mediate communication with Naples, and our relations could not be maintained with her, but through the medium of states subsisting under other governments, from which it might be feared that the guidance and inflyence might be lost, which must be exercised towards such states, to place the coast and sailors in a state of opposition to the common enemy.

the great extension of the empire; the com-poration of Tuscany, there could be no immunication by land, now that neither Alps nor Appeaines, oppose it, is as easy from Leghorn to Paris as from Paris to Nice.. It has been the policy of European states to subdue the most distant countries, in order to obtain new commercial and maritime reSources: why then should we neglect those resources and acquisitions which are so valuta ble to us? The territory of the Medicis, the country of the sciences and the arts, must form an immediate part of the French Em-passed in consequence of this exposition :pire.

The following is the Decree of the Senate,

Art. 1. The Dukėdoms of Parina and Placentia united to the French empire, under the name of the Department of the Taro; they shall form an inseparable indivisible portion of the French territory, from the period of the notification of the present Senatus Consultum..

2. The states of Tuscany are united to the French Empire, under the names of the Department of the Arno, the Department of the Mediterranean, and the Department of the Ombrona. They shall form an indivisible portion of the French Empire, from the period of the notification of the present Decree.

The Dukedom of Urbino, Camerino, and "the Mark of Ancona, lying on the coast of the Adriatic, fall under the influence of Venice, and just necessarily be united with the kingdom of Italy. This is also accomplished, and the considerable works in the port of Ancona will afford the opportunity of fitting out there ten sail of the line, to secure the freedom of the Adriatic Sea, of which Ancona shall be the harbour, and Venice the naval arsenal. Before the end of this year five sail of the line shall be lying in the roads of Ancona, in that dangerous sea, which to the English presents only hostile 3. The laws which govern the French Emshores, and where they will be obliged to pire shall, in the Departments of the Aruo, maintain six ships of the line, if they at- the Mediterranean, and the Ombrona, be tempt to counterbalance our power. No; made public before the 1st of Jan. 1809, the the war shall not be eternal, in spite of the period from which the Constitutional Goblind fury which cherishes that inhumanvernment for these Departments shall take its and senseless principle in the Cabinet of commencement. London. Every where French, squadrons are forming, and our naval power in the Scheldt is already very considerable. In a few days there will be in the roads of Flush ing and Antwerp a fleet of 30 sail of the line; that on the coast of Britanny will be still stronger. Besides that we have the allied Russian squadron at Lisbon, where there are already a division of several new ships of the line in the best states, which the rapid advance of the army under General Junot placed in our hands.

"The events in Spain have converted a de clining and badly conducted monarchy into a constitutional and energetic, government; the dock yards at Cadiz, Ferrol, and Carthagena have felt this already. Toulon, Spezzia, Venice, all the resources forthcoming from Holland, Spain and Italy, are in operation; WE MUST HAVE SHIPS, and these last named countries have no deficiency either of iron or of timber and hemp, for building or rigging

'them.

4. The Department of the Tarno, and that of the Arno, shall each have six deputies in the Legislative Body of the department of the Mediterranean three, and the department of the Ombrona three; which will raise the number of the members of the body to 34.

5. The Deputies of the Department of the Taro shall be chosen and named without delay, and shall enter the Legislative Body before the Sitting of 1808.

6. The Deputies of Departments of the Arno, of the Mediterranean, and of the Ombrona, and enter the Legislative Body-before the Session of 1809, &c.

*SPAIN.

Charles the Fourth.The late, or rather the present King of Spain, is by no means a prince, destitute of capacity. As little is he oppressed by the infirmities often incidental to age. In fact, he is not yet sixty years old, and po sesses as much activity of body as any individual at his period of life. That he has been in the habit of devoting too much thine

A decree has been issued from the Em-to the pleasures of the chase, is true; but so peror for the incorporation of Tuscany, on the principle of the necesssity for completing the system of the great empire, and for ren dering the naval administration of France harmonious throughout all the members of the great confederacy. Without the incor

did the late king, his father, who, nevertheless, was exceedingly beloved by his subjects; and whose memory is deservedly cherished in Spain. Phillp, Duke of Calabria, the elde brother of Charles the 4th, laboured under an incurable imbeeltits of mind, and was

