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(London, 1672, folio), displayed much erudition and some ingenuity. He also published a work on the difficulties in the chronology of the Old Testament, and wrote the preface to the first volume of Dugdale's Monasticon.

MARSI; 1. a tribe in Samnium, on the northern bank of the lacus Fucinus, in the present Abruzzo ulteriore. They had the same language with the Sabines. They distinguished themselves in the social war, which, from them, is also called the Marsian war.-2. A German tribe belonging to the Istævones, a member of the Cheruscan league. (See Cheruscans.) They pressed forward after the defeat of Varus, and settled chiefly on the banks of the Lippe, but retreated during the succeeding wars with the Romans.

MARSIGLI, Lodovico Fernando, count of, was born in 1658, of an illustrious family at Bologna, and, after having received a good education, went to Constantinople in 1679, with the Venetian ambassador. On his return, he entered into the imperial service, and was employed as an engineer in the war with Turkey. He was taken prisoner at the passage of the Raab, and sent as a slave to Bosnia. On obtaining his liberty, he was again employed, and, having been made a colonel of infantry, was sent, with his regiment, to garrison the fortress of Brisac; and, that place being taken by the French in 1702, was accused of misconduct, and ignominiously dismissed from the Austrian service. Retiring to Switzerland, he published a justificatory memoir, and afterwards took up his residence at Cassis, near Marseilles, where he occupied himself with the study of marine botany, and other scientific pursuits. In 1709, pope Clement XI made him commander of his troops; but he soon relinquished this office, and retired to his native place, where, in 1712, he founded the institute of Bologna. He afterwards travelled in England and Holland, and, in 1725, published, at Amsterdam, his Histoire Physique de la Mer (fol.); and, in 1726, his most valuable work, the Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus (6 vols., fol.), containing the natural history of the Danube, in its course through Hungary and Turkey. He died at Bologna in 1730, at the age of 72.

MARSTON, John; an English dramatic author, who lived in the reign of James I, was educated at Corpus-Christi college, Oxford, and was entered at the Middle Temple, of which society he became lecturer; but little more of his personal history is known, except that he was at one

time upon terms of friendship with Ben Jonson. He was the author of eight plays, all acted at the Black Friars, with applause. Six of these were printed in one volume, in 1633, and dedicated to the viscountess Falkland. He also wrote three books of satires, entitled the Scourge of Villany (1599), reprinted in 1764.

MARSTON MOOR, in Yorkshire, England; celebrated for the battle between the royal forces under prince Rupert and the troops of the parliament under Fairfax and Cromwell (1644), in which the latter were victorious. (See Charles I, and Cromwell.)

MARSUPIALS, in zoology; a singular family of the order carnivora, in the class mammalia, so called from a pouch (marsupium), in which the young remain immediately after birth, and into which they retreat in case of danger, when older. (See Kangaroo, Opossum.)

MARSYAS; a son of Olympus, Oägrus or Hyaguis. Fable relates that, after Minerva had thrown away the flute which she had invented, displeased because it disfigured the countenance in playing, and had pronounced the severest maledictions against any one who should take it up, Marsyas accidentally found this instrument, on which he soon acquired such skill, that he dared to challenge Apollo to a contest. The Muses were invited to be the umpires. At first, the stronger music of the flute drowned the softer tones of the lyre, on which the god played; and Marsyas was on the point of winning the victory, when Apollo accompanied his instrument with his voice. Marsyas was unable to do the same with his flute. The Muses decided in favor of Apollo, who put to death his rash competitor by flaying him alive. In this way was the curse of Minerva accomplished. This fable is emblematic of the preference given by the inventors of the fable to the art of singing to the lyre above that of performing on the flute. Many ancient and modern artists have represented the contest, as well as the punishment of Marsyas.

MART, OF MARQue, Letter or. (See Letter of Mart or Marque.)

