stability of their foundation. Under the Puritan domination, idleness was a sin and industry a virtue-hence women and even children were exhorted not to live idly and thus become "useless, if not burdensome, to society." In obeying these injunctions women engaged in industry at home and when inventions changed the processes of industry, they naturally followed their work from the home to the factory; it is only today that "the public moralist . . . . finds that (their) proper place is at home and that the world. of industry was created for men."

Another important by-product is found in the disclosure that in Bohemia women are exclusively employed in cigar factories, that in the early days of the Bohemian emigration to America the women came first, leaving their husbands to work in the fields, earned money by cigar-making to pay for their husbands' passage and then "the entire united family would take up the manufacture of cigars, emulating the industry of the mother." Among the Russian Jews, on the contrary, there is a general opposition to the employment of women outside of the home-an interesting illustration of the embarrassment attending generalizations affecting all

women.

Another interesting by-product is seen in the movable character of women's work-what has at one time been considered women's work becomes men's work, and may again become women's work. The palisades dividing the two are changed not by virtue of inherent changes in the nature of men and women, or of change of theory in regard to the province of each, but rather by reason of change in industrial processes-in cigar-making, for example, "the machine, the large factory, and the increased employment of women go together"; in printing, on the other hand, "the machine would seem rather to have diminished than to have increased the opportunities of the woman printer"; in the clothing industry, the organization and development of the occupation "has meant, to a considerable extent, the substitution of men for women"-men are now doing work that was formerly held to belong to the dressmaker and the seamstress.

Again, the work of women has been affected by local conditions-what is true of conditions in towns and villages may not be true of women employed in cities; what is true in New England, may not hold true in other sections.

The attitude of the labor unions toward women has also been

extremely varied-while the National Typographical Union has been distinctly hostile to the employment of women in printing, the Cigarmakers' International Union as far back as 1867 altered its constitution so as to make women eligible to membership.

Less varied has been the almost universal difficulty encountered by women in learning through apprenticeship the elements of the occupations in which they have engaged; in the colonial period, "the girl's indenture, unlike that of the boy, failed to specify that she was to be taught a trade"; in the manufacture of boots and shoes, women were confined to parts of the work "for which little or no skill was required and for which they were never apprenticed; the men knew the whole trade and had been rigidly held down to a long period of training"; in cigar-making, employers think they find that boys are more profitable apprentices, and this inability of women to learn all parts of the trade through apprenticeship leaves an "aristocracy of male workers at the head"; in printing, "they continue to be greatly handicapped by having no way of learning the trade properly."

These are but a few of the interesting and suggestive points brought out by Miss Abbott in her valuable investigation. She has thrown down the gauntlet to every a priori generalizer in regard to women in industry and it is indeed a rash person who will take it up.

Miss Abbott has been less happy in her appreciation of the measure of interest to be expected from her readers in the tools of her investigation. Even the general reader today asks for full knowledge in regard to the sources used that led to the conclusions stated in the text. This information must come from the footnotes and the bibliography. If these sources are not given in full in the footnotes-an inconvenient method since it involves unnecessary repetition-the reader naturally turns to the bibliography for the full title and description of every work cited. Unfortunately for those who wish to test the conclusions reached, and also for those who may wish, under the inspiration of her guidance, to follow in the paths of investigation opened up by her, neither footnotes nor bibliography can be depended on for help. Works are repeatedly cited in the footnotes that are not given in the bibliography and the reader does not know from Miss Abbott either the size of the work, or the time and place of its appearance. "Higginson" (p. 14) leads neither to a footnote nor to the

bibliography. The name of Tench Coxe is repeatedly misspelled in text, and in index, but does not appear in the bibliography. The bibliography itself is neither complete nor selected, nor is it either classified or annotated. Periodicals are referred to by the number of the volume, but this gives no inkling of the year of publication-a point of special importance in economic history. The titles of books also appear without date of publication and without statement of the extent of the work. London and Boston are constantly abbreviated, although other names of places are not. Barmaids appears as the name of an author rather than as the subject of a report. The date given after the volume of the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (pp. 377. 378), does not refer to the date of publication of the volume, but to the original date of the article included in the volume.

