within its walls.' This is not laid at the right door. The joke, we believe, was made by a celebrated poet, philosopher, and sermon-writer of our time upon himself.

tative presence was a standing incumbrance. of the great political trials, when Eldon was Even if there had been no Catholic Ques- Attorney-General; but the whole story of tion, he must have been got rid of somehow, Queen Caroline and Bergami is handled in' not much later than the break up of 1827. far better taste;-the writer makes scarcely As to Sir Robert Peel individually, during any pretence of doubt as to the grossness of many years he had necessarily been in very the unfortunate lady's errors, and the Chanclose personal connexion with Lord Eldon, cellor's conduct throughout the proceedings as leading in the Commons that anti-Catholic in the House of Lords is fairly admitted to section of their party, of which the Chan- have been admirable. As to the Eldonian cellor was the chief within the Cabinet; career generally, he dwells at rather opand whenever the great judge was attacked pressive length on the old stories of underby the Whig and Radical lawyerlings in the hand intrigue, tears, vows, doubts, and delower House, his cause was upheld by his lays; but still shows the feeling of a thoyoung colleague with a courage and a dex- roughbred lawyer in winding up his account terity that could have left him nothing to of the greatest lawyer and judge of recent desire. In his letters to his own daughter times.'-Primus absque secundo! he more than once speaks on this head, Lord Campbell says: On one occasion much as an aged father might do of the when his merits were discussed among some exertions of a dutiful son. But the differ- lawyers, a warm partisan extolled him as a ence of years alone was such that strict pillar of the Church. No,' retorted anintimacy could hardly be expected-and other, 'Old Bags may be a buttress, but even in the letters antecedent by years to certainly not a pillar, for he is never seen the death of Lord Liverpool, we never trace anything of the easy warmth of companionship. As the correspondence, at best stiff, approaches the catastrophe of the cause that originally united them, it is easy to detect In enumerating the pictures of Lord Elthe creeping on of additional constraint; and don he omits the excellent Lawrence in Sir if there be somewhat of painful aigreur on Robert Peel's gallery, and he is in error when the Chancellor's side, that may be pardoned he says that the Chancellor was rarely -while no one can fail to acknowledge and caricatured-H. B. had not as yet appeared.' admire the indications of generous and re- He was caricatured over and over by Gilgretful feeling on the other part It is ray, and afterwards by George Cruikshank apparent that the rising chief after long hesi- in that spirited artist's merriest period-and tation, had made up his mind for a complete we are now writing with several H. B.'s of submission to what seemed a necessity, and him on the screen before us. One reprethat a suspicion of this change had been sents him walking down St. James's Street, growing in the old man's mind long before it arm-in-arm with H. R. H. the Duke of was announced to him, or perhaps to any Cumberland, shortly after the passing of the second person of any rank. In short, on Catholic Relief Bill-both most desolate, the ultimate settlement (so called) of 1829, but the likenesses unimpeachable. Another this correspondence, as here produced, exhibits the ex-Chancellor consoling himself leaves our information precisely where it in his private corner at Encombe with the was that is to say, complete enough as proofs and tokens of Protestant approbation. respects George IV., but miserably deficient He is cutting the first slice from a colossal as to his coercers. cheese, the tribute of the Cheshire PittitesIn Lord Campbell's Essay the only new and beside it on the board is a monster tumthings of the least consequence are three or bler, given by the True-blue Glass-blowers' four anecdotes from the table-talk of Holland Association, and brimming, with porter from House, where, notwithstanding life-long dif- some Glorious Memory club in Ireland. ferences of politics, the Chancellor was an This has the benignant repose of the fine honored guest-a few tolerable facetia old head in great perfection. We are pretty from Lincoln's Inn and the Northern Cir- sure there were half-a-dozen more H. B.'s. cuit-and some corrections in the detail of Punch,' as Lord Campbell truly observes, the romantic chapter-the love and the has been forced to content himself with elopement-such themes being in every other ex-Chancellors.