MARTELLO TOWERS, so called, by corruption, from Mortella, in Corsica, where a strong tower maintained a determined resistance to a superior English force in 1794. In consequence of the great strength exhibited by this fort, the British government erected 27 similar towers on the Kentish coast, at intervals of about a quarter of a mile, as a defence against the threatened invasion from France. They

MARTEN (mustela). The term marten, although applied to the whole weasel tribe, is more generally used in this country to designate the pine marten (M. martis), which is an inhabitant of the woody districts in the northern parts of America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This species is also found in Northern Asia and Europe. It very closely resembles the marten of Europe, but may be distinguished by its smaller size, longer legs, finer, thick er and more glossy fur, and from the throat being marked by a broad yellow spot, whilst the same part in the European marten is white. The pine marten preys on mice, rabbits and partridges, &c. A partridge's head, with the feathers, is the best bait for the log traps in which this animal is taken. When this animal is pursued, and its retreat cut off, it shows its teeth, erects its hair, arches its back, and hisses like a cat. It will seize a dog by the nose, and bite so hard, that unless the latter is accustomed to hunt them, it suffers the little animal to escape. It is easily, but never thoroughly tamed. It burrows in the ground, carries its young about six weeks, and brings forth from four to seven in a litter, about the latter end of April. The fur is fine, and much used for trimmings. Upwards of 100,000 are collected annually in the fur countries. Pennant's marten, commonly called the fisher (M. canadensis), is also a native of the northern parts of America. It is a larger and stronger animal than the last mentioned species; climbs trees with facility, and preys principally on mice. It lives in the woods, preferring damp places in the vicinity of water. It inhabits a wide extent of country, from Pennsylvania to the Great Slave lake. It brings forth once a year, from two to four young. It is sought for for its skin, of which considerable numbers are every year exported by the fur traders. The European marten (M. foina) inhabits most parts of Europe. It is a most elegant and lively animal, exceedingly agile and graceful in its motions. The female breeds in hollow trees, and produces from three to seven young at a time, which, in winter, have

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sometimes been found sheltered in magpies' nests. These animals are very destructive to poultry, eggs, &c., and also feed on rats, mice, and moles; they are also very fond of honey, and will sometimes eat seeds and grain. They have a musky smell. They are capable of being tamed, but generally require to be kept chained.

MARTENS, George Frederic Von; professor at Göttingen, and Hanoverian aulic counsellor, one of the most eminent writers and lecturers on the law of nations. His earliest work, which has become a standard book on the subject, was published at Göttingen, in 1789, and has been translated by Cobbett. It bears the title of a Compendium of the Law of Nations, founded on the Treaties and Customs of the modern Nations of Europe. He afterwards published a Course of Diplomacy (in 3 vols., 8vo.); a Collection of the principal Treaties of Peace and Alliance since 1761 (14 vols., 8vo.); and several other works. The merit of these works caused the services of the author to be sought for by the German sovereigns. In 1807, Jerome Bonaparte appointed him a counsellor of state, in the financial department; and he was retained in it after the fall of Jerome. In 1814, he was employed, at the congress of Vienna, to draw up the reports of the conferences between the ministers, and was afterwards sent on a mission to prince Christian, in Norway. In 1816, he was nominated minister from Hanover to the diet at Frankfort, where he died in 1821.

MARTHA, Sister, was long deservedly admired for her active and impartial humanity. Anne Biget, known by the name of Sister Martha, was, before the French revolution, what is called a tourière in a convent; that is, a nun who has the care of the turning box, fixed on pivots in the wall, by means of which messages and articles are conveyed to and from the convent, without any of the nuns being seen. When the dissolution of the convents compelled her to return into society, she dedicated her time and her means to the consoling of the poor, and particularly of prisoners. Though her pecuniary resources were small, her kindness was unbounded. In 1809, when she was between sixty and seventy years of age, six hundred Spanish prisoners arrived at Besançon, the place where she resided. She hastened to their assistance, did her utmost to supply their wants, and watched over those who were sick. She was often employed by them to solicit the governor