on that account, set aside from the succession to the Spanish monarchy. He died at Naples, where he was left by his father, in 1759, when Charles the third succeeded to the crown of Spain. The present king was married at the age of seventeen, in 1765, to his cousin, Louisa Maria, Princess of Parma, and daughter of Don Philip, youngest of all the sons of Philip the 5th. Her mother was the eldest daughter of Louis the 15th, so that she descends on both sides from the house of Bourbon. That her conduct, as a queen and ⚫ as a woman has not been exempt from, reproach, may be admitted. But only the brutality of an upstart sanguinary tyrant, accustomed to treat his victims, however exalted their rank, with the most cruel indignities, could impel Bonaparte, in the eyes of all Europe, to insinuate her infidelity to the king her husband, and to proclaim or rather to assert, the consequent illegitimacy of the Prince of Asturias. The baseness, perfidy, and infraction of every thing sacred among men, which has marked Napoleon's whole conduct to the Spanish royal family, has no parallel in modern history.

**

SWEDEN.

POLITICAL PERISCOPE.

Panoráma Office, July 26, 1808. All coursers the first heat with vigour run; But, 'tis with whip and spur the race is won. If Humanity will investigate politics, she must either lay aside that sympathetic spirit which is her most noble distinction, and steel her heart against the effects of the calamities she beholds, or she must avert those benignant looks accustomed to be the solace of sufferers, from a full ht of the woes attendant on the rage of war, and flatter herself that the miseries of mankind have been magnified by report. The benevolent mind with great difficulty conceives, rather, cannot possibly conceive-the existence and the influence of that animosity which affords the hardened soldier an enjoyment in destroying the peaceful inhabitant of the humble hut; and delights, in the shrieks of those whom he distresses by every mean that has been studied by his sanguinary imagination. The soldier, who, exhausted by a long march, and consequent fatigue, demands refreshments, however harshly, finds an excuse in the necessities of nature: but wherefore reMilitary Difficulties of the Country.-Bor-pay with slaughter the kindness he has receigo in Finland, Feb. 28, 1808. The follow-ved, and set fire to the cottage wherein he ⚫ing extract from a letter written by an officer has reposed? Why forget the affections of his in the Russian army may convey a faint idea race, and overwhelm in one common deof a winter campaign in these Northern re-struction domestic property and domestic regions. "Five days only have we crossed the lations, the affectionate mother in her chamRubicon, (the Kynsen, which divides itself ber, with the sleeping infant in its cradle ? into ten streams, like the Rubicon), under At the contemplation of scenes so barbarous, the command of his Excellency Count Bux- Humanity shrinks behind Justice, and when howden. We are now seventy-two versts the stern Goddess assumes that dignity which from the Russian frontier, Those who are becomes the execution of her office, and unacquainted with the scene of war, will grasps that sword which terrifies under the not perhaps wonder at the rapid progress of name of Retribution, when she appears as the army. In order to form an adequate idea the Divine Nemesis on the field of blood, of the merit of the Russian soldier, and of Humanity lays her finger on her lips, in the talents of our gallant general, you should silent adoration of feats which at once rouse have seen those stupendous granite rocks her sympathies to horror, and bend her conwhich cover the surface of the country,victions to admiration.. leaving only narrow paths hanging over pre- We do not only ask, whether it be true,, as cipices, and leading frequently to immense Buonaparté has assured Ferdinand, that lakes of snow ready to ingulph the unwary. cleven thousand of his Spanish subjects had The mere travelling over these rugged paths, fallen a sacrifice to the necessity of self dein sledges drawn by two horses, is attended fence by their French friends and allies, but with considerable danger. But to this must we ask whether it be true that, the French be added the intrenchments, and covers which in Madrid destroyed nearly a thousand iñore the nature of the country offers; the resis- after a proclamation of peace, and on the tance of the natives who are all marksmen,morrow after the popular commotion of the the immense forests of fir-trees, which, to us, are perfect labyrinths, and from which, or from behind their rocks, the Swedes pick off our men at pleasure. With all these obstacles, we have to encounter a most intense cold, the barometer (Reaumur) being to day at 21° below the freezing point, and we are almost blinded by storms of snow which are driving about."

second of May We believe it and we have our account from those who beheld the bloody fray. Can we then wonder that

Vengeance for the Spanish Blood shed at Madrid," is become the watch word of the Spanish nation? Can the Divine Nemesis forbear to unsheath her sword, when called on by such an atrocity? We ask, too, whether it be true, that a number of villages in

the neighbourhood of Saragossa were burnt
by the French, and whether every soul was
destroyed, either by the sword, or by fire?
If it be true, can we wonder that when
these troops were surrounded by the fathers
and the sons, by the brothers and the hus-
bands, by the lovers and the relatives, of
those whose blood still distained them, they
should suffer that same sentence of extermi-
nation which they had executed?-if they had
been deaf to intreaties, why should their
own intreaties be heard? if blinded by their
fury, they had seen no suppliant, if neither
the bended knee of age, nor the lifted hand
of innocence, had moved their hearts to pity,
why should pity move the hearts of those
who beheld on them the spoils of their
friends, and the still reeking blood of those
who were their other selves?

