ance. many of these problems may be looked for. The subject dimensions and proportions of different parts of the body, is, however, attracting the attention of observers of all averages are now largely used by anthropologists. Provided countries to a greater degree than it ever has before, with the data upon which these averages are based have been the usual result of bringing distrust upon, and dissatis obtained from a sufficient number of individuals, they can faction with, the old systems, without as yet establishing be absolutely relied upon to express the prevailing or most anything in their place which meets with universal accept-characteristic development of each particular feature in any The difficulty of finding distinctive characters group, and permit satisfactory comparisons between the capable of strict definition by which races or groups may conditions of that feature in different groups. Great probe differentiated may be inferred from what has been said gress is now being made in perfecting the methods of above. It is rather by the preponderance of certain investigation of racial characteristics, and as we are begincharacters in a large number of members of a group than ning to learn what lines of research are profitable and by the exclusive or even constant possession of these what are barren, we may hope that the time is not far characters in each of its members that the group must be distant when we may get some clear insight into the distinguished. Hence, in all cases in which the characters knowledge of the natural classification and relationships of can be expressed by the numerical method, as in the the races of Man. (W. H. F.) Aard-vark, 389. Aerial mammals, 873. Alimentary canal, 362. Amblypoda, 436. Anomaluridæ, 417. Anoplotherium, 430. Aquatic mammals, 373. Arctomys, 418; skull, 417. Artiodactyla, 429. Bandicoot, 381. Beaver, 418. Beluga, 398. Bison, 432. Bottle-nose, 396, 399. Claws, 348. Coryphodon, 426. Cynogale, 436. Dasypodidæ, 386. Dasyproctidæ, 420. Dasyuridæ, 380; skull, 379. Deer, 431. Delphinidæ, 398. Delphinoidea, 895. Dendrohyrax, skull, 422. Dental system, 349; for mula, 353. Digestive system, 361. Dinoceras, 426. Dinomyidæ, 420. Dinotherium, 425. Distribution, geographi cal, 373. Dog, 438; teeth, 353; skull, 355; vertebræ, 357. Ductless glands, 365. Ear, 367. Echidnida, 378. Emballonuridæ, 412. Bladder, 366. Blood, 364. Bovidæ, 432. Bradypodidæ, 384. Eland, 432. Buffalo, 432. hind foot, 882. Lagomyidæ, 421. Lemming, 419. Leporidae, 421. Lophiodontidæ, 428. Lungs, 365. Lutrinæ, 439. distribu Lycaon, 439. Lymphatic vessels, 364. Lynx, 435. Machærodus, 435. Macrauchenidæ, 428. Macropodidæ, 382. Macroscelidæ, 402. Mammary glands, 368. Man, 444. Narwhal, 398. Natalus, 411. Nectogale, 403. Nervous system, 366. Noctule bat, 406. Nostrils, 365. Nycterida, 411. Nyctinomus, 413. Nylghau, 432. Octodontidæ, 420. Odontoceti, 395. 348. Shrews, 403. Sight, sense of, 367. Siphneus, 419. Sloth bear, 442. Stereognathus, 376. Sternum, 358. Swine, 430. Synetheres, 420. Talpida, 403. Tamandus, 386, Porpoise, 398, 399; ver- Taphozous, 413. Porcupine, 420. tebra, 358. Potamogalidæ, 404. Tapirs, 428. Tarsipes, 382. Taste, sense of, 367 Teeth, 349; of Carni vora, 433; of Opossum, 878; of Proboscideans, 423. Tegumentary. structures, Terrestrial mammals, 374 Thylacinus, 380. Thylacoleo, 383. Thyroptera, 411. Tiger, 435. Tillodontia, 432. Tortoise, manus of, 359. Trachea, 365, Tragulina, 430. Triænops, 412. Triassic mammals, 375, Ruminants, 431. Odour-secreting glands, Scaly anteater, 388. Opossum, 880; teeth, 378. Sciuromorpha, 417. Ornithodelphia, 371, 377. Ornithorhynchidæ, 377. Orycteropodidæ, 388. Oryzorictinæ, 405. Otariidæ, 442. Otocyon, 439. Palæotherium, 429. Sciuridæ, 418. Scotophilus, 411. Sea bear, 443. Sea cow, 390. Sea elephant, 444. Sea lion, 443. Seals, 443. ters, 368. Ungulata, 421. Urinary organs, 366. Ursidæ, 441. Vampyre, 415. Vole, 419. Viverride, 435. Walrus, 443. Secondary sexual charac- Weasel, 440. Selenodonta, 430. Sense, organs of, 366. Serotine bat, 410. Serval, 435. Sheep, 432. Shoulder girdle, 358. Whalebone, 394. Whales, 394. White whale, 398. Wolverene, 440. Zeuglodon, 395. MAMMOTH, a name commonly given to one of the numerous extinct forms of Elephant, Elephas primigenius of Blumenbach and most subsequent authors.1 Probably no animal which has not survived to the historic period has left such abundant and well-preserved evidence of its former existence. The discovery of immense numbers, not only, as in the case of most extinct creatures, in the form of fragmentary bones and teeth, but often as more or less entire carcases, or "mummies" as they may be and generally with a tendency to a spiral form not seen in other species of Elephant. Different specimens, however, present great variations in curve, from nearly straight to an almost complete circle. It is chiefly by the characters of the molar teeth that the various extinct modifications of