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ground it stands on, with some hundreds of, aores adjoining, was gained from the sea by embanking in 1800.-4. Embanking eight years ago 1800 acres of land from the sea; the greater part of which lets from 30 to 45 shillings per acre.-5. Another Embankment is begun, of shorelands, contiguous, that will gain 3,500 acres of equal value, which when finished, will be the noblest thing of the kind hitherto undertaken in Britain. An iron rail-way will be placed on the top of the embankment, which will connect the counties of Merioneth and Caernarvon, before separated by this oozy inlet of the sea. On this great undertaking at Trè-Madoc, Mr. Loudon was consulted.-6. Irrigating and flooding a large proportion of the land gained from the sea.-7. Planting several hundreds of acres of rocky spots and mountainous steeps; a work annually proceeding. So rapid has been the growth of these plantations, that the parts first planted are already worth from £60 to £100 an acre. A large nursery is established near the town, and considerable tracts of mountain are every year inclosed, and covered with larch. The scarcity of wood in this part of Wales, and the importance of Ynys-Congor harbour, will render such plantations of great value in a very few years.-9. Establishing a complete Woollen Manufactory on the estate, and in the town an improved tan-work in which the tormentil is used.-10. To these may be added, the building of an elegant villa, in a style, the simplicity of which corresponds with the nature of the scenery around it. The disposition also of the extensive grounds; the views from and round which for several miles, are among the most singular and romantic in Wales."

tensive iron works established there; and so crowded was the place, that twelve men and one woman resided in one apartment, of twelve square feet, which served them for parlour, for kitchen and all." The men worked in the mines, six by day, and six by night :-three beds served them all; thus the room was constantly occupied by seven persons.

Agriculture. A new Agricultural Society has been established in North Wales, under the title of "The Penllyn and Endernion Agricultural Society," in the county of Merioneth; which has offered premiums for the best cart-stallions, bulls, heifers, and Welsh tups; the best crops of turnips and vetches; the best quickset fence; and rewards to husbandry labourers who have brought up the greatest number of children without parochial relief, &c.

it was,

POLITICAL PERISCOPE.

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Panorama Office, April 26, 1808. The acquisition of knowledge by anticipation, is somewhat like the mysterious book which the prophet received from the hand of Omniscience, though sweet in the mouth," that is, gratifying for the moment, "bitter in the stomach," that is, painful when digested, insomuch as it comprized predictions of melancholy and afflictive events. This may be truly alledged in regard to those who have directed their attention to the political incidents which are now passing in the world. It has been the lot of the PANORAMA for many months past, either to relate commotions which have actually taken place in various parts, or to anticipate those revolutions, which time is gradually disclosing. Among the most striking of these, is that which has lately happened in Spain.

These public improvements are widely felt by the adjoining counties, and when the harbour and new roads are finished (for which Mr. M. has obtained separate acts of parlated occurrences in that kingdom, which In our third volume, page 651, et al. we reliament) the influx of wealth into this part of North Wales, will totally alter and improve the condition of its inhabitants.-Compare Panorama, Vol. I. p.

Increase of Population.-In 1800 a woman was living at Merthyr-Tydvill, in Wales, aged 94, who remembered when there were only 25 inhabitants in the parish. In the above year, a very intelligent Gentleman took the pains to ascertain the population of that place, and found it to be 13,600. This astonishing increase is attributed to the ex

land, which is as sound policy as it is real humanity.

Mr. M. has also built several adjacent villas, for the accommodation of his particular friends; thus uniting the high pleasures of a select society, to the rural quiet, and agricultural comforts of the country.

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were calculated not only to fill the politician with perplexity, but the sympathetic mind with horror." The alledged attempt of the Prince of Asturias against the authority of his father the King, was, and still continues to be, involved in the greatest obscurity. We did not venture to give a decided opinion on its credibility, but we hinted at the personal character of the monarch, as" engrossed by the pleasures of the chace; "at that of the Queen, as little creditable to the modesty of her sex at that of the Prince of the Peace, as being "a statesman distinguished more for his manly figure and athletic form," than for his mental abilities, or the judicious line of ranks to the most eminent stations, he did politics adopted by him: raised from the policy of the nation he governed, but seems not possess comprehensive views of the true

