second upon the issue and the candidates" (p. 29). The reasons alleged are that primaries are in the hands of politicians, and that there is need of direct-primary laws. And the reader may conclude that women in Colorado have not yet got their attention on changing the existing machinery which stands in the way of their rendering the best service to their state, that they are, in a measure, taking the line of least resistance. It is significant also, here, that women are said to take little interest in the character of candidates outside of the question of personal morality and the liquor business. That is, they are said not to have exhibited as yet, either interest in, or good judgment of the ability, public honor, and honesty of, candidates for office. As to the economic effect of equal suffrage, the conclusion is, that it has, so far, been slight. A few new employments have opened to women and their salaries in most public positions been made equal to those of men doing the same work. But men still have the best-paid positions. The influence of suffrage on legislation is its most conspicuous effect in Colorado, according to Miss Sumner, although this effect can only be attributed to the votes of women as a matter of probability. The statement is made that the passage of laws has been effected by the votes of women with less effort and in less time than would have been required in non-suffrage states. It remains to be shown, however, that the vote is a more direct means of getting laws passed than lack of the vote, in the matter of actual expenditure of time and effort. The Colorado laws are good, especially for the protection of women and children but the defects in them are also conspicuous; for example, Colorado has no state provision for factory inspection, and the direct and indirect effect of this on men, women, and children can be imagined. As to the effect of the vote on women themselves, Miss Sumner says, "It has tended to cultivate intelligent public spirit, to enlarge their interests, to develop their ability, etc."

The book is distinctly a non-partisan study in the methods used and in the conclusions drawn from the evidence, although every now and then one gets the impression that the writer has tried to be perfectly fair to the cause of woman's suffrage and in so doing has added an argument or explanation which often does not hold. As, for example, in speaking of corruption in politics, after stating that the vicious element among women not only vote generally at all elections but vote more than once, Miss Sumner adds, "All this, however, is far more a criticism of 'politics as it is run' than of

equal suffrage, for if the votes of the men and women are compared there can be no doubt but that the larger vote is cast by vicious men than by vicious women" (p. 85). One of the grounds on which women are claiming the right of suffrage is that it will purify politics, and therefore, to say that where equal suffrage exists the vote of vicious women is not quite as large as that of vicious men is not wholly convincing. On the whole, the evidence here given is neutral rather than decisively for or against equal suffrage. The person not deeply interested in the suffrage would get no very strong reason from this experience of Colorado for granting women this right, unless he considered a vague broadening of their interests and an opportunity for a few women to exercise distinct ability in public office strong reasons. To the person deeply interested in the suffrage as a question of some social importance, the most significant and striking thing about this Colorado experience is how much more the women of Colorado might have accomplished by a more unified, organized, and consciously worked-out effort to use their possibilities. Much has been done there and a few have rendered distinguished service, but a detailed program for steadily improving things, from party machinery to factory inspection and who shall vote, has been wanting.

The book is prefaced by a labored Introduction of 36 pages, by another writer, in which Miss Sumner's facts and conclusions are interpreted beforehand for the reader, in which the reader is told just how to understand the book, and in which a distinctly partisan argument in favor of woman's suffrage is advanced. It is an unfortunate reflection upon an otherwise impartial and valuable study. FRANCES FENTON

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

La défense sociale et les transformations du droit pénal. Par A. PRUIS. Bruxelles, 1910. Pp. 170.

Professor Pruis, one of the founders of the International Criminalistic Association, the Belgian delegate to the International Prison Congress at Washington in 1910 has shown in this recent volume his appreciation of the emotions and tendencies of the American movement for prison reform. His treatment of the subject of the abnormal offender is especially noteworthy. In his earlier great work on criminal law he urged the same thesis of "social defense," and he returns to the argument with fresh illustrations. The author

is more sanguine about our progress than we are who know how deep-rooted antiquated legal prejudices are even in this adventurous country, but his optimism is encouraging.

C. R. HENDERSON

Punishment and Reformation. By F. H. WINES, LL.D. New, enlarged edition. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1910. The author has added in this edition two important essays. The book has had wide sale and deep influence, and it easily holds the first place in American discussions of the subject. The aim of the work is to give "a clear and connected view of the change in the attitude of the law toward crime and criminals" and to "show the honorable part which the United States has borne in the movement for a better recognition of the rights even of convicted criminals. The year when the International Prison Congress, founded by Dr. E. C. Wines, is to meet for the first time in the United States, is an appropriate time to call attention to this classic discussion.