-Oculis postquam sævi monumenta doloris
Exuviasque hausit, furiis adcensus, et ira
Terribilis: Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum
Eripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc volnere, Pallas
Inmolat, et pænam sceleruto et sanguine

sumit.

the foundation of our hopes, that a LONG
resistance may be expected. We are known
to be warm in the cause, and therefore may
be allowed to say, that we build less on local
exploits, and local victories, too, than some
others do: the effects of these may be transi-
tory the Fortune of War must be fluctuat-
ing; Victory scorns to be chained to the car
of any human Power ;-but, if the prepara-
tion, the basis, be broad, deep, capacious, it
will be permanent, and France will lose ba-
tallion after batallion, army after army
IN VAIN! The face of the country is perfect-
ly well calculated for resistance ;-if the
hearts of its inhabitants are determined on
prolonged resistance, not all the efforts of
Gallic skill can contract the period of opposi
tion. We dread Gallic perfidy: but Gallic
force we contemu.

But the Panorama must turn its attention as well to the proud invader, as to his brave and hasty opponents. In our opinion he is now acting under the combined disadvantage of

several errors.

These three things are remarkable in Buona parte's attack on Spain.

An orderly relation of the present rising in Spain, would commence much earlier than 1. He never before had to contend with a is usually supposed. When the Spanish PEOPLE, but always with a GOVERNMENT. Iạ army was decoyed out of Spain, the Panora- that government he always had secured a party ma hinted at approaching events; and it to favour his views the least service he deshould seem that, from the accomplishment rived from his partizans was correct intelli of this exploit by Buonaparté he had been gence, TRAITEROUS INTELLIGENCE where closely watched by those whom it concerned. as, at present, he contends against a people, Nor was this duty entrusted to mere venal who happily for them, have no governor, to spics: a noble general, one of the best, warp their opinions, or to soften their feroamong many good, was, himself, at Paris, city we shudder at the thought! but the fact at St. Cloud, &c. saw with his own eyes, and is the same, whatever be our feelings. Neiheard with his own ears. The correspon- ther can he bribe the majority of the people, dence between Buonaparté and his brother or of their councils: they are too distinct: Joseph, at Naples, must have been some and thus their non-union may prove to be a time in progress: but whether the purport of blessing, instead of a disadvantage: he must it was divined by the officer we allude to, we find traitors every where, to insure kis success. are not able to say. Certain it is, however, L that directly as he discovered the intention of Buonaparte to visit Bayonne, he wrote to dis principal friends, advising them of the necessity of preparing for resistance. He, himself, followed his letters with all speed. To this officer Murat wrote in the most pressing manner, with almost unlimited offers but his answer was, that "he had committed himself with his country; and with this country he would stand or fall."

Whether the communications of this General had any effect on the motions of the Prince of Asturias, or whether those obscure events of the Palace, were moved by other springs, we confess our ignorance. We content ourselves with stating for the present, that RESISTANCE AGAINST BUONAPARTE ›WAS MÉDITATED LONG BEFORE IT BURST OUT. This accounts for its appearing almost all over Spain at the same time; and this is

2. He never before made RELIGION asalking horse to his ambition, but always avowed boldly that indifference to all establishments which, to say the least, was not viewed in an unfavourable light by those who suffered under pains and penalties, because they maintained a conviction not patronized by the state. In some places, this was a galling yoke: in others it was more tolerable: in all it was a source of divisions, and afforded plausibilities and pretexts for intermeddiers, crafty and nefarious. 3. He never before was ANTICIPATED, (Britain excepted) he always gave the attack, never received it. In the present instance, the insurrection has burst out, about two months, perhaps, before he was prepared for it he was not in complete possession of the strong holds of Spain, of her arsenals, of her fleets; or of her OPINION, which is of more consequence than every thing else, to a new reign, lie has therefore, been obliged

tyranny warns the human breast and wher ever a conviction of the woes attendant on foreign domination has the power of agitating the mind, and of ging those agitations effect by raising the arm in resistance and self defence.

