c. Give Roger Williams's explanation of "liberty of conscience"; of civil liberty. d. Can you see any connection between the strong democratic spirit of the settlers on Narragansett Bay and their ideas on religious freedom? $$ 67-70. CONNECTICUT a. What spirit prompted the settlement of Connecticut? of New Haven? b. Why may not the Pilgrim Compact be called a "truly political written constitution"? Why did not Massachusetts need to draw up a written constitution? c. Compare carefully the reason for the founding of Massachusetts, of the first Connecticut towns, of New Haven. What essential differences can you discern? What common elements? $ 72. THE BODY OF LIBERTIES a. Were the English people accustomed to a written code of law? b. Look up some brief analysis of Magna Charta (eg. TaswellLangmead), and compare it with the Body of Liberties. c. Turn to Constitution and find passages which relate to matters in sections of the Body of Liberties noted on margin of p. 92. Do the same with the constitution of your state. $73. THE UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND a. Why is this section of especial importance? b. Were taxation and representation on the same basis in the New England confederation? c. Place in note-book as headings: "Nullification," "Fugitive Slave Laws," "Colonial Denials of Supremacy of Parliament," and enter all fitting matter as you proceed. §§ 74-76. THE DUTCH AND THE SWEDES a. Give a brief sketch of history of Holland to 1748, and add a briefer sketch of the Thirty Years' War. b. Consider at length how the fortunes of the world might have been changed had Champlain treated the Iroquois kindly. c. Compare the constitutional development of New Netherland with that of the English colonies. d. Do we owe any distinctive elements of our national progress to the Dutch settlers? Prove your statement. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY a. Represent in colors upon an Outline Map (1) the details of the Virginia charters (1606, 1609); (2) the boundaries of Maryland (1632); (3) the boundaries of New England (1620). b. Represent in colors upon an Outline Map the boundaries of the New England colonies; Massachusetts (1629); New Netherland (1660). c. On maps showing territorial claims of the colonizing nations (including the Dutch and the Swedes) enter all fitting information. d. Make any necessary changes in the map of your own state. e. Explain by recitation the maps and the changes you have made. GENERAL QUESTIONS a. The origin of the term "General Court." Give all examples that occur to you of the use of the term. b. Pick out all the laws mentioned in this chapter, compare them, and draw inference as to condition and character of the respective colonies. c. What matter in this chapter must you enter in note-book under "Representative Institutions"? What under "Power of Congress"? d. Pick out all statements in this chapter which illustrate the character and the spirit of the colonists of Virginia, of Maryland, of Plymouth, of Massachusetts, of Rhode Island, of Connecticut, of New Haven, and of New Netherland. Put them side by side and state the results of your comparison. e. How many examples of federation does this chapter afford? State and compare. f. Give a bird's-eye view of the colonies in 1660. g. Make list of principal men in chapter, with dates; state under each man's name what he did. h. Make conspectus of all charters, showing (1) to whom granted, (2) purpose of grantee, (3) extent of land granted, (4) where governing power resided, (5) fortunes of charter. i. Let written recitations be demanded on any points touched in the Questions. TOPICS FOR INVESTIGATION BY INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS See directions under this head on p. 56. a. The founding of Jamestown (62, except Winsor). b. The first American Assembly (66, first group). c. Why did the Pilgrims come to America (74, last group)? d. The Pilgrims, November-December, 1620 (78, first group and last three of third group). e. The trial of Mrs. Hutchinson (88, last three of second group). f. The voyage of Henry Hudson, 1609 (95). CHAPTER III A CENTURY OF COLONIAL HISTORY, 1660-1760 Books for Consultation General Readings. — Higginson's Larger History, 169–191, 203223; Thwaites's Colonies, 50-61, 76–81, 196, 220; Hart's Formation of the Union, 2-41; Fisher's Colonial Era; Sloane's French War and the Revolution; Lodge's English Colonies; Hinsdale's Old Northwest, chs. iii and iv; Fiske's Civil Government, 152-158. Special Accounts. — Gay's Bryant's Popular History; *Winsor's America, Memorial History of Boston and Cartier to Frontenac; *Bancroft's United States; *Hildreth's United States; the