finish directly in front of the grand stand, and are either 1 M. or 1/2 M. in length. They are always of earth, and are usually elliptical in shape, though the recently divised 'kite-shaped track' is becoming popular for its increased speed. In this there is one straight stretch of 1/3 M., then a wide turn of 1/3 M., and then a straight run of 1/3 M. back to the start and finish. The horses are driven in two-wheeled 'sulkies' of little weight, and the handicaping is exclusively by time-classes. Records of every race are kept by two national associations. Horses that have never trotted a mile in less than 2 min. 40 secs. are in one class; those that have never beaten 2.35 in another; those that have never beaten 2.30 in a third; and so on down to 2.10, which has been beaten but a dozen times. Races are always run in heats, and the winner must win three heats. With a dozen entries (or even six or eight, the more usual number) a race may thus occupy an entire afternoon, and require many heats before a decision is reached. Betting is common at every meeting, but is not so prominent as at running tracks. The best trotting races are to be seen at the tracks of the 'Grand Circuit' and the 'Western Southern Circuit'. These give meetings, of from four to eight days each, in or near Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Springfield, and Hartford in the Eastern States, and at Sturgis (Mich.), Grand Rapids (Mich.), Chicago (Ill.), Independence (Iowa), Fort Wayne (Ind.), Richmond (Ind.), Cambridge City (Ind.), Terre Haute (Ind.), St. Louis (Mo.), Nashville (Tenn.), and Columbia (Tenn.). The best brood-farms for the development of trotting horses are in Kentucky and California. Each farm has an annual auction-sale of its produce, either at home or in New York City. At the stables of Mr. Robert Bonner in New York City are the fastest trotters in the world; they may be seen upon application to the owner by letter.

Hunting is much in vogue in the neighbourhood of New York, though the place of a fox is generally taken by a 'drag'. There is a meet every other day with one of the packs of Meadow Brook, Rockaway, Orange, or White Plains. Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington also support packs. The wild fox is hunted in the Geneseo Valley (N. Y.) and at Media (Pa.). Near the cities the sport is indulged in mainly by active business men who cannot spare more than an afternoon for it.

Shooting and Fishing are generally free to all-comers during the legal season, though the number of game and fish-preserves is increasing. The Game Laws are different in each of the States and Territories, and cannot be condensed. The periodical 'Fur, Fin, and Feather' (114 Warren St., New York City), contains them all, with the latest amendments.

Of the 33,000 sq. M. in the state of Maine more than one-half is an almost uninhabited wilderness of forest. Here are 1500 lakes, thousands of streams and rivulets, and miles upon miles of hunting-grounds, where the sportsman may find large game and small and fishing and shooting of almost all kinds. His visit should be made not earlier than the middle of July, when the black fly has passed, and should continue until after the first of October, when the open season for deer, caribou, and moose begins. By law he may fish in fresh water from May to Sept. inclusive, and hunt from Oct. to Dec. inclusive, the greater sport being permitted from the day the quieter ceases. Bears, foxes, wild-cats, and wolves he may kill at any time, and opportunities for doing so are not unlikely to occur. Ducks, geese, loons, and herons abound; and small game of every kind is common. The region may be entered at Greenville, on Moosehead Lake (p. 99), the largest sheet of water in the State. Here guides may be obtained at $3 per day, who furnish canoes, cooking utensils, and tents. It is best, of course, to camp out. For this, one guide is required for each visitor; food will cost about $1 per day, and other equipment may be purchased beforehand, or hired at Greenville or any other point selected for entering the woods. A good rifle, a pole (fishing-rod), lines, flies, reels, stout boots, and plenty of blankets these are the necessities, and beyond these one may take an outfit as complete or as modest as desired. Care should be taken in the selection of guides. In July and Aug. it is not easy to get good ones. A party of four, with four or five guides, is as large as is desirable.

The Rangeley Lakes (p. 106) are more accessible than Greenville, but the sport there is not so good; the wilderness, however, may be penetrated in canoes from either point for hundreds of miles, with increasing chances of game.

The Adirondack Region (p. 165) has a smaller area than the Maine wilderness, and the shooting is not so good. Deer may be met with, however, the open season lasting from Aug. 15th to Nov. 1st. But although large hotels, steam-launches, and even railroads are now found throughout the Adirondacks, the trout-fishing is still excellent. The season lasts from May 1st to Sept. 15th. A large part of the region is owned by the State and reserved as a public park. August is the best month for a visit; and the sportsman may go directly to one of the hotels in the region, relying upon the guides, provisions, and equipments there to be found.

There is also good hunting in the mountains of Pennsylvania, the Virginias, Tennessee, and North Carolina; and in the Far West the biggest game is found. Deer are abundant, too, in Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama, and venison has within recent years been cheaper than beef in the markets of New Orleans. But the limits of this article forbid more than a mention of these facts.

Wild Fowl