to have brought with him the confined ideas, and the uncorrected prejudices of his original station in life. He seenis rather to have been led by passion, than by judicious policy in his conduct toward the French revolutionary government. He attacked that nation without making proper preparations to support that attack in a manner equal to the national dignity and power of Spain; and when he met with a repulse he acted with equal imbecility in accepting terms of peace, which were dictated by the foe. The crafty negociators on that occasion, contrived to rivet the chains of bondage on the ill-fated King of Spain. They gave him a truce, which a statesman of spirit would have scorned to accept. They rendered the kingdom of Spain with all its territories, a satellite to follow the motions of its primary: they bound it to declare war or to make peace, as France declared war or made peace, and they stipulated for the monthly payment of such considerable sums in bullion, as would have exhausted the currency of most other kingdoms of Europe in a short time. To this Spain submitted, and actually made several payments. He, who was haughty to excess in the time of apparent prosperity, was dejected to absolute despondence, at the dreaded approach of adversity. The characteristic debility of this upstart grandee could not escape the penetration of the Devastator of Europe, who found him unfit to serve his greater purposes, as being devoid of that firmness of mind which is demanded by extraordinary circumstances. Buonaparte treated the Prince of Peace with contempt: and if the incidents we have alluded to above, were planned by that statesman, we cannot think too meanly of his abilities.

the populace of Madrid rose in commotionthe soldiers were embarrassed-the guards knew not how to act-even some of the ministers are said to have circulated handbills in the surrounding villages, stating the imminent danger of the country. Thus roused, the peasants on the 18th hurried in crowds to Aranjuez tumult ensued: the palace of the Prince of Peace was attacked, the gates were forced, the apartments were desolated, and the furniture was destroyed. The timid Prince of Peace disappeared, and his brother, the commandant of the life guards was arrested by his own soldiers. The Prince of Peace was dismissed from his offices by a proclamation from the King, and after concealing himself during thirty-six hours, he was arrested in a garret in his own house. The tumult increasing, on the 19th the King thought proper to publish the following ROYAL DECREE.

My habitual infirmities not permitting me to support any longer the important burdens of the government of my kingdom, and it being requisite for the re-establishment of my health, that I should enjoy in a more temperate climate a private life; I have determined, after mature deliberation, to abdicate my crown, in favour of my heir, my dearly beloved son the Prince of Asturias. My royal will, therefore is, that he should be recognised and obeyed, as King and natural Lord of all my kingdoms and sovereignties, and in order that this Royal Decree of my free and spontaneous abdication; may be exactly and duly fulfilled, you will conmunicate it to the council, and to all others whom it may concern.

Done at Áranjuez, the 18th March, 1808.

I, THE KING.

DON PEDRO CEVALLOS.

We learn, that about the middle of last March, the crisis of affairs in Spain began to render itself perceptible to observers; the The reign of Ferdinand VII, late the Prince different parties into which the grand council of Asturias, commences with disturbances of was divided could no longer be concealed; no ordinary description to allay them, and the march of the French armies into Spain to restore Spain to its dignity, will ask the and Portugal, transferred the power of the wisest counsels of the most vigorous mind. -country from the natives to these foreign-It is difficult to foresee with precision troops. The principal towns of Spain, especially the naval arsenals, were occupied by these intruders, and thus there remained not even the same means of escape for the royal family of Spain, as the royal family of Portugal had happily availed itself of. Nevertheless, report states that the Prince of Peace had excited the King of Spain to make the same attempt: but the firmness of one of the secretaries of state disappointed the project. Contradictory orders were given, and every day shewed the fluctuations in the royal mind and councils. On the 16th of March the King published a proclamation, which restored for a moment some degree of order among his people. But on the 17th

the character of the new reign: but we should not be surprized to find, that after a short sovereignty, of feverish existence, its termination should be perfectly in character with its commencement. Notwithstanding the accession of the house of Bourbon to the throne of Spain, the French character has been little respected in that country, and the part which the present ruler of France has taken in these disturbances cannot possibly tend to conciliate the minds of the ancient grandees of this kingdom. Some even go so far as to think that sentiments of resistance still rankle in the bosoms of some individuals of that order: and of the populace at large. The establishment of the French armies in the

heart of Spain, may preserve public order, without eradicating private sentiments.

Bonaparte was expected at Madrid, to which circumstance no doubt the British governor of Gibraltar would pay proper attention.

