hundred other things to attend to; and a philosophical quality which firmly grasps and clearly presents the central principle underlying the immediate question. This philosophical habit grew with Mr. Bowles as years advanced, and the obligation to Mr. Hood which he so warmly expressed may have lain partly in this direction. Dr. Holland's distinctive contribution to the Republican was twofold. He was more a man of books than his colleague, and gave to the paper in its early years the discussion of literary topics which did much to broaden it beyond the field of politics and news. But he added too a more novel and striking feature. It was said of him at the memorial service following his death:

"Dr. Holland was essentially a preacher. He was ordained by natural endowment, and by steady, enthusiastic purpose, to the ministry of moral guidance and inspiration. That vocation has hitherto been largely exercised by personal speech from pulpit or platform, and largely through the instrumentality of the church. But his life fell at a time when a new engine of influence is supplementing and in a degree supplanting the old. While those who speak from the pulpit are glad to number their hearers by hundreds, the daily editor counts his by tens of thousands. While the church is anxiously debating how it can reach and hold the people, every man looks on his doorstep for his morning paper before he goes to his breakfast. The newspaper beyond any other teacher now comes home to men's business and bosoms. The limitation upon that influence is that it too often lacks that clearness and emphasis of moral purpose which has largely characterized the ministry of the pulpit. It was the especial distinction of Dr. Holland that he used the newspaper's power to serve the preacher's purpose. He enlarged and ennobled the function of journalism, by putting it to a new and higher use. He showed that a newspaper might do something more than tell the news; something besides discussing affairs at Washington; something more even than to act as guide and judge in literature and art and public affairs. He used the daily or the monthly journal to purify and sweeten the fountains of personal and family life. He

spoke continually the word that should inspire young men to be pure, and women to be strong; the word that shed poetry over the home life; the word that threw on every interest the light of conscience and the warmth of moral feeling."

The innovation in which Dr. Holland was perhaps beyond any other man the pioneer consisted not in using periodical publication for the moralist's purpose,—such use is as old as the time of Addison,- but in successfully grafting that function upon the modern daily, and making religion compete successfully there for men's attention with the press and throng of other interests. He opened a noble field which has as yet been but scantily worked. Much of his editorial writing had this quality, but his conspicuous success began when he wrote 66 Timothy Titcomb's Letters to Young People." He had previously contributed to the paper some series of letters on light social topics, and Mr. Bowles one day suggested that he should do something more of the same kind. "I thought at first," said Dr. Holland, "that I had written myself out, but without premeditation I made a dash at another line of subjects, and wrote that forenoon the first of the 'Timothy Titcomb Letters.'" It shows how little expectation he had of attracting marked attention, that he borrowed a pen-name which had been used by Thackeray in one of his minor writings. His unexpected success was an illustration of Cromwell's saying: "A man never rises so high as when he knows not whither he is going." The letters were in three series, the first addressed to young men, the next to young women, and the third to young married people. They were plain, familiar talks on the conduct of life, aimed neither too high nor too low for the average reader, familiar in illustration, pervaded with practical and undogmatic Christianity. They met with instant and wide favor. When gathered into a book, they had a

sale which at once gave Dr. Holland rank with. the most popular authors of the country. Many a man and woman to-day remember them with gratitude. They were followed by other serials in a like vein, which proved equally popular, and won for the Republican a new hold on public regard.

(These contributions, of which the authorship was soon known, gained for Dr. Holland a personal reputation in connection with the paper which for a time rivaled that of Mr. Bowles. Yet he did not find in daily journalism his most congenial field. After 1857, he gradually diverted his labors into lecturing and book-writing, and his contributions to the Republican ceased entirely about the year 1864. The culmination of his career was as one of the founders and the editor-in-chief of Scribner's Monthly (now The Century Magazine).) In his later years, sitting on a piazza overlooking the Hudson with a friend, he said, pointing to the river, that his present life was to his earlier like the Hudson to the Connecticut.

With the exception of the brief Traveller episode, Mr. Bowles was from first to last identified heart and soul with the Republican. It was his hand that shaped its course, and assimilated the elements of its strength. It is the course of national events on which the historian of a newspaper naturally dwells most, and which was always the leading topic of the Republican. But the paper was continually seeking other and widening fields. Religion, social reform, literature, nature, amusements, personalities-it took them all as its province. In a little country town it presented the amplest range of human interests; it was as broad and various as humanity. It drew from many a worker who gave to it the best of his heart and brain. But it took its central inspiration and distinctive character from one manysided and intensely vital man.

"SAM

CHAPTER XIX.

PERSONAL RELATIONS.

(AM BOWLES," as he was known to the Republican's readers, and the "Sam Bowles" whom his friends. and acquaintances knew, were the same, yet different. In truth, if almost any one of us could be seen as his image exists in the minds of different people, if he could be seen successively as his wife sees him, as his children, his servants, his business associates, his enemies, his intimates, see him, the result would be a portrait gallery of many different people, with sometimes not even a family resemblance.

All his readers recognized Mr. Bowles's power, but all by no means admired him. He gave frequent and wide offense. Thoughout the Connecticut valley, the sentiment toward the paper was a strange mixture of admiration, pride, and hostility. Every one wanted to read it, and those who declared they did not, and stopped their papers, were drawn back to read it again, even while they abused it. To those who had grown accustomed to its well-flavored repast, it was a necessity. Any vigorous and outspoken paper, like any vigorous and outspoken man, will make enemies. The quality in the Republican which roused most hostility was its free. criticisms upon institutions, parties, and every person and event of public concern. This freedom of judgment,

subject to no limitations save those of truth, the editor claimed as his right, asserted as his duty, and exercised with a width of range and deftness of stroke which increased as the years went on. There is nothing which almost any man so quickly resents as unfavorable criticisms upon himself, his friends, or the institutions he believes in. When the criticism is public, it has a tenfold sharper sting. There was not a day in which the Republican did not touch something or somebody with the thong of its whip. Its vocation was to make report and comment on the whole course of events, and frequent blame was its necessity. If it had been as just as Omniscience, it would still have given frequent offense. Being entirely human and fallible, it gave offense continually.

By the mass of the paper's readers this critical, sharpspeaking quality was probably regarded as the chief characteristic of Mr. Bowles. But to his personal acquaintances he showed a side as different from this as May from January. Many of them saw and felt both sides by turns, but to some he was always May.

From the earliest, his family affections were deep-seated and constant. His father's was one of those New England households in whose undemonstrative and outwardly meager life the domestic attachments strike tenacious root, like pine-trees in rocky soil. In later years his own family was the first object of his care and the center of his dearest affections. His chief aim in life was not to make for himself a career, a name, or a fortune, but to provide for the happiness of his wife and his children. His wife's aim in turn was to make their home above all else a resting-place for the husband. The habit and law of the house was that "Father's" rest was to be shielded and made comfortable. "I remember," says one of the children, there were now two daughters and a son,"how we used to be kept quiet through the early forenoon,