impressions per hour. This required the services of one man and a boy. The next press in use was the Washington, which printed two pages at a time, with a capacity of 300 impressions per hour. Then followed the power presses. The Konig, with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,800 impressions per hour; the Applegate, 5,000 to 10,000; the Hoe cylinder, 6,000 to 8,000; Hoe lightning, 10,000 to 15,000; Hoe ten-cylinder, 25,000. Then came the presses which printed the paper complete. The Walter, with a capacity of 11,000; Bullock, 11,000 to 20,000. The Walter and Bullock presses print from a web or continuous roll of paper. The last and most successful invention in newspaper presses, however, is the perfecting press, whose capacity is 30,000 to 32,000 per hour. On this press the paper is printed from a web, on both sides, cut, pasted and folded ready for the carrier. This is equivalent to 60,000 or 64,000 impressions per hour.

The Inter Ocean was the first newspaper in this country to adopt the use of the perfecting press. The folder was an invention of Mr. Walter Scott, of Scotland, who was an employee of the Inter Ocean office for a number of years, and at that time foreman of the machinery department of that office. For a long time the question of attaching a folder to the web presses had been agitating the pressmen and press-builders, but all attempts had failed until Mr. Scott perfected his experiment and attached it successfully to the several Bullock presses of the Inter Ocean, since which time his invention has been applied to all the web presses by whatever name manufactured, and the invention rightfully belongs to Illinois.

Journalism did not begin in Chicago until 1833, when John Calhoun established the Chicago Democrat, a weekly paper. In 1840, the Chicago Democrat was issued as a daily under the editorship of John Wentworth, and in 1858 it was consolidated with the Tribune.

In 1835 T. O. Davis established the American as a weekly, which became an evening daily April 9, 1839, with Wm. Stuart as publisher. W. W. Brackett bought the Evening American in October, 1842, and changed its name to the Daily Express. In 1844, a company of Whigs bought the Express office and established the Daily Evening Journal, with R. L. Wilson as editor, the first number of which was issued April 22, of that year. This was the beginning of the present Chicago Evening Journal, with whose editorial management Andrew Shuman has been connected for thirty years. He became chief assistant editor in 1856, managing editor in 1861, and editor-inchief in 1878.

April 4, 1840, Charles N. Halcomb & Co. issued the Weekly Tribune, the first newspaper of that name in the United States. The first number of the Daily Tribune was issued July 10, 1847. Its owners were James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and J. C. K. Forrest, the two last named being the editors. August 23, 1848, John L. Scripps became editor and owner. In September, 1855, Dr. Charles H. Ray, J. C. Vaughn and J. Medill became editors, and continued as such until July 1, 1858, when the Democratic Press and the Tribune were consolidated. Dr. Ray, J. Medill, J. L. Scripps and Wm. Bross became the editors. In 1861, Mr. Scripps was appointed Postmaster of Chicago, when his editorial connection with the Tribune ceased. Horace White became editor of the Tribune January 20, 1867, and retired November 10, 1874, since which time J. Medill has been editor-in-chief. His brother, S. J. Medill, was managing editor from 1874 to the time of his death, which occurred in February, 1883.

Of the subsequent dailies in Chicago, which are now in existence, The Times was established in 1854, with James W. Sheahan editor, until 1861, when he was succeeded by W. F. Storey; the Illinois Staats Zeitung was established

in 1855; Demokrat, in 1870. John Y. Scammon established the Inter Ocean, in 1872, on the ruins of the Chicago Republican. In the latter part of that year the Inter Ocean was purchased by a stock company, and shortly after, William Penn Nixon became business manager, and subsequently secured a controlling interest, and the paper is now conducted under his direction. In 1870, the Neue Freie Presse was established; in 1875, the News; in 1876, the Arbeiter Zeitung, and in 1881, the Herald.

From first to last there have been printed many newspapers at the Capital, of which there are but seven in existence. The Illinois State Journal was established in 1831, under the name of Sangamo Journal; the first number of the Daily Journal was issued in 1848. The State Register was established at Vandalia in 1836, but was removed to Springfield when the capital was removed; the first number of the Daily Register was issued in 1848. The Illinois Freie Presse was established in 1872; the Sangamo Monitor, in 1873; the Daily Monitor, in 1877; the Staats Wochenblatt, in 1878; the Evening Post, in 1880, and the Saturday Mirror, in 1883.