the Elephant type are distinguished. Those of the Mammoth (see fig. 2) differ from the corresponding organs of allied species in (1) great breadth of the crown as compared with the length, (2) the narrowness and crowding or close approximation of the ridges, (3) the thinness of the enainel and its straightness, parallelism, and absence of "crimping" as seen on the worn surface, or in a horizontal section of the tooth. The molars, as in other Elephants, are six in number on each side above and below, succeeding each other from before backwards. Of these Dr Falconer gave the prevailing "ridge-formula" (or number of complete enamelled ridges. in each tooth) as 4, 8, 12, 12, 16, 24, as in E. indicus. Dr Leith Adams, working from more abundant materials, has shown that the number of ridges of each tooth, especially those at the posterior end of the series, is subject to very great individual variation, ranging in each tooth of the series within the following limits: 3 to 4, 6 to 9, 9 to 12, 9 to 15, 14 to 16, 18 to 27,-excluding the small plates called "talons" at each end of the tooth. Besides these variations in the number of ridges or plates of which each tooth is composed, the thickness of the enamel varies so much as to have given rise to a distinction between a FIG. 1.-Restored Skeleton of Mammoth (Elephas primigenius). From Tilesius in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sc. St Petersbourg, t. v. (1815). called, with the flesh, skin, and hair in situ, in the frozen | soil of the tundras of northern Siberia, has for a long time given great interest to the species, and been the cause of many legendary stories among the natives of the lands in which they occur. Among these one of the most prevailing is that the Mammoth was, or still is, an animal which passes its life habitually in burrows below the surface of the ground, and which immediately dies if by any chance it comes into the upper air. and a ing most pre- FIG. 2.-Grinding Surface of Upper Molar Tooth valent among of the Mammoth (Elephas primigenius). From the specimens Owen. c, cementum; d, dentine; e, enamel. from the Arctic regions, and most distinctively characteristic of the species. From the specimens with thick enamel plates the transition to the other species or varieties mentioned above, including E. indicus, is almost imperceptible. The general characteristics of the animals of the order Proboscidea, to which the Mammoth belongs, are given in" thick-plated the article MAMMALIA (p. 423). Its position is also there indicated as a member of the most highly specialized section of the group of Elephants, that called by Falconer Euelephas, which also contains the modern Asiatic species. Of the whole group it is in many respects, as in the size and form of the tusks, and especially the characters of the molar teeth, the farthest removed from the primitive Mastodon-like type, while its nearest surviving relative, E. indicus, has retained the slightly more generalized characters of the Mammoth's contemporaries of more southern climes, E. columbi of America, and E. armeniacus of the Old World, if, indeed, it can be specifically distinguished from them. The tusks or upper incisor teeth were doubtless present in both sexes, but probably of smaller size in the female. In the adult males they often attained the length of from 9 to 10 feet measured along the outer curve. Upon leaving the head they were directed at first downwards and outwards, then upwards and finally inwards at the tips, The word Mammoth was introduced into the languages of western Europe about two centuries ago from the Russian, and is thought by Pallas and Nordenskiöld to be of Tartar origin, but others, as Witzen, Strahlenburg, and Howorth have endeavoured to prove that it is a corruption of the Arabic word Behemoth, or great beast. The bones of the skeleton generally more resemble those of the Indian Elephant than of any other known species, but the skull differs, in the narrower summit, narrower temporal fossæ, and more prolonged incisive sheaths, required to support the roots of the enormous tusks. Among the external characters by which the Mammoth was distinguished from either of the existing species of Elephant was the dense clothing, not only of long coarse outer hair, but also of close under woolly hair, of a reddishbrown colour, evidently in adaptation to the colder climate which it inhabited. This character, for a knowledge of which we are indebted to the well-preserved remains found in northern Siberia, is also represented in the rude but graphic drawings of prehistoric age, found in caverns in the south of France. In size different individuals varied considerably, but the average height does not appear to have exceeded that of either of the existing species of Elephant. The geographical range of the Mammoth was very extensive. There is scarcely a county in England in which some of its remains have not been found either in alluvial