C. R. H.

Rural Hygiene. By ISAAC WILLIAMS BREWER, M.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1909. Pp. 227.

The topics treated by Dr. Brewer are work, recreation, dwellings, schools, water, disposal of excreta, food, alcohol, milk, ice, country stores, jails, roads, flies, hogs, parasites, various diseases. The practical directions are those of a physician who is familiar with all aspects of rural life.

C. R. H.

A Little Land and a Living. By BOLTON HALL. New York: Arcadia Press, 1908.

This book is a popular picture of intensive farming and gardening, an argument to leave the congested and unwholesome city and live rationally on a small plot of carefully cultivated ground near to market. The practical directions and illustrations are useful and the form of telling is attractive.

C. R. H.

The Government of 'American Cities. By HORACE E. DEMING. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909. I vol. Pp. x+323. Home Rule and amenability to popular control are here offered as the panaceas for our municipal ills. The author, whose experience as chairman of the committee which drafted the "Municipal Program" should entitle his opinions to more than ordinary consideration, takes the position that American Cities are suffering from structural evils, the abolition of which is necessary for municipal reform.

The underlying thesis of the volume is that the evils of our city government are not due to the failure of democracy, but to the failure to secure democracy. Our evils have not resulted from a corrupt or indifferent electorate but are the inevitable products of a system. where decentralized responsibility, legislative interference, and party domination have rendered efficiency impossible and reduced popular control to an empty form. Simplify the government, centralize authority, shorten the ballot, secure home rule, and free the city from the toils of party politics, in short, make the government really amenable to the public will and an efficient administration will be demanded and secured.

The argument for home rule proceeds upon the basis that the city is better qualified to determine its local policies, organize its administrative details and administer its own affairs. The state legislatures are too overburdened to study local needs and are not answerable to the people affected by their hasty or ill-considered legislation. The author finds little difficulty in determining the boundary line between state and local questions which, he contends, should be carefully observed. If the form of government is simplified in the interests of democracy, the author argues, if the people are given authority to determine their own policies and organize their own government, if they are vested with the sole responsibility for its administration, the modern city will become a school of civics and patriotism, the people will prove equal to their task and vindicate the theory of democracy.

As an argument for structural reform in favor of home rule and a genuine municipal democracy the work is clear and persuasive and should wield a splendid influence wherever it is read. It is doubtful, however, whether the author is justified in publishing such an excellent discussion without introducing more concrete evidence upon which to base his theories and conclusions. Even though

merely intended for the general reader, it would be more effective for the cause it represents if a more generous use had been made of the municipal experience of this and foreign countries. The work is furthermore open to criticism in that there is no bibliography, though there are a few scattered references in the footnotes. No work of this nature should be deemed complete without at least a select bibliography and more frequent reference to source material. The value of the volume is enhanced by reprinting the "Municipal Program" with a discussion of it by the author. This is carefully indexed, making it especially available for ready reference. A. B. HALL

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Social Development and Education. By M. V. O'SHEA. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909. Pp. xiv+561.

This book is divided into two parts, "Social Development" and "Social Education." "Social Development," occupying a little more than the first half, considers the genetic psychology of certain social instincts or attitudes. It reminds one of the treatment of social instincts in Kirkpatrick's Fundamentals of Child-Study and of the Clarke University dissertations on various phases of childdevelopment. The attitudes and instincts discussed are sociability, communication, duty, justice, respect, docility, resentment, aggression. In each case the earliest manifestation of the tendency in the life of the child is first discussed and the differentiation and changes down through the period of adolescence traced. Thus in the chapter on justice we have these topics: first social adjustments, sense of property rights, the right of possession, principles of ownership, the sentiment of justice, instinctive elements, the child's notion of justice, extenuating circumstances, appreciation of motives, sense of responsibility, adolescent changes.

The second part of the book, "Social Education," is a discussion of practical methods of social education and moral training. Some of the topics discussed are: comparison of nations in their problems of developing social efficiency; the need of educative social experience in the Dewey sense; value of French methods of moral instruction; necessity of establishing authority over child in first years; co-operation in group education; how a parent may maintain authority and companionship; methods of correction, including a