We are perfectly convinced that if Spain succeeds in her efforts, Britain will reap the benefit of them in an incalculable degree, It may be too much to say, that Britain salvation will be effected in Spain but we are completely of opinion that no effort within the power of this country to make, ought to be withheld. The stake we are playing for avarrants extra exertions, and justifies extra means of success. If ever there was an occasion for energies on a great scale by Britain, it is the present.

to hurry his proceedings at Bayonne; 40 form a hasty Constitution for Spain, out of that kingdom, which from that very cause conciliates no true Spaniard. He has been obliged to overlook the distinctions between the provinces-but, he will not persuade the pro vinces themselves to averlook them. The Spaniards have good memories, especially where their honour is concerned, and should they be overcome for a while, they will prove on the first favourable occasion, that they possess the power of REMINISCENCE in perfection, He never before attacked a kingdom assailable only on one side. In attacking Spain while Britain commands the ocean, He is limited to his choice of means he can advance only by the Pyrennees: he can form no fresh passes in those mountains he must penetrate where his enemies are completely acquainted with all his motions: where feints avail nothing, and where fixed fines of approach limit his energies, and defy the improvemes of science and tactics. His naval plans have failed remarkably Rosilly, at Cadiz, has surrendered the last remains of that formidable fleet which disputed, though in vain, the victory of Trafalgar: the Spanish Heet destined for Toulon, where it would have formed a counter-it may be, that these blunders are only the ballance to the loss of Rosilly, stopped short at Minorca, and now strengthens his enemies: not a vessel bearing his flag, insults the recoiling waves, and instead of contending for the empire of the ocean, as Louis XIV. did, in his humblest days, he suffers the cutters of the insurgents to reach England without interruption; and the British expedition of a hundred and fifty sail, is entrusted to the convoy of -two frigates !

We conclude by saying to our countrymen -SAVE THE SPANIARDS, AND SAVE YOUR= SELVES; to the world at large; SUPPORT SPAIN, SUPPORT BRITAIN BEHOLD YOUR LAST HOPE, AND WHILE YOU BEHOLD,

SUPPORT IT.

We adhere to the old fashioned principle
Quem Deus vull perdere prius dementat : -

forerunners of more that the liberation of
the human race is at hand, and that the
Colossus, shaken by the earthquake, reels
But whether this be so, or
mole ruit saa.
not, this we know; that while our souls are
our God's our lives are our Country's; and

When we fight to save our Country,
We fight the Cause of Heaven. The Man that falls,
Falls hallow'd-falls a Victim for his God!

Another egregious blunder of this intoxicated despot, must be noticed: At the very mind during the month: but we are not Spanish politics have engrossed the public time, when Buonaparte was intent on en-insensible to what passes in other parts of slaving the most bigotted adherents to the Europe. Austria is uneasy: Italy is almost Pope, he thinks proper to degrade the Pope ready to wish she had virtue enough to confrom his sovereignty, to deprive him of his template the means of deliverance: Russia Council of Cardinals, and in short, to treat is moody, and ill humoured, under her him with indignities which when offered to the head of the church, must needs be felt vassalage Sweden is relieved from the by the whole body of the church, as an oftion: Denmark feels that she may call for pressure of warfare, we believe by contenfence to every part. The Pope has sunmoped-assistance ourocks and mountains, for only up sufficient spirit to, complain of these in- rocks and mountains are left her to call upon's sults, as appears from papers to which we Prussia was Holland is like her sking have given a place; but a more complete cripple, lost in a fog; what Westphalia will history of the correspondence to which he be time will shew. If Naples had been has been a party, is reserved for another agood thing, Joseph Buonaparté. would not opportunity. have quitted it; if Turkey were not a good thing, neither Austria nor Russia would desire it; Turkey has at length found out the kindnesses intended her at the treaty of Tilsit, ant desires to renew her intercourse with Britain. America preserves her embargot! Very well! The plains of our island are laden with corn; may gracious heaven bless our harvest, and those who gather it !

The effect of these errors of Buonaparte will be felt, wherever there be a catholic who holds communion with the head of his church, to be a point of duty: wherever there is an ardent mind, capable of sympathy with the victims of deceit and violence; with those who are subjugated by pretended friends: wherever the principle of resistance against