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of Besançon, when they had any thing to request; and one day, when she was visiting him on this kind of errand, he said, "Sister Martha, you will be much grieved to hear that your good friends the Spaniards are going to leave Besançon." "Yes," replied she, "but the English are coming, and all the unfortunate are my friends." Her impartial benevolence was, indeed, extended to all; and, in 1814, its utmost powers were called forth to comfort and assist the wounded French and allied soldiers. "It was on the field of battle," said the duke of Reggio to her, "that I became acquainted with your character. Our soldiers, when they were wounded, and far from their country, used to exclaim, 'Oh, where is Sister Martha? If she were here, we should suffer less."" After the confederated sovereigns obtained possession of Paris, they were desirous of seeing this admirable woman, and did not forget to reward her virtues. The emperor of Russia gave her a gold medal, and a sum of money; the emperor of Austria, the cross of civil merit, and 2000 francs; and the king of Prussia, a gold medal. The Spanish monarch sent her a cross. She was also presented to Louis XVIII, who received her graciously, and conferred honors upon her. She died at Besançon, in 1824.

MARTHA, SANTA; a city of Colombia, on the northern coast, with a large, safe and commodious harbor, strongly fortified; lat. 11° 19 N.; lon. 78° 48′ W.; population, 5000. The heat is great, and the houses are liable to be filled with a fine sand, blown up by the south-west winds. It has considerable commerce.

MARTHA'S VINEYARD; an island of Massachusetts, on the south side of Cape Cod, 12 miles west-north-west of Nantucket, 19 miles iong, and from 2 to 10 broad; lon. 70° 40′ W; lat. 41° 40′ N. The greatest part of the island is low and level, and but a small part of the land is good. The principal manufactures are those of wool and salt. The island contains three towns, Edgartown, Tisbury, and Chilmark. On the north side of the island is the harbor of Holmes' Hole. (q. v.)

MARTIAL, Marcus Valerius, the most celebrated of the epigrammatical writers among the Romans, was born at Bilbilis, in Celtiberia, A. D. 43, and educated at Calaguris (Calahorra), the birth-place of his friend Quinctilian. He went to Rome when young, during the reign of Nero, and lived under the reign of Galba and the following emperors; from some of whom he received marks of esteem and favor. Do

mitian appointed him tribune, and made his circumstances more easy by presents. Trajan, who was no friend to satirists, withheld the favor which Martial had received from his predecessors. This induced the poet to retire to his native city. Pliny the Younger gave him a sum of money to pay the expenses of the journey. While in Italy, he married a Spanish lady, who brought him a considerable estate. He died in the year 101. His celebrity is founded on 14 books of epigrams, of which he himself modestly says, "Sunt bona, sunt quædam mediocria, sunt mala plura." The number and value of his epigrams give a high idea of the wit of 4 the poet. Most of them are ingenious and cutting; many are full of grace and attic salt; and many, in which he chas tises the vices of his age, are extremely indecent and immodest. He is the true father of modern epigram, which is distinguished from the simple Greek epigram, by the convergence of all its parts to one witty point. The best editions of his works are that of Paris, 1617, folio; of Scriverius (Leyden, 1618 and 1619, 3 vols. 12 mo.); of Schrevelius (Leyden, 1656); and Rader (Mentz, 1627, folio); an expurgated German translation has also been published by Willmann (Cologne, 1825.)

MARTIAL LAW. The law martial applies to soldiers in actual service, and, in England as well as in the U. States, is founded upon particular statutes. Chiefjustice Hale, in his History of the Common Law, chapter ii, says, it is a body of rules, and a jurisdiction rather indulged by the law than constituting a part of it. But it does not appear why it is not a part of the law of the land, as much as the law merchant or any other branch of law. It is true it applies only to persons in actual military service, and only to their conduct in such service; but so the maritime law applies only to persons engaged in maritime trade, and has reference only to acts done, or obligations arising, in that trade. The jurisdiction under the law martial is in a distinct tribunal, and the mode of proceeding is different from that which prevails in the common law and in equity jurisdiction; the tribunal for the trial of offences against the military law being a court-martial (consisting of a number of officers, from 5 to 13 in the U. States), appointed by some superior officer. The proceedings are conducted, not by attorneys, but by an officer called a judge advocate, who by the act of the congress of the U. States