เ

case handled with special care and gusto The last sentences of this work must not by this biographer. His Lordship has no- be omitted here. Lord Campbell evidently where indulged himself more largely in the penned them after reading a certain clever shallow cant of his party than in his review paper, in a late number of the 'Law Review,'

on the scheme of separating the judicial from so, it would have had a more artistic look. the political functions of the Chancellor. Now, there comes to be something of the Every one knows to what great name it is that impression that the author has dealt largely that Review owes most of its importance: with Blue Books, and imbibed of their genius, hence the more to be admired Lord Camp- and had drawn up queries and skeleton schebell's coolness in criticizing the article dules for his own desk, just as if he had been now alluded to as a mere exposition of the directing a set of barristers of seven years' views of 'Benthamites.' At the same standing to prepare a report on the Marble time we beg to say that we have no reason Chair. Where and of what parents was for connecting Lord Brougham in any way born? Education (if any), what and where with that particular Essay, or the scheme it How did he conduct himself as a Templar? recommends. On the contrary, we hope How soon did he marry? Did he commit-? and believe that Lord Brougham is, as to What was his first success? Silk gown, the Marble Chair, as sound a Conservative through what influence-political or pettias Eldon, or Lyndhurst, or as Lord Camp- coat? Largest fee what? And so on to bell himself whose obiter dictum touching the Attorneyship. In what Causes Célèbres institutions as old as the monarchy we have was he concerned? What crim. cons. came special satisfaction in transcribingbefore him in any shape? What, if any,

a wit?

The new House of Lords has been adorned were his law reforms? Then, in very forwith an emblazonment of the armorial bearings mal order, as to the distribution of legal paof all the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the tronage ecclesiastical ditto. Then what Great Seal, who have presided on the woolsack sort of dinners did he give to the profession? since the end of the reign of Edward III. This to laymen ditto? Was he a scholar? — is a proper compliment to an order which includes What scholars and wits did he culmany great names, and through a long succession tivate? Whom that he ought to have nouof ages has been the main support of the hereditary branch of our legislature. rished did he eschew? Finally what his I hope that the line may be continued with in- religion?-his fortune ?-his epitaph ?—his creasing reputation to distant generations. In any arms?-was not his son a dunce ?-what speculations for abolishing or remodelling the manner of women were his daughters? office of Chancellor, I wish Benthamites to con- The marginal notule of these heads are sider whether, as it has subsisted since the founda- moreover staring us. in the face in such tion of the monarchy, it can be safely dispensed disciplined succession that it seems as if Mr. with, or materially altered. To ensure the steady Spottiswoode might as well have had them march of the Government there must be a great Jurist to guide the deliberations of the Peers, and stereotyped at the beginning, and stored to assist in the councils of the Sovereign; he can- ready for call in a peculiar row of pigeonnot do so advantageously without the weight to holes. All this, however, is trifling criticism be derived from a high judicial office, and his po- in relation to a work of such sterling merits litical functions are incompatible with the admi nistration of the criminal law. The CLAVIS REGNI Sified interest, and, we are satisfied, of lasting -one of very great labor, of richly divermust therefore be held by the first Equity or Ap-value and estimation. There are many who pellate Judge. I will conclude with a prophecy, that if the proposed experiment of a tripartite di can pick holes and point out patches-but vision of the Chancellorship should be tried, it we doubt if there be half a dozen living men will fail, and that there never will be Seven Vo- who could produce a Biographical Series on lumes filled with "the Lives of the MINISTERS of JUSTICE "Vol. VII., p. 724.

such a scale, at all likely to command so much applause from the candid among the learned as well as the curious of the laity.

The reception of this work ought to encourage Lord Campbell to further experiments in the same department of literature, ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERY. It is announced for which he has many qualifications, and that the astronomers of Pulkova have ascertained which evidently affords him a congenial so- Uranus. Herschel, the discoverer of this planet. the existence of a third satellite of the planet lace in hours of leisure. The Lives and Ad- thought to have perceived as many as six satellites ventures of the Attorney-Generals who have revolving around the parent luminary; but astrono not been Chancellors, might afford, we fancy, mers had only succeeded in determining the orbit of an edifying and amusing theme. If we might whether a trace of the others had ever been discotwo amongst them, and it may even be doubted venture on a hint of advice at making our vered. The discovery of a planet which only ocbow on the present occasion, we should sug-cupies ninety-four hours in effecting its revolution gest that he might easily have introduced round Uranus, confirms a remarkable fact-amongst more variety in his construction and arrange-only one that possesses a satellite, whilst the most the four planets nearest the sun, the earth is the ment-and that if he had now and then done remote planets all possess several.-Times.