deposits of gravel or in caverns, and numbers of its teeth are from time to time dredged up from the bottom of the sea by the fishermen who ply their trade in the German Ocean, having been washed out of the water-worn cliffs of the eastern counties of Eugland. In Scotland and Ireland its remains are less abundant, but they have been found in vast numbers at various localities throughout the greater part of central Europe (as far south as Santander in Spain and Rome), northern Asia, and the northern part of the American continent, though the exact distribution of the Mammoth in the New World is still a question of debate. It has not hitherto been met with in any part of Scandinavia or Finland. In point of time, the Mammoth belongs exclusively to the post-Tertiary or Pleistocene epoch of geologists, and it was undoubtedly contemporaneous with man in France, and probably elsewhere. There is evidence to show that it existed in Britain before, during, and after the glacial period. graphical distribution and anatomical characters, see Falconer's MAMMOTH CAVE, in Edmondson county, Kentucky, United States, 37° 14' N. lat. and 86° 12′ W. long., by rail 85 miles south-south-west of Louisville, was discovered, in 1809, by a hunter named Hutchins, while in pursuit of a wounded bear. Its mouth is in a forest ravine, 194 feet above Green river, and 600 feet above the sea. This aperture is not the original mouth, the latter being a chasm a quarter of a mile north of it, and leading into what is known as Dixon's Cave. The two portions are not now connected, though persons in one can make themselves heard by those in the other. Saltpetre was formerly made from the nitrous earth in which the cave abounded; but it is now mainly turned to account as a place of exhibition. The cavernous linestone of Kentucky covers an area of 8000 square miles, is massive and homogeneous, and belongs to the Subcarboniferous period. It shows few traces of dynamic disturbance, but has been carved, since the Miocene epoch, into many caverns, of which the Mammoth Cave is the noblest specimen known. The region is undulating, but its valleys are mostly funnel-shaped depressious emptying through fissures into subterranean streams, which feed rivers, often of navigable size, and whose waters are never frozen over, even in severe winters Such valleys are called sink-holes. The natural arch that admits one to Mammoth Cave has a span of 70 feet, and from a ledge above it a cascade leaps 50 feet to the rocks below, where it disappears. A winding flight of stone steps leads the way down to a narrow passage, through which the air rushes with violence, outward in summer, and inward in winter. The temperature of the cave is uniformly 54° Fahr. throughout the of singular purity. While the lower levels are moist from the large pools that have secret connexion with Green river, the upper galleries are extremely dry. These conditions led, at one time, to the erection of thirteen cottages, at a point about 1 mile under ground, for the use of invalids, especially consumptives. The experiment ended in failure, and only two cottages now remain. As before indicated, it is in the northern part of Siberia that its remains have been found in the greatest abundauce, and in quite exceptional conditions of preservation. For a very long period there has been from that region a regular export of Mammoth ivory in a state fit for commercial purposes, both eastward to China and westward to Europe. In the middle of the 10th century an active trade was carried on at Khiva in fossil ivory, which was fashioned into combs, vases, and other objects, as related by Abú 'l Kásim, an Arab writer of that period. Mid-year, and the atmosphere is both chemically and optically dendorff reckoned that the number of tusks which have yearly come into the market during the last two centuries has been at least a hundred pairs, and Nordenskiöld from personal observation considers this calculation as probably rather too low than too high. They are found at all suitable places along the whole line of the shore between the mouth of the Obi and Behring's Straits, and the farther north the more numerous do they become, the islands of New Siberia being now one of the most favourite collecting localities. The soil of Bear Islands and of Liachoff Islands is said to consist only of sand and ice with such quantities of Mammoth boues as almost to compose its chief substance. The remains are not only found around the mouths of the great rivers, as would be the case if the carcases had been washed down from more southern localities in the interior of the continent, but are imbedded in the frozen soil in such circumstances as to indicate that the animals had lived not far from the localities in which they are now found, and they are exposed either by the melting of the ice in unusually warm summers or by the washing away of the sea cliffs or river banks by storms or floods. In this way the bodies