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Whether, if the Spanish colonies were not of sufficient importance to be entitled to some consideration, the throne of Spain would he occupied by a liucal descendent of her kings, may be the subject of doubt. When their vinces shall have followed the example of the mother country in admitting a French force, their fate may be easily anticipated; and their fate will be felt by its re-action on the kingdom of Spain itself.

The riches of Mexico have long been a temptation to the cupidity of France, and whether they will fall under the dominiou of that country, or of North America, may not be easy to foresee. North America indeed professes itself to be desirous of keeping clear from European politics. But, is this profes sion real? And if real, will she be able to verify it by her conduct? Certainly at this moment she is pressed and threatened by French influence, and urged by British persuasion. Our minister Mr. Rose who was sent over for the purpose of explaining the the affair of the Chesapeake, is returnedwe wish we could add-completely successful in regard to the objects of his mission. America continues her embargo on all mercantile vessels. America has refused accommodations to British men of war who lately visited her ports: her conduct in denying a supply of water to the Squadron under the order of Admiral Duckworth, will not increase the number of her partizans (if any there were) in the British Navy. In the mean while, her commercial interests are in a state of entire stagnation. The products of her country are useless and worthless. She can neither consume them herself, nor send them to a market. The population of her coast towns is in distress for want of employment, and what deserves especial notice, the majority of her senate, by which this embargo was established is composed of gentlemen who represent the inland districts. Whether the ma

ritime provinces will long acquiesce, without remonstrance in this measure may depend ou fortuitous circumstances: but it is certain that

several meetings have been held in the Northem provinces, to inquire whether they must needs be involved in war with Britain, or whether they may not avoid such a calamity, what ever other States may choose to engage in it. Whatever inconveniences Britain sustains by the interruption of her commerce with America, it is clear, that America sustains much greater, and even hazards the existence of her federal union, by the perseverence of her government in measures opposed to the wishes of her people.

Britain has lately sent out to her colonies in Canada about 100 sail of vessels in one fleet; which is more than double the usual number: we may therefore hope, that the events of the present war, however distressing will eventually tend to the benefit of our country, and its colonial establishments. These vessels are understood to be going to fetch Masts, Hemp and other naval stores. for so much of these, therefore, as Canada can supply, we shall be independant of Russia. Some of these vessels also, no doubt will convey to our West India Islands, supples of lumber and staves, of fish and other provisions: for so much of these, therefore, as Canada can supply, we shall be independant of America and the Americans are so little desirous that the Islands should find another source of supply, that several vessels laden with flour have eluded the vigilance of their government by sailing at night, have been sold at the places of their destination, and their crews dispersed. For home-growth of flax-seed, and other American productions, it is understood that our government will offer bounties; and thus will this trade be therefore is by no means enlivening; and her lost to America. The prospect of America actual situation is sufficiently embarrassing, as appears from the great number of bankruptcies that have taken place in her commier

cial towns.

The situation of the North Eastern provinces of Germany is deplorable; for by the same causes as they are prevented from receiving importations, they are prevented from sending out exportations: and the freedom of commerce being annulled, a complete stagnation has ensued. Commercial circulation may be compared to the wheel of a carriage: a breach inade in any part of it, is fatal to the progress of the machine. The States have assembled to consider of the situation of affairs : but we are mistaken if a second consideration will not be found necessary, before prosperity is restored to the country.

The king of Prussia continues to suffer privations of every kind. The French boasted of having captured 100,000 Prussian soldiers during the late war; but now, when they have obtained passports for their return to their native land, it appears that only 7,000 have either been draughted into the French ranks, profited by the permission. The rest have or have found situations in France, (where men are wanting, for purposes of labour and skill) or have been transferred to distant provinces; and, some affirm, to fill the ranks of other powers-at a stipulated price.

The situation of Holland is much the same as it was stagnant. An article in our OBSERVANDA INTERNA, displays the circumstances of that country, from official authority,

PRESENT STATE OF THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.

[Recently received.]

At Otaheite the greatest fondness for European dress prevails: no man thinks he can go before the king on occasions of ceremony, unless he be provided with a coat, a shirt, and a musquet, with powder.