From the British Quarterly Review.

NEWSPAPER PRESS, AND POLITICAL LITERATURE OF SPAIN. (1.) Gaceta de Madrid.-(2.) Eco del Comercio.--(3.) Clamor Publico.-(4.) Heraldo.-(5.) Espanol.-(6.) Espectador.-(7.) Universal.--(8) Esperanza.-(9.) Tiempo.-(10.) Pensamiento de la Nacion.-(11.) Catolico.-(12.) Guia del Comercio.-(13.) Faro.-(14.) El Correo.-(15.) El Popular, &c.

Ir is a strange but an unquestionable fact, that the genius, learning, and intellectual power of Spain shone forth brightly when the rest of Europe, with the exceptions of Attica and Etruria, were steeped in barbarism. At a period, more than twenty centuries ago, when Gaul and Germany were covered with forests and morasses, and their inhabitants as wild and untutored as backwoodsmen, the population of Ibería, guided and instructed by the Phoenicians, knew not merely how to construct, but to guide and govern ships to dig into the bowels of the earth in search of mines and minerals to melt and model metals in a most cunning fashion-to spin, and weave, and dye in brilliant colors to manufacture arms to build cities, and to defend them by regular fortifications.

Agriculture and irrigation were professed and practised as liberal sciences-the vine, the olive, the palm, the cotton, the fig tree and sugar-cane were cultivated; the culture and production of silk was an ordinary and every-day avocation; and the manufactures of Spain then produced tissues of worsted, cotton, and silk-stuffs spangled with gold and silver-carpets of Persian pattern and texture-red leather, costly armory, and housings and saddles of extraordinary taste and magnificence. Numerous were the inventions that penetrated into Europe by the aid of the Moors settled in the Spanish peninsula. Chemistry, pharmacy, and the art of distillation were largely indebted to them; they introduced algebra, almanacs, numerals, the fabrication of sealing-wax and paper, the knitting of stockings, and many Roman civilization found in no part of other inventions not necessary here to the world a soil more fruitful in great men specify. Architecture was also largely inthan Spain-men whose renown contribut- debted to them, as the remains of mosques ed to enhance her glory, and consolidate and palaces mutely but eloquently attest; her greatness. The geographer, Pomponius but their zeal and public spirit were even Mela, and the agriculturist, Columella, more conspicuously prominent in works were both born in Spain; the literary cele- contributing to what we now call the_mabrities, to use a word borrowed from the terial prosperity of the country. French, and recently adopted by usage, if while we write, evidences of the fact are not sanctioned by critical uthority-the patent to every eye; for it is impossible to literary celebrities, Quintilian, Florus, travel through any portion of the South of Seneca, Martial, Lucan, and Silius Jtali- Spain without being struck by the erection. of bridges, canals, and reservoirs--of roads, embankments, and fountains, which display the solicitude of the sovereigns for the people they governed. The bridge of the Guadalquivir, by which you enter Cordova, is a work of the Moorish kings; and the aqueduct which for six centuries supplied Seville with the water necessary for its consumption, is also a monument of their wisdom and beneficence.

cus,

were all Iberian; and among those highest in station and power, the liberal patron of letters, the active and austere Adrian Trajan, whose virtues were so remarkable for his time, and the brave and warlike Marcus Aurelius, may be mentioned as natives of the Spanish peninsula.

In the barbarous irruption of the people of the North, Spain suffered less than other lands. The Arabs, who expelled the Visigoths, introduced a knowledge and a civilization that had never expired in the East. Numerous scientific establishments were founded by them at Cordova, Toledo, Grenada, Seville, and Valencia. Their schools acquired a universal repute, and were frequented by a considerable number of Western Christians.