Among the older weekly papers published in the interior portions of the State, we find the following: Journal, Jacksonville, established 1831; Gazette, Galena, 1834; Herald, Quincy, 1835; Telegraph, Alton, 1836; Tazewell County Republican, Pekin, 1836; Home Journal, Lacon, 1837; Whig, Quincy, 1837; Advocate, Belleville, 1839; Register, Mt. Carmel, 1839; Register, Rockford, 1840; Signal, Joliet, 1842; Republican, Ottawa, 1844; Lake County Patriot, Waukegan, 1845; Beacon, Aurora, 1846; Pontagraph, Bloomington, 1846; Gazette, Carrollton, 1846; Atlas, Monmouth, 1846.

Of the dailies in Illinois, outside of Chicago and Springfield, we find the following, as given in Rowell's Newspaper Directory for 1884. They are given chronologically:

Whig, Quincy, established 1848; Gazette, Galena, 1848; Herald, Quincy, 1849; Argus, Rock Island, 1851; Transcript, Peoria, 1855; Pantagraph, Bloomington, 1857; Demokrat, Peoria, 1860; Union, Rock Island, 1861; Telegraph, Alton, 1861; National Democrat, Peoria, 1865; Journal, Jacksonville, 1866; Bulletin, Cairo, 1868; Leader, Bloomington, 1869; Evening Review, Peoria, 1869; Republican Register, Galesburg, 1870; News, Aurora, 1872; Republican, Decatur, 1872; Journal, Mattoon, 1873; Register, Rockford, 1873; Zeitung und Stern, Belleville, 1874; Republican and Sun, Joliet, 1874; Germania, Quincy, 1874; Democrat, Alton, 1874; News, Danville, 1876; News, Elgin, 1876; Illinois Courier, Jacksonville, 1876; Evening Post, Aurora, 1877 ; Republican, Braidwood, 1877; Bulletin, Freeport, 1877; News, Joliet, 1877; Times, Ottawa, 1877; Journal, Peoria, 1877; News, Quincy, 1877; Argus, Cairo, 1878; Commercial, Danville, 1878; Review, Decatur, 1878; Frank, Elgin, 1878; Journal, Lincoln, 1878; Dispatch, Moline, 1878; Journal, Freeport, 1879; Sonne, Peoria, 1879; Gazette, Rockford, 1879; Morning Herald, Decatur, 1880; Journal, Ottawa, 1880; Bulletin, Bloomington, 1881; Advocate, Elgin, 1881; Times, Pekin, 1881; Free Press, Streator, 1881; Monitor, Streator, 1882; Gazette, Sterling, 1882; Express, Aurora, 1882; Evening Eye, Roodhouse, 1882; News-Democrat, Belleville, 1883; Daily Gazette, Champaign, 1883; Republican, Moline, 1883; Evening Gazette, Monmouth, 1883; Times, Lincoln, 1884; Daily Sentinel, Centralia, 1884. Rowell's Directory for 1884, places the total number of papers, weeklies and dailies, in Illinois, at 1,009.

We have spoken of the wonderful improvements made in printing presses, and now a word is due journalism generally, and we hazard nothing in saying that the weekly papers in Illinois are not surpassed by those of any State in the Union, as regards their moral tone, independence of character, neatness in make-up, local

interest or editorial ability, while the daily press stands unrivaled.

The Illinois Press Association, which was organized in 1866, has done much toward elevating the character and advancing the interests of the profession.

With the journalism of Illinois there have been connected many eminent men, who have taken a prominent part in shaping the politics or destiny of the State, and we call to mind a few who have been a power in its councils: Henry Eddy, Shawneetown, who was the editor of the Illinois Emigrant, and wielded a vigorous pen in 1823, in opposition to the attempt to make Illinois a slave State; Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton; John Wentworth, C. L. Wilson, Jas. W. Sheahan, T. Lyle Dickey, C. H. Ray, Joseph Medill, A. C. Hessing, Andrew Shuman, Horace White, John L. Scripps, W. F. Storey, Wm. Bross, Herman Raster, Herman Lieb, Samuel J. Medill, W. K. Sullivan, Chicago; Austin Brooks, Quincy; John W. Merritt, Salem; E. R. Roe, Bloomington; George Scroggs, Champaign; C. H. Lanphier, who commenced his apprenticeship in the State Register, and afterwards became sole proprietor; D. L. Phillips, John M. Palmer, John A. McClernand, who established, edited and published the first Democratic newspaper in Southern Illinois; George Walker, Simeon Francis, who established the Sangamo Journal, Springfield; Enoch Emery, Peoria; W. W. Sellers, Pekin. We might swell this list indefinitely, but this will suffice to show that the men who have guided the press of the State have not lacked in ability or force of character.