This may seem hypercritical, but the chain is as strong as its weakest link and carelessness in the description of the tools used in an important investigation raises a question as to the unimpeachable value of the work done with them. Fortunately in this case the merits of the investigation are not invalidated by the carelessness with which the bibliography has been prepared, but Miss Abbott has unconsciously been skating over thin ice. May the second edition of this important contribution to economic history speedily come, and with it the removal of the few flaws in its construction that now must militate against it.

POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.

LUCY M. SALMON

The Junior Republic, Its History and Ideals. By WILLIAM R. GEORGE. D. Appleton & Co., 1910. Pp. 326.

It is fortunate that the founder of the George Junior Republic has given in a biographical form and in chronological order the story of his interesting experiment; one can follow the very mental processes by which, in contrast with a troublesome mob of street boys and girls, the genial man discovered and put to the test certain principles of education. The experiment is too brief for final conclusions, and we must have trials under other conditions before we can know how much is due to a singular personality, and how much is doubtful in the more remote results; but there

can be little doubt that the experiment was worth trying, and the story is well told. Mr. Osborne, the intelligent and generous friend of the Republic, writes an optimistic introduction.

C. R. HENDERSON

A Treatise on Plague, dealing with the historical, epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of the disease. By W. J. SIMPSON, Cambridge: The University Press, 1905. Pp. 466.

If the dread disease which is already feared on our coasts should make inroads on the interior quite widely this learned volume would at once be sought for reliable information as to the nature, cause, and remedy of the pest. The title describes the scope of the work whose value is assured by the author's name and the conditions of publication. C. R. H.

The Salary Loan Business in New York City. By C. W. WASSAM. New York: Charities Publication Committee, 1908. This study is a revelation of the economic necessity for small loans in cases where there is no property to pawn or mortgage. The conditions described are typical of what may be found in any city. The Russell Sage Foundation met the cost of investigation.

C. R. H.

Brief and Argument. By LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, Assisted by JOSEPHINE GOLDMARK. In the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois, December term, A.D., 1909. W. C. Ritchie and Co., et al. vs. John E. W. Wayman and Edgar T. Davies. This valuable document, published by the National Consumers' League, is an enlarged edition of the argument used with such convincing effect in the famous Oregon laundry case. It is a plea for shorter hours for women in industry, in which the case turns on a few simple legal principles and in which the argument is made conclusive by a mass of evidence to show that society has an interest in the health and morals of working-women. The treatise bids fair to become a classic for the implications have a much wider bearing than the immediate question at issue.

C. R. H.

The Case Against Socialism. New York. Macmillan, 1908. Pp. 529.

This is a popular handbook for speakers against socialism; it is not a cool and critical analysis, nor a balanced historical stateIt claims to examine the socialist theories of production and distribution and show that their application would be disastrous; that individual liberty would be destroyed; that the family and religion would be subverted; that morality would be impossible. C. R. H.

History of Caste in India. Vol. I. By SHRIDHAR V. Ketkar. Ithaca, N. Y., 1909. Pp. xv+192.

This is one of a series of monographs projected by a highly educated Brahman who keenly realizes the burden the caste system imposes upon a fifth of the human race. The one before us deals particularly with the evidence from the Law of Manu as to social conditions in India during the third century A. D., but is prefaced by a very compact discussion of the nature, theory, and psychology of caste. Another chapter dealing with the "Philosophy of Caste" sets forth the doctrines of Karma, transmigrations of souls, and purity and impurity.

Small though it is, the book represents painstaking research, and sheds more light on the subject than any other work known to the reviewer. The author is scientific and objective in his attitude toward the phenomena, and has the gift of pithy statement. Bias is nowhere evident. That he is a shrewd observer appears from the signs of incipient caste he detects in American society. Thus, in the popular mind, Americans are graded as follows: "(1) the blue bloods; (2) the New Englanders; (3) the born Gentile Americans; (4) the English and Scotch immigrants; (5) the Irish; (6) Gentile immigrants from other countries of Western Europe; (7) 'Dagoes'; (8) Jews; (9) Mongolians; (10) Negroes." He lights up the Hindu occupational castes of the third century by pointing out how in America particular groups are becoming associated with certain occupations, e. g., Chinese laundrymen, Irish domestic servants, Negro porters and waiters, RussianJewish second-hand dealers, Hindu palmists and fortune-tellers. After explaining how the doctrine of transmigration made the caste system somewhat elastic by holding out to those of