Even

These facts imply that public instruction was then much more generally diffused than we in our ignorant vanity allow, Instead of being concentred in the more elevated classes, as among the people of antiquity, or chiefly confined to the upper and middle classes, as in our own day, it is plain that, in Moorish times, it was more generally and more equally distributed. The proof of

this may be found in the quantity of in- tion of what was called the Holy Office scriptions written in the language of the under Philip II., towards the end of the people in all the structures raised by the sixteenth century, the Spaniards had never Moors. The custom of writing presupposes the opportunity to think aloud freely, still a habit of reading; for why take the trouble less the liberty of publishing their thoughts of writing in public places, if the "general through a free press. Liberty of thought public, pioneers and all" could not deci- has, till within the last few years, existed pher, understand, or at least spell out a in a lesser degree at Madrid and Toledo meaning? It may be answered, that there than in the seat of the Papacy. No Italian was no newspaper press in those days; it inquisitor ever issued, like Torquemada, in is true, there was not. But people com- the space of eighteen years, 107,541 senmunicated their wants and wishes very tences of condemnation, of which 10,220 speedily, nevertheless, and communicated were of death, and 97,321 of infamous punintelligence as quickly as the Jews of Po- ishments.*

land during the late war, or the Moors of The system of education pursued in Morocco and Algiers do now, without put- Spain, too, interfered to prevent anything ting pen to paper. If there were not news-like political writing or journalism. It was papers there were numerous beacons and calculated to enslave the human mind. belfries used for the purpose of conveying Education-if education that could be intelligence, and numberless libraries, called which taught the student nothing which supplied, in some sort, the want of useful to himself or to his country—was newspapers. In the kingdom of Grenada, wholly confined to the upper ranks. The in the twelfth century, when the population physical and mathematical sciences, to was only three millions, there were seventy which the world owes, in a great degree, its libraries. That these libraries were con- progress, were formerly excluded from the siderable, in point of extent and variety, universities, and the only faculties cultivatthere can be little doubt; for in that of the ed at Salamanca were theology, scholastic Caliphs alone there were 600,000 volumes, or philosophy, and canon law. nearly as many as are contained in the Royal Thus, in a few years, the people who Library of Paris. At the end of the fifteenth were the first to build ships, to work mines, century, this happy state of civilization ex- to create manufactures, and to introduce a isting, and existing without a newspaper scientific agriculture, were tributary in all press, was altogether changed by the fortune these respects to the intelligence and inof war. In the shock, everything perished-dustry of strangers. Notwithstanding the agriculture, commerce, industry, public in- natural sagacity and genius of her inhabitstruction. The people which had created ants, Spain retrogaded, when she was rethese wonders were swept away. Spain fused the power of thought and expression became a feudal land, subject to the om--the power to examine and investigate nipotence of the Romish priesthood, the to read and to print. It is not more than tyranny of the Inquisition, and a second seventy years ago since Paul Anthony Olatime lost that superiority for which she was vides, the founder of the colony of the in the first instance partially indebted to Sierra Morena in Andalusia, in which it Roman institutions, and in a still greater was our fate, some years ago, to spend some degree to the enterprizing, ingenious, and happy days, was thrown into the dungeons active spirit of the Arabs. of the Holy Office because he possessed a

For the three hundred years that have copy of the famous French Encyclopédie; since elapsed, Spain has produced consider- and forty years have not elapsed since a list able poets, excellent painters, good histo- of works prohibited by the Inquisition was rians, able commanders, and learned law-placarded in all the churches of Madrid, yers, but not one great newspaper writer or among which were found the works of journalist. It is true that the newspaper Pope, Locke, Blair, and the Abbé Mably. or the journal is a thing in Spain of very The odious tribunal to which we refer had modern growth, but the political pamphlet certainly, in 1808, lost a great portion of has been known to Spain for more than a its religious power, but it exercised, at the century; and yet, with the exception of period we speak of, the political police of Jovellanos, there has scarcely been an able Spain; and it could pursue, as political pamphleteer. Whence arises this strange criminals, those who had escaped its clutches fact, for strange it undoubtedly is? From

this, as we conceive, that since the institu

* Llorente. Historia de la Inquisicion.