passed April 10, 1806, is so far to "consider himself as counsel for the prisoner, after the prisoner shall have made his plea, as to object to any leading question to any of the witnesses, or any question to the prisoner, the answer to which might make him criminate himself." The several states of the Union have also a law martial, consisting of the statutes relating to their militia, directing the manner of constituting courts-martial, and specifying the offences of which these courts shall have jurisdiction, and assigning the kinds and limiting the degrees of punishment. A military code, and also a special tribunal for the trial of offences against its provisions, are absolutely necessary for the government and regulation of an army, since the offences to which such a code relates, are quite different from those cognizable by the common law, and are such that the ordinary tribunals are not fitted to have jurisdiction of them: the proceedings, too, must be more summary than is practicable before the standing judiciary. The act of congress above mentioned contains a list of military offences, and provides minute regulations for the government of the army, in 101 articles, to which every officer of the army is required to subscribe at the time of entering the service.

MARTIGNAC. (See France,and Polignac.) MARTIN, ST., the most famous of this name, was born of heathen parents at Sabaria, in Pannonia (now Stein, in Lower Hungary), about the year 316. He attended the catechetical school at Pavia. His father was a military tribune, and compelled him, in his 16th year, to take up arms. He is said to have early escaped from his father, and received instruction in a Christian church. While a soldier, his life was marked with the rigor of a monk. He served under Constantius and Julian, and went to Gaul, where he appeared as the model of all virtue. Among other acts, he divided his cloak with a poor man, whom he met at the gates of Amiens. The legend says that Christ appeared to him in the following night, covered with the half of this cloak. Soon after this vision, Martin was baptized, in 337, and lived many years in retirement, till St. Hilarius, bishop of Poitiers, appointed him exorcist. While on a journey to visit his parents, he was attacked in the Alps by two highway robbers; the axe of one assailant was already hovering over his head, when the other, touched by his look of innocence, saved him, and was immediately converted. In Pannonia, to

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which he returned, as was alleged, at the command of the Divinity in a dream, he converted his mother, and opposed, with zeal, the Arians, who prevailed in Illyria. For this, he was scourged from the country, on which occasion he manifested the firmness of a martyr. He now established a monastery in Milan, and afterwards, having been driven thence by the bishop Auxontius, founded another on the island of Gallinaria, in the Ligurian sea. He next settled at Poitiers, where he assembled a number of religious persons, and is said to have wrought many miracles; for instance, to have raised one of his pupils from the dead. In the year 375, the bishopric of Tours was conferred on him against his will. In order to withdraw himself from the world, he built the famous convent of Marmoutiers, between the Loire and a steep rock, where he finished his life in the year 400. This is regarded as the oldest abbey of France. St. Martin was the first to whom the Roman church offered public adoration. His exertions in spreading the true belief, and exterminating paganism in France, are deserving of all commendation. The anecdote, that the emperor Maximinus, at a banquet, to which he invited Martin, offered him the goblet in order to receive it from his hand, has made him the patron of drinkers. His festival, which takes place on the 11th of November, was formerly celebrated with banquetings and carousals, where the hilarity was frequently excessive (as is shown by the French expression Martiner, and le mal de St. Martin). The Professio Fidei de Trinitate, attributed to St. Martin, is regarded as spurious.

MARTIN. Of five popes of this name, the most important are, Martin I, of Todi, in Tuscany, who was educated with care, and elected pope in 649. At a synod of Italian bishops in the Lateran church at Rome, he caused the Monothelites and the emperor Heraclius to be solemnly condemned. He was therefore carried captive to Constantinople, and condemned to death as a traitor. At the request of the patriarch Paulus, the punishment of death was transmuted into that of,banishment. Martin was deprived of all marks of his dignity, exposed to the contumelies of the people and soldiers, and banished to the Chersonese, where he died in 655. On account of these sufferings, he was numbered among the saints. We have 18 epistles of his, of little value.