of more or less perfect animals, often standing in the erect position, with the soft parts and hairy covering entire, have frequently been brought to light. References to the principal recorded discoveries of this kind, and to the numerous speculations to which they have given rise, both among the ignorant peasants and learned academicians, will be found in Nordenskiöld's Voyage of the Vega (English translation, vol. i. 1881, p. 398 sq.) and a series of papers in the Geological Magazine for 1880 and 1881, by H. H. Howorth. For the geo The best-known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk found in the cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Christy and Lartet's Reliquiæ Aquitanica, and in many other works bearing on the subject of the antiquity of man, The Main Cave, from 40 to 300 feet wide, and from 35 to 125 feet high, has several vast rooms, e.g., the Rotunda, where are the ruins of the old saltpetre works; the Star Chamber, where the protrusion of white crystals through a coating of the black oxide of manganese creates an optical illusion of great beauty; the Chief City, where an area of 2 acres is covered by a vault 125 feet high, and the floor is strewn with rocky fragments, among which are found numerous half-burnt torches made of canes, and other signs of prehistoric occupancy. Two skeletons were exhumed near the Rotunda; but no other bones of any description have been found. The so-called Mammoth Cave "mummies" (i.e., bodies kept by being inhumed in nitrous earth), with accompanying utensils, ornaments, braided sandals, and other relics, were found in Short and Salt caves near by, and removed to Mammoth Cave for exhibition. The Main Cave, which abruptly ends 4 miles from the entrance, is joined by winding passages, with spacious galleries on different levels; and, although the diameter of the area of the whole cavern is less than 10 miles, the combined length of all accessible avenues is supposed to be about 150 miles.? 2 The present manager, Mr F. Klett, has undertaken the difficult task of a thorough survey, the results of which, so far as completed, are presented in the accompanying map. The portion beyond River Hall is supplemented from an older survey by Stephen, the guide, The chief points of interest are arranged along two lines of exploration, besides which there are certain side excursions. The "short route requires about four hours, and the "long route" nine. Audubon's Avenue, the one nearest the entrance, is seldom visited, except by the bats that hang from the walls in clusters like swarms of bees. The Gothic Avenue contains numerous large stalactites and stalagmites, and an interesting place called the Chapel, and ends in a small double dome and cascade. Among the most surprising features of cave scenery are the vertical shafts that pierce through all levels, from the uppermost galleries, or even from the sink-holes, down to the lowest floor. These are styled pits or domes, according to the position occupied by the observer. A crevice behind a block of stone 40 feet long by 20 wide, called the Giant's Coffin, admits the explorer to a place where six pits, varying in depth from 65 feet to 220 feet, exist in an area of 600 yards. This includes Gorin's Dome, which is viewed from a point midway in its side, and is by many regarded as the finest room in the cavern. Others admire more the Mammoth Dome, at the termination of Spark's Avenue, where a cataract falls from a height of 250 feet amid walls wonderfully draped with stalactitic tapestry. The Egyptian Temple, which is a continuation of the Mammoth Dome, contains six massive columns, two of them quite perfect, and 80 feet high and 25 feet in diameter. The combined length of these contiguous chambers is 400 feet. By a crevice above they are connected with an arm of Audubon's Avenue. Lucy's Dome, about 300 feet high, is supposed to be the loftiest of all these vertical shafts. A pit called "the Maelstrom," in Croghan's Hall, is the spot most remote from the mouth of the cave; a son of Prentice, the poet, permitted himself to be lowered 190 feet by a rope to the bottom, in 1859. There are some fine stalactites near this pit, and others in the Fairy Grotto and in Pensico Avenue; but, considering the magnitude of Mammoth Cave, its poverty of stalactitic ornamentation is remarkable. The wealth of crystals is, however, surprising. These are of endless variety and fantastic beauty. Besides the sparkling vault of the Star Chamber (300 feet long and 80 high), there are halls canopied by fleecy clouds, or studded with mimic snowballs, and others displaying various grotesque resemblances on the walls and ceiling. Cleveland's Cabinet and Marion's Avenue, each a mile long, are adorned by myriads of gypsum rosettes and curiously twisted crystals, called "oulopholites." These cave flowers are unfolded by pressure, as if a sheaf were forced through a tight binding, and the crystal fibres curl outward