as heretics. Con el Rey, con la inqui- zette de St. Petersburgh. The account sicion chiton, says the Spanish proverb. which Don Manuel Godoy, Prince of the How, therefore, under such a system, could Peace, who aspired to the character of a a newspaper press exist? It is no answer Mecænas, gives, in the second volume of to say that, forty years ago, Spain counted his Memoirs, of the benefits which he contwenty-two universities, whose origin dated ferred on Spanish literature, is the most from the sixteenth century; probably some amusing thing possible; but, amidst the of these even from the twelfth. It as little long list of authors and translators aided meets our objection to state, that the capi- by his patronage, he does not cite the name tal possessed fifteen academies, thirteen of a single journalist. During the period colleges, four public libraries, of which the of the Cortes, in 1812, there was some royal one contained 200,000 printed vo- glimmering of a spirit of free inquiry and lumes. These institutions were made and of a free press, and some scintillations of a modelled for times long since gone by, and constitutional spirit were evoked by the of which modern society affords, even in speeches and reports of Munoz, Torrero, Roman Catholic Spain, scarcely a trace. Augustin, Arguelles, Espiga, Mendiola, They were occupied in the study of the Jauregui, Oliveros, Garcia, Hereros, Ruiz, Liturgy, ecclesiastical discipline, and dog- Padron, Toreno (afterwards minister), Vilmatic theology, like the Greeks of the lanueva, and O'Gavan, by whose efforts the Lower Empire when the Turks were bat- Holy Office was abolished, as incompatible tering down the gates of Constantinople. with the constitution. From 1812 to 1822 Neither the books in the national libraries, various journals appeared; as El Censor, nor the teachers in the national universi- a weekly print, La Miscellanea, a daily paties, nor the system taught, were calculated per, which received contributions from the to awaken the national intellect or to cause most enlightened of the Afrancesados, and ideas to spring up which would fructify to more particularly from Cambronero, ministhe production of a patriotic spirit. As ter of justice to King Joseph. There was well might the Spaniard of forty years ago also El Constitucional, conducted with some have consulted the hieroglyphics of Egypt, ability by Don Joaquin de Mora, and the or the papyrus of the catacombs, for useful Minerva Nacional, modelled on the plan of matter for present use, as to have consulted the French paper, the Minerve, suppressed their professors or universities, or the by the Censorship in the reign of Louis class-books there in use. From the want XVIII.; but all these addressed themof a free press, the national spirit found selves only to sections of the public, and vent in the songs and ballad poetry of the result was that they were neither unSpain, and in the songs and ballad poetry derstood nor rewarded by the nation at it must be looked for, rather than in lead- large. In the last six months of 1822 ing articles. The only education which the many other journals glimmered like meteors great mass of the people there received for a moment and were gone; but among was from an ignorant and bigoted clergy, them all none attained a European reputaand all such priestly instructors taught had tion, with the exception of the Zurriago chiefly reference to religious duties. and the Cartas del Pobrecito, Holzazan of Backward as England was at the period Mignanos, and the Atalaya de la Mancha, of the breaking out of the Peninsular war, the latter written in a servile spirit, and in she possessed sixty times as many institu- favor of pure despotism. Some scientific tions for public instruction as Spain; while journals undoubtedly existed in Spain from France, then torn by war and revolution, a much earlier period, as, for instance, the possessed sixteen times as many. Even Diario de los Literatos de España, which the kingdom of Poland, after centuries of has appeared for more than a century, the calamities, possessed at that period five Diario Curioso, the Memorial Literario de times as many educational establishments Ciencias y Artes, the Miscellaneȧ Instrucas the peninsula; and the only population tiva y Curiosa, the Variedades de Ciencia, equally backward and barbarous was the Literatura y Artes; but none of these, population of Russia. While London and though supported by some good names in Paris possessed, half a century ago, the one modern Spanish literature, as Antillon, its five and the other its three or four daily Blanco White, Tapia Gallando, &c., were journals, Madrid and St. Petersburgh con- political journals in the generally undertented themselves with two official news- stood sense of the term. papers, the Gaceta de Madrid and the Ga

* Memoires du Prince de la Paix. Paris, 1836.