Martin V, of the ancient family of Colonna, was chosen pope in 1417, after the abdication of Gregory XII, and the depo

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sition of Benedict XIII, during the council of Constance. No one of his predecessors or followers has ever been consecrated with such solemnity. He rode on a white horse, which the emperor of Germany and the elector of the Palatinate, both on foot, led by the bridle. A number of princes, and a whole council, formed his retinue. His first act was to promulgate a bull against the Hussites, which is remarkable from the circumstance that in it the pope seems to recognise the supreme authority of the councils. In 1418, he dissolved the council of Constance, though a number of difficulties were not adjusted, and dissensions continued in the church. Benedict XIII still lived; and, at his death, in 1424, a new antipope was elected in Clement VIII, who first renounced his pretensions in 1429, when he received the bishopric of Minorca as an indemnification. A council which Martin V convened at Pavia, and thence removed to Sienna, was dissolved, without having established any thing. He died soon after, in 1431. He has the merit of having restored unity to the church, and pacified Italy. We yet possess some works of his.

MARTIN, don Juan, El Empecinado. (See Diez.)

MARTIN, Louis Claude, St., a mystical writer, of noble descent (marquis), was born at Amboise, in Tourraine, Jan. 18, 1743, entered early the military service, travelled over Europe, served during the revolution in the national guard, and retired to solitude. He died at Antray, near Chatillon, Oct. 14, 1803. He was modest and pious: his works are full of symbolic mysticism. He found a number of adherents, who called themselves Martinists. He translated Jacob Böhme's Aurora (Morgenröthe). His mystical work Des Erreurs et de la Vérité (Lyons, 1775) is famous. He farther wrote Tableau naturel des Rapports qui existent entre Dieu, l'Homme et l'Univers (Edinburgh, 1782, 2 vols.); De l'Esprit des Choses (1800, 2 vols.); Ecce Homo; Le nouvel Homme (1796); Ministère de l'Homme d'Esprit (1802); L'Homme de Désir (new ed., Metz, 1802, 2 vols.); Le Crocodil, ou la Guerre du Bien et du Mal, Poëme épico-magique, en CII Chants (1800); De Dieu et de la Nature,

&c.

MARTIN, Christopher Reinhard Dietrich; counsellor of the high court of appeal, privy counsellor of justice to the grandduke of Saxe-Weimar, &c.; one of the most distinguished jurisconsults of Gernany, particularly in the branch of judicial procedure, on which he has written a

manual, which, since 1800, has gone through eight editions. He was born in Hesse, went to Göttingen when 15 years old, and became a lawyer three years later. He was appointed professor at Gottingen and at Heidelberg, which political troubles obliged him, in 1815, to leave; and he received an appointment in Weimar, at the same time lecturing in Jena. He has drawn up an order of procedure, and a criminal code, for Weimar, which have not yet been sanctioned. He has appeared, besides, as a political writer, and was editor of the New Rhenish Mercury, from 1816 to 1818.

MARTIN, John, a distinguished living artist, is a native of an obscure town, called Haydon-bridge, on the Tyne, about six miles from Hexham, in Northumberland. He was born in July, 1789, and was first inspired with a love of painting by seeing some drawings made by his brother, which he immediately copied and surpassed. After struggling with various difficulties, he went to London, and there obtained patrons. His first successful picture was Sadak in search of the Waters of Oblivion. This was followed by Adam and Eve in Paradise, Joshua, the Destruction of Babylon, Belshazzar's Feast, and the Destruction of Herculaneum. The two last of these pictures were exhibited at Bullock's museum, and excited the admiration of more than fifty thousand spectators, who paid to see them, though one of them had before been open to public view at the British gallery. Mr. Martin has since executed a magnificent picture, the subject of which is Sardanapalus, or the Fall of Nineveh, and another representing the deluge. All his pictures have been engraved by himself. In 1830, engravings of his Belshazzar, Joshua, and the Deluge, having been presented to the king of France by the French academy, that prince ordered a medal to be struck, and sent to Mr. Martin, in token of his esteem. The genius of this artist inclines him to represent the vast, the terrible, the obscure, the supernatural. The horrors of the tempest, the convulsions of nature, the awful immensity of space, are combined with the gorgeousness and sublimity of the architecture and drapery, and the tempest of terror and despair in the human breast. Yet, in point of finish, in coloring and in drawing, he is deficient. He has the soul of the poet, but wants some of the excellences of the artist. (See the Edinburgh Review, June, 1829.)

MARTINET; a word frequently used to signify a strict disciplinarian, who some