On all public occasions, when the names of the principal chiefs of the island are called over, one by one, something is given to each, When the name is called, somebody answers and receives the present. Ever since the time of Capt. Cock, the name of King George is added to the number of chiefs; and when his name is called, if any Englishmen be present, he is to answer to the name, and receive the acknowledgment. Jan. 30, 1806, the present allotted to King George, and sent to his English subjects, was a little hog.

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The Otaheitans distinguish among the stars the constellation Pleiades; and watch its rising and setting or in their language when it will fall, and go to bathe in the sea. They have no words in their language to signify a year, or complete revolution of the heavenly bodies, the earth, or the sun. Yet the periodical return of seasons, appearance of the planets, and other remarkable stars is noticed, and pretty exactly known, by some few among them. The time when the sun is in the tropic of Cancer is called Rua-poto, because the day is then short: when the sun is in the tropic of Capricorn, then it is Ruaroa, because the day is long. Their reckoning of the change of the moon, which they call her death, is never far from right. They number 29 days, (each of which has a name) the 30th is always the day of change. The planet Venus is called Tou-rua, when she appears in the evening; but when she appears in the morning, she is called Horopoe-poe: some suppose her to be the same star: others affirm it is a different star. Mars, from his fiery appearance is called Fetea-ura, or the red-star. Jupiter and Saturn have proper names, but they are known to few only. The same may be said of Antares, the Bull's Eye, the bright stars of Orion, Sirius, Cor Leonis, &c. The black spot by the Crosiers is called O-ere, which is also the name of a fish. The great star Acharnar, in the southern extremity of the constellation Eridanus, and another near it, are called NaMata-rua. The milky way is supposed to contain sharks, &c.

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It may be salutary to some of our brave seamen who may visit Otaheite to remark, that a family of the missionaries on that island was seriously disordered, Dec. 6, 1805, by eating of a fish brought for sale, by the natives from Paré. The symptoms were, great sickness, violent head ach, pains all over the body, especially thighs and arms: these symptoms ended in great weariness of

limbs, and intolerable itching. The fish is called Taerefa, it is of a reddish colour, and is sometimes very good. It does not appear that the poisonous fish of this island are so naturally; but that this property is owing to somewhat they f ed on. Fish of the same kind caught far out at sea, are always good but near certain rocks, and on certain parts of the island, they are generally poisonous. A man died lately at Eimeo, it. is said, from eating part of a poisonous shark.

Monday, August 4, 1806, The Taber, Capt. Sowle, of Providence North America, touched at Otaheite from China, last from the Sandwich Islands; going home round Cape Horn. The captain gives the most pleasing accounts of the prosperity of the Sandwich Islands. There are two Europeans, whoses names are Davis and Young, who have been on the island of Owache, &c. nearly fifteen years. These men are the King's confidents; and in consequence of their fidelity to him, have had for some timethe principal direction of his affairs.

The islands have made great advances towards civilization. The king is no ways oppressive, as every man pays a regular tribute or tax, out of his produce to the government; the rest he enjoys himself without any fear of being plundered by the king or chiefs The king, it is said, has upwards of 2,000 stand of arms. He has built several vessels: one of about 70 tons. He has a fortification, round his house mounted with ten guns; and about 200 disciplined native soldiers, who do regular duty, night and day. He has upwards of 12,000 dollars, and many other things in proportion, deposited in store-houses. These treasures he has collected from ships by regular trade.

About two months after the Taber left Canton for Otaheite, she had contrary winds, which lasted six weeks, and drove her several degrees out of her course. While thus perplexed with the wind, she fell in with a vessel which had lost her masts and rudder, and was, in all respects, a complete wreck, drifting as the sea and wind carried her. She proved to be a Japanese, of about 60 tons, with eight men on board. By their account they had been in this distressed condition several weeks. Their provisions were almost exhausted, having only part of a dolphin, caught by them the night before, a small mess of peas, &c. and a little water, sufficient for a few hours longer support. They were worn down with fatigue, distress and hunger: far from any land, hopeless of relief, and having nothing but the prospect of death be

fore them.

Captain Sowle took the men on board his vessel, with a quantity of silver, the only thing of value found on board, as it is supposed that they had thrown the cargo overboard to lighten the vessel. Captain S. set

fire to the wreck, and took the eight men to the Sandwich Islands, where he left them in the charge of the king, with a letter of recommendation, and a request that some captain would take them home. That the king might be encouraged to use them well, while they continued on the island, the captain sent him a large kedge anchor as a present. He also distributed among the Japanese 20 axes, also razors, scissars, &c. to enable them to purchase food for their support. He returned them the silver taken out of the wreck.

