Some plants of the sedge family, many of which grow in marshes, are. very much like grasses. They, too, have sheaths around the stem. But their sheaths are never split; on one side they are not open. Usually, too, the stems of the true grasses are hollow, but the stems of the sedges are not hollow. 11. Leaves of grass are placed in two rows up and down the stem. Some stand out from the stem all on one side of it; others all stand out on the opposite side. All grasses have their leaves in two rows, just in this way. But if you will look at any of the sedges, you will find that their leaves are placed in three rows up and down the stem. 28. THE TALLEST GRASS IN THE WORLD. con-tig'u-ous, in close contact. culm, hollow, jointed stem of a grass. e-con'o-my, practical management. ex-hal'ing [egz-hāl'ing], giving out, emitting, fil'a-ment, a thread or fiber. 1. As our travelers proceeded up-stream, they were occasionally compelled to pass through tracts covered with a species of jungle-grass called "dab-grass," which not only reached above the heads of the tallest of the party, but would have done so had they been giants. Goliath or the Cyclops might have either of them stood on tiptoe in a field of this grass without being able to look over its tops. 2. The botanist was curious enough to measure some stalks of this gigantic grass, and found them full fourteen feet in height, and as thick as a man's finger near the roots! Of course, no animal except a giraffe could raise its head over the tops of such grass as this; but there are no giraffes in this part of the world, these long-necked creatures being confined to the continent of Africa. Wild elephants, however, are found here; and the largest of them can hide himself in the midst of this tall sward as easily as a mouse would in an English meadow. 3. But there are other animals that make their lair in the dab-grass. It is a favorite haunt both of the tiger and Indian lion; and it was not without feelings of fear that our botanical travelers threaded their way amidst its tall, cane-like culms. You will be ready to admit that the dab-grass is a tall grass. But it is far from being the tallest in the world, or in the East Indies either. What think you of a grass nearly five times as tall? And yet in that same country such a grass exists. Yes, there is a species of "panicgrass" which actually grows to the height of fifty feet, with a culm not thicker than an ordinary goose-quill. This singular species is, however, a climbing plant, growing up amidst the trees of the forest, supported by their branches, and almost reaching to their tops. 4. This panic-grass you will no doubt fancy must be the tallest grass in the world. But no. Prepare yourself to hear that there is still another kind, not only taller than this, but one that grows to the prodigious height of a hundred feet! You will guess what sort I am about to namɛ. It could be no other than the giant bamboo. That is the tallest grass in the world. You know the bamboo as a “ cane;" but for all that it is a true grass, belonging to the natural order of grasses, the chief difference between it and many others of the same order being its more gigantic dimensions. 5. I may safely assert that in all the vegetable kingdom there is no species or form so valuable to the human race as the grasses. Among all civilized nations bread is reckoned as the food of primary importance, so much so as to have obtained the appellation of "the staff of life;" and nearly every sort of bread is the production of a grass. Wheat, barley, oats, maize, and rice are all grasses; and so, too, is the sugar-cane, so valuable for its luxurious product. It would take up many pages of our little volume to enumerate the various species of grasses that contribute to the necessities and luxuries of mankind; and other pages might be written about species equally available for the purposes of life, but which have not yet been brought into cultivation. 6. Of all kinds of grasses, however, none possesses greater interest than the bamboo. Although not the most useful as an article of food, this noble plant serves a greater number of purposes in the economy of human life than perhaps any other vegetable in existence. What the palm-tree of many species is to the natives of South America or tropical Africa, such is the bamboo to the inhabitants of Southern Asia and its islands. It is doubtful whether nature has conferred upon these people any greater boon than this noble plant, the light and graceful culms of which are applied by them to a multitude of useful purposes. Indeed, so numerous are the uses made of the bamboo, that it would be an elaborate work even to make out a list of them. A few of the purposes to which it is applied will enable you to judge of the valuable nature of this princely grass. 7. The young shoots of some species are cut when tender, and eaten like asparagus. The full-grown stems while green form elegant cases, exhaling a perpetual moisture, and capable of transporting fresh flowers for hundreds of miles. When ripe and hard, they are converted into bows, arrows, and quivers, lance-shafts, the masts of vessels, walkingsticks, the poles of palanquins, the floors and supporters of bridges, and a variety of similar purposes. In a growing state the strong kinds are formed into stockades, which are impenetrable to anything but regular infantry or artillery. By notching their sides, the Malays make wonderfully light scaling ladders, which can be conveyed with facility where heavier machines could not be transported. Bruised and crushed in water, the leaves and stems form Chinese paper the finer qualities of which are only improved by a mixture of raw cotton and by more careful pounding. 8. The leaves of a small species are the material used by the Chinese for the lining of their tea-chests. Cut into lengths, and the partitions knocked out, they form durable water-pipes, or by a little contrivance are made into cases. for holding rolls of paper. Slit into strips, they afford a most durable material for weaving into mats, baskets, window-blinds, and even the sails of boats; and the larger and thicker truncheons are carved by the Chinese into beautiful ornaments. 9. For building purposes the bamboo is still more important. In many parts of India the framework of the houses of the natives is chiefly composed of this material. In the flooring, whole stems, four or five inches in diameter, are laid close to each other; and across these, laths of split bamboo, about an inch wide, are fastened down by filaments of rattan cane. The sides of the houses are closed in by the bamboos, opened and rendered flat by splitting or notching the circular joints on the outside, chipping away the corresponding divisions within, and laying it in the sun to dry, pressed down with weights. 10. Whole bamboos often form the upright timbers, and the house is generally roofed in with a thatch of narrow split bamboos, six feet long, placed in regular layers, each reaching within two feet of the extremity of that beneath it, by which a treble covering is formed. Another and most ingenious roof is also formed by cutting large straight bamboos of sufficient length to reach from the ridge to the eaves, then splitting them exactly in two, knocking out the partitions, and arranging them in close order, with the hollow or inner sides uppermost; after which a second layer, with the outer or convex sides up, is placed upon the other in such a manner that each of the convex pieces falls into the two contiguous concave pieces, covering their edges, thus serving as gutters to carry off the rain that falls on the convex layer. 11. Such are a few of the uses of the bamboo; and these are probably not more than one-tenth of the purposes to which this valuable cane is applied by the natives of India. The quickness with which the bamboo can be cut and fashioned to any purpose is not the least remarkable of its properties. Hooker, one of the most distinguished of English botanists, relates that a complete furnished house of bamboo, containing chairs and a table, was erected by his six attendants in the space of one hour! 12. Of the bamboos there are many species, — perhaps fifty in all; some of them natives of Africa and South America, but the greater number belonging to Southern Asia, which is the true home of these gigantic grasses. The species differ in many respects from each other, some of them being thick and strong, while others are light and slender and elastic. In nothing do the different species vary more than in size. They are found growing of all |