from the centre of the group. Thus spotless arches of 50 feet span are embellished by floral clusters and garlands, hiding nearly every foot of the grey limestone. The botryoidal formations hanging by thousands in Mary's Vineyard resemble mimic clusters of grapes, as the oulopholites resemble roses. Again there are chambers with drifts of snowy crystals of the sulphate of magnesia, the ceilings so thickly covered with their efflorescence that a loud concussion of the air will cause them to fall like the flakes of a snow storm. Many small rooms and tortuous paths, where nothing of special interest can be found, are avoided as much as possible on the regular routes; but certain disagreeable experiences are inevitable. There is peril also in the vicinity of the deep pits. The one known as the Bottomless Pit was for many years a barrier to all further exploration, but is now crossed by a wooden bridge. Long before the shaft had been cut as deep as now, the water flowed away by a channel gradually contracting to a serpentine way, so extremely narrow as to be called the Fat Man's Misery. The walls, only 18 inches apart, change direction eight times in 105 yards, while the distance from the sandy path to the ledge overhead is but 5 feet. The rocky sides are finely marked with waves and ripples, Typographic Etching Co.,del.et sc. as if running water had suddenly been petrified. This winding way conducts one to River Hall, beyond which lie the crystalline gardens that have been described. It used to be said that, if this narrow passage were blocked up, escape would be impossible; but lately an intricate web of fissures, called the Corkscrew, has been discovered, by means of which a good climber, ascending only a few hundred feet, lands 1000 yards from the mouth of the cave, and cuts off one or two miles. The waters, entering through numerous domes and pits, and falling, during the rainy season, in cascades of great volume, are finally collected in River Hall, where they form several extensive lakes, or rivers, whose connexion with Green river is known to be in two deep springs appearing under arches on its margin Whenever there is a freshet in Green river the streams in the cave are joined in a continuous body of water, the rise sometimes being 60 feet above the low-water mark. The subsidence within is less rapid than the rise; and the streams are impassable for about seven months in each year. They are navigable from May to October, and furnish interesting features of cave scenery. The first approached is called the Dead Sea, embraced by cliffs 60 feet high and 100 feet long, above which a path has been made, XV. 57 whence a stairway conducts us down to the banks of the River Styx, a body of water 40 feet wide and 400 feet long, crossed by a natural bridge. Lake Lethe comes next-a broad basin enclosed by walls 90 feet high, below which a narrow path leads to a pontoon at the neck of the lake. A beach of the finest yellow sand extends for 500 yards to Echo river, the largest of all, being from 20 to 200 feet wide, 10 to 40 feet deep, and about three-quarters of a mile long. It is crossed by boats. The arched passage-way is very symmetrical, varying in height from 10 to 35 feet, and famous for its musical reverberations, not a distinct echo, but an harmonious prolongation of sound for from 10 to 30 seconds after the original tone is produced. The long vault has a, certain keynote of its own, which, when firmly struck, excites harmonics, including tones of incredible depth and sweetness. The fauna of Mammoth Cave has been classified by Putman, Packard, and Cope, who have catalogued twenty-eight species truly subterraneous, besides those that may be regarded as stragglers from the surface. They are distributed thus:-Vertebrata, species; Insecta, 11; Arachnida, 6; Myriapoda, 2; Crustacea, 2; Vermes, 3. Ehrenberg adds a list of 8 Polygastric Infusoria, 1 fossil infusorian, 5 Phytolitharia, and several microscopic fungi. A bed of Agaricus was found by the writer near the River Styx; and upon this hint an attempt has been made to propagate edible fungi in this locality. The most interesting inhabitants of Mammoth Cave are the blind, wingless grasshoppers, with extremely long antennæ; blind, colourless crayfish (Cambarus pellucidus, Telk.); and the blind fish, Amblyopsis spelæus, colourless and viviparous, from 1 inch to 6 inches long. The Cambarus and Amblyopsis have wide distribution, being found in many other caves, and also in deep wells, in Kentucky and Indiana. Fish not blind are occasionally caught, which are apparently identical with species existing in streams outside. The true subterranean fauna may be regarded as chiefly of Pleistocene origin; yet certain forms are possibly remnants of Tertiary life. The strongly marked divergence of these animals from those found outside convinced the elder Agassiz that they were specially created for the limits within which they dwell. But the opinion