They very anxiously wished Capt. Sowle would take them to Japan; assuring him that he would be well rewarded for his trouble. Their language being very difficult, and hav ing no one who understood it, little or no information could be gained respecting the wreck, and the number of people they had on board when they left Japan.

When Capt. Sowle took leave of them at the Sandwich Islands, they expressed the most grateful sense of his kindness, and wept much at parting.

MEDICAL REPORT OF ENDEAVOUR SOCIETY.

To the Editor of the Literary Panorama.

SIR, The same variable state of weather,* continuing to prevail, I have to report the more general prevalence of what is called

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a common cold," and especially at this time, that serious stage of it, CONSUMPTION; together with bowel complaints, schrophula, (including ulcers, &c. white swellings,") asthma, flatulencies, palsy, inflamed eyes, sore throat; (including the ulcerated kind), internal bleedings, from the lungs, &c. continued vomitings, apoplexy, tumours; chil dren's diseases, including convulsions, chilblains, eruptions in great variety, &c. and proceed with the observations began in my last report. I am, Sir, yours, &c. C. PEARS.

New Kent Road, 20th April, 1808.

As Consumption still continues to be so unusually general, I shall resume the observations on this alarming disease, begun in the last Number.

The causes of consumption are all such as produce debility: these are as various as their sources; more especially, previous disease, and not unfrequently the medical treatment employed for them :-affections of the mind in women; and imprudent indulgence in inen, are never to be overlooked. For these

In the last No. I mentioned the variations of the thermometer. From the same source I add, that its average, this last month, was from 38 to 44 one day, rising 6 deg. (from 44 to 50!) with E. winds, rain, hail, snow! The late easterly winds prevailed for 6 weeks. In this neighbourhood, vegetation is very forward: an apricot tree in blossom the last three weeks.

reasons, the advances of consumption are so frequently disregarded or denied; being at all times so insidious and deceptive, that the disease has made a rapid progress before its existence is either suspected or believed. The symptoms of consumption advance, as the debility of the patient increases. Gene ral but progressive weakness, and emaciation, languor, variable appetite, impaired digestion, frequently a pain in the chest, cough, restless nights, impeded respiration, fever (especially in the afternoon), with flushings in the face, a quick and weak, tremulons, wiery pulse, perspirations before rising from bed, dejection of spirits, an irregular or relaxed state of bowels, hoarseness of voice, swelled legs, &c. and a peculiar (characteristic) irritability of temper; but as much variety prevails both in their degree and duration, a corresponding change of opinion is induced, and a disincli nation to believe the existence of an evil so much dreaded. As this disease is founded in debility (which every symptom of it evinces and proves), the cure consists in invigorating the whole system. Food and medicine must be directed to this end, to gain time, and enable the constitution to recover its natural and healthy powers. The food should be of the most invigorating kind, animal food, strong broths, and beef tea, poultry, game, wine; spices, if agreeable, and pickles. Salt and savory meats may be allowed, and are frequently required by the stomach :+ wine and water, bottled porter, &c. may be drank; but no weak liquids. Milk should be avoidedon this account, as very improper, especially asses' milk; it is too weak. The stomach requires strength, which cannot be obtained from weak fluids. Cows' milk is better than ass's, because it has more nourishment, from its richness and strength: but goats' milk is superior to either for the same reason, and

* Sir Richard Jebb ordered for his consumptive patients, a broth made by pouring a gallon of boiling water over a chicken!! This absurdity would have been prevented, with advantage to both, if the physician had been obliged to swallow his own broth, while the patient eat the chicken. The doctor also gave bread tea for a weak stomach! Could this communicate strength? It was and must be rejected while a spoonful of mulled wine will remain, because it can and does communicate strength, and enables the sto inach very soon to receive and retain more thus progressively inducing a healthy and i natural action.

I frequently find it necessary to allow and order a sandwich of ham, anchovy, redherring, &c. even in the night. The sto mach will and does retain this food, when all other is rejected; also onions (or a beefsteak and onions), stewed oysters, &c. with brown stout, or wine.

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