose us, we should say, in a drawing-room, also. Its nature and subject recommends it particularly to gentlemen connected with the East Indies.

Political events have always been thought fit subjects for art, from the battles and triumphs still extant among the antiquities of Egypt, and the processions at Persepolis, to the painted Stoa at Athens, and the ornaments of the imperial palaces at Rome. Trajan's pillar, and that of Antoninus, are lasting monuments of the application of this principle. It his true, however, that no despicable acquaintance with antiquity is necessary to enable a modern specta

tor to understand what is before him; yet the ancient artists must be acquitted from blame on this particular, since, for aught we know to the contrary, they might have drawn up distinct and intelligible descriptions of the works they had executed, though now lost by lapse of time. If they really did so, they had very much the advantage of Mr. Daniell, with respect to this production of his pencil. If we place ourselves for a moment in the rank of ignorant (because simply British) speculators on this print, can we be otherwise than vexed, at finding, in the printed explanation given with it, a total silence as to the accuracy and peculiarites of the scene, and as to the officers of the Durbar, attendant on the Peshwa? Not one of the Mahratta commanders is distinguished by description, though some are cavalry and others infantry. Gentlemen who have been in India may be sufficiently acquainted with the character and office of the pages and others in attendance; but why not indulge honest John at home, who, by the bye, is as curious as he is honest, with a few titles, whether derived from the Arabic or the Sanscrit, by way of explanation? Who, for instance, will perceive that this scene is a palace? Who will distinguish single-eyed portrait of the public hall of the Peshwa's Ganesa with his elephant head, a mountain in his hand, and his trunk feeding on a bunch of grapes? Not even his rat should be (properly) passed over without notice. Or who will recognize Vishnu, with his shell, his ring, his flower, and bis sceptre? Who will discern in the ornaments of the cornice the famous incarnations of Vishnu? There are other curious particulars in this composition: not omitting the intentional departure from perpendicularity which occurs in the fricze over the arch, and which we have heard uniformed 'observers condemn as out of perspective. An observation on the (superstitions) cause of this, would have justified the artist's accuracy. For these, and other causes, us thereunto moving, we commend with great pleasure the graphical merit of the print, but find ourselves obliged to censure that defective explanation, which withholds from all who are not conversant with the modes and manners of India, a considerable proportion of that pleasure which under more favourable communications they might have enjoyed.

LITERARY PROSPECTIVE.

the Board of Agriculture, delivered two inMr. Arthur Young having, by the desire of teresting Lectures on Agriculture, at the house

of the Board, in Sackville Street, the first Lectures which have ever been delivered on this subject in England, he has been requested to published them, and they will be put to press without loss of time.

This important Board proceeds with increas-ed zeal and activity, in the preparation of the County Reports, twenty-eight of which have Mr. Young, and of Bedfordshire, by Mr. already appeared, and that of Oxfordshire, by Bachelor, are ready to be put to press. New editions of Lancashire, Staffordshire, and Lincolnshire, are also in forwardness.

The Survey of Invernessshire by Dr. Robertson, of Callander, has been delayed a few weeks owing to the preparation of a new map, which is to delineate the situation of the different soils, and the lines of roads, as ordered by Parliament. The work itself will different districts, specifying not only the also contain a topographical description of the means of cultivating the soil, but the propriety of establishing villages for improving the fisheries and woollen manufactures, as a great fund of subsistence, employment, and wealth to the people, which may effectually prevent emigration; with extracts of letters from Mr. for the cultivation of moss, by Sir John SinDempster of Dumchan, on that desolating evil; and an appendix, containing directions clair; leiters on the comparative value of different breeds of sheep, and a short account of the British and ecclesiatical antiquities of the country.

Mr. Robert Bakewell, of Wakefield, has prepared for the press a work on a subject of considerable importance to woollen manufac turers, and wool growers. Its chief object is to demonstrate the possibility of improving the quality and increasing the value of clothing but which have hitherto been neglected from wool, by means the most simple and easy, an ignorance of the real structure and nature of wool, and of the effects which difference of soil and climate produce on the growing fleece.

Mr. Walter Wilson has in the press the History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches, Chapels and Meeting Houses in and about London; including a chronological series of ministers at each place, with biogra phical anecdotes of their lives and characters. The work has occupied his attention for many from original paintings. and is to be accompanied with portraits

years

A new edition of Miss Porter's novel, The Hungarain Brothers, will be ready in a short time.

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