now held is that they are modified from allied species existing in the sunlight, and that their peculiarities may all be accounted for on principles of evolution, the process being accelerated (or retarded) by their migra tion from the outer world to a realm of absolute silence and perpetual darkness. The literature of Mammoth Cave is extensive, though scattered through many periodicals, volumes of travels, and scientific reports. See especially Bullitt, Rambles by a Visitor, 1844; Collins, History of Kentucky, 1847; Forwood, The Mammoth Cave, 1870; Packard and Putnam, Inhabitants of Mammoth Cave, 1872; Shaler, Memoirs of Geological Survey of Kentucky, 1876; Hovey, "In Mammoth Cave," Scribner's Magazine, 1880; Celebrated Caverns, 1882 (H. C. H.) MAN. See ANTHROPOLOGY (vol. ii. p. 107 sq.) and the articles on the various contributory sciences there referred to. Compare also MAMMALIA, above, p. 444. feet; at Brada Head, near which Brada Hill forms an Islet, surrounded by rugged broken rocks; and at Spanish almost precipitous wall over 700 feet in height; at Calf Head (said to take its name from the destruction which there overtook a portion of the Spanish Armada). Towards the south-eastern shore the mountains slope more gradually towards the sea, the coast of which is generally low and sandy, being indented by several finely rounded bays, including Castletown Bay and Derby Haven. From Derby Haven to Maughold Point the coast is frequently bold and rocky, and the numerous creeks and bays, the largest of which are Douglas Bay and Laxey Bay, greatly add to the charm and variety of the scenery. From Maughold Head round to Peel the coast presents little of special interest, being formed in great part of sand and gravel cliffs, although along the western side the bold clay-slate formamation again appears. Calf Daliy Bay Spaniel Scarlet P Carletons Crog 5. Arme's Read Santon Down The largest river in the island is the Sulby, which rises near Snaefell, and, after flowing northwards through a rugged glen to Sulby village, winds castwards through a level and well-cultivated country to the sea at Ramsey. The Neb or Great River, which is formed by the junction near Slieuwhallin of a stream rising near South Barrule and flowing north by the Foxdale Glen, and of another flowing south from Sartfell by Rhenass, passes west to the Irish Sea at Peel. The Silverburn flows southwards from, South Barrule to the Castletown Bay. The Dhu and Glass flowing eastwards unite before entering the sea at Douglas, which takes its name from their union. The streams abound with trout, and fishing is generally permitted without restriction. There are no lakes. MAN, ISLE OF, a dominion of the crown of England, situated in the Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England on the east, Scotland on the north, and Ireland on the west. It lies between 54° 2′ and 54° 25′ N. lat., and between 4° 18′ and 4° 50′ W. long., Douglas on the east coast of the island being distant 58 miles west-north-west from Fleetwood, while Peel on the west coast is 65 miles south-east of Belfast. The greatest length of the island is about 33 miles, and its greatest breadth about 12 miles. The total area is 145,325 acres, or about 227 square miles. A mountain range occupies the larger portion of the island, extending from Maughold Head to the Calf Islet; the highest summits-Snaefell (2024 feet), North Barrule (1842), and Slieu Chairw (1808)-are in the north-west. These mountains rise abruptly from the narrow tract of almost level ground which forms the extreme northern boundary of the island; and between their lofty chasms are the lovely and picturesque recesses of Ravensdale, Sulby Geology. The greater part of the island is formed of Glen, Glen Aldyn, and Ballure. The fine scenery of the slaty Silurian rocks of identical formation with the mountains has been made more accessible by the construc- mountainous regions of Cumberland and Westmoretion of a series of roads, commanding at many points views land. No characteristic fossils, however, exist to deter unsurpassed in the United Kingdom for picturesqueness mine their exact age except one, Palxochorda major, and variety. In the south-western portion of the mountain found in the Skiddaw slates. The line of strike is from range only one summit, that of South Barrule (1585 feet), south-west to north-east, and the strata are highly inrises above 1500 feet. From Peel southwards along the clined. The mountains for the most part present a smooth western shore the mountains stretch to the very edge of rounded appearance, superinduced by prolonged subaerial the coast-line, and at the south-western extremity the shore waste. The clay-slate formation is sometimes broken is wildly precipitous, especially at Cronk-ny-Irree-Lhaa. through by intrusions of granite and other eruptive rocks. which rises abruptly from the sea to the height of 1449 | The "greenstones" are especially visible at Brada Head, |