state histories mentioned on page 57 and Egle's Illustrated History of Pennsylvania; *Jones's Georgia; Wilson's Memorial History of New York (city); Janney's Life of Penn; Larned's History for Ready Reference. On French exploration and colonization: Parkman's Jesuits, Pioneers, and La Salle; Bourinot's Canada; Maurice Thompson's Story of Louisiana; Grace King's New Orleans. For the expulsion of the French, see: Parkman's Half Century of Conflict, Montcalm and Wolfe, and Conspiracy of Pontiac; Irving's Life of Washington (abridged ed.); *Dunn's Indiana; *Hibberd's Wisconsin. Sources. Chandler's Criminal Trials; Hutchinson's Massachusetts; Washington's Autobiography; Franklin's Autobiography; Sewel's History of the Quakers; American History Leaflets; Old South Leaflets; Stedman and Hutchinson's Library of American Literature; *Hart's Contemporaries. Maps. Hart's Epoch Maps, Nos. 3, 4; Mac Coun's Historical Geography; Winsor's America and Mississippi Basin. Bibliography. Channing and Hart, Guide to American History, § 56 b (General Readings); §§ 102, 103, 105-108, 125-132 (Topics and References); § 23 (State and Local Histories); § 25 (Biographies); § 29 (Colonial Records); §§ 32, 33 (Writings and Autobiographies of Statesmen). Illustrative Material. - *Wendell's Cotton Mather (M. A.); Mason's Robert Cavelier (M. A.); Page's Thomas Nelson (M. A.); *Hallowell's Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts; *Brooks Adams's Clarendon and his colonial policy. Hart's Contemporaries, I, No. 54. The Navigation Acts. Winsor's America, VI, 5-10. Emancipation of Massachusetts; Irving's Washington; Lodge's Washington (S. S.1); biographies of Franklin, Samuel Adams, Oglethorpe, and others, see Guide, §§ 25, 32, 33. Lowell's Among My Books ("Witchcraft "); Longfellow's New England Tragedies and Evangeline; Whittier's Pennsylvania Pilgrims, Witch of Wenham, and King's Missive; Irving's Knickerbocker's History; Bynner's Begum's Daughter; Seton's Charter Oak; Cooke's Stories of the Old Dominion; Caruther's Knights of the Golden Horseshoe; Cooper's Satanstoe, Waterwitch, Red Rover, and Leather Stocking Tales; King's Monsieur Motte; Simms's Cassique of Kiaway; Catherwood's The Lady of Fort St. John. A CENTURY OF COLONIAL HISTORY, 1660-1760 78. The New Era in Colonization. - Charles II ascended the throne in 1660; his leading adviser was Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, who occupied the position of Lord Chancellor. Clarendon was a devoted adherent of the Established Church and also believed in a vigorous administration of affairs. Examining into colonial matters, he found the New England colonies in the hands of the Puritans, whom he had so long opposed; Maryland was under the rule of a Roman Catholic nobleman; and all the English colonies were well-nigh independent and had been so for years. The Puritans, during the time of their supremacy in England, had inaugurated a new commercial policy; but the colonists had paid slight heed to it. Now new vigor was infused into colonial administration, and inquiries were set on foot in the expectation of bringing Massachusetts into some sort of subjection. The commercial policy of the Puritans, however, commended itself to the new rulers of England and they confirmed and extended it. At the same time, a revival of the spirit of mercantile enterprise led to new attempts at colonization and the contests with the Dutch opened the way for the conquest of New Netherland. 79. The Navigation Acts. The First Navigation Act was passed in 1660. It provided that certain goods should be carried from the colonies direct to England; these were 1 "American Statesmen" series and so throughout these lists. 1660] The Puritans and the Quakers 105 lets, No. 19. enumerated in the act and hence were called the "enumer- American ated goods"; among them was tobacco. The act further History Leafprovided that only vessels owned in England or in the colonies, commanded by Englishmen, and carrying crews principally composed of Englishmen should carry colonial products. In this way the colonists were admitted to a share in the carrying trade of the empire on an equality with Englishmen living in England. The policy indicated in this act was carried further by subsequent enactments; but enough has been said to indicate its main lines. The means provided for enforcing these laws were most inadequate, except perhaps in regard to the enumerated goods. The northern colonists, especially, paid slight attention to them. 80. The Puritans and the Quakers. The discussions of George Fox and the America, III, Fiske's New the Puritan epoch had given an opportunity for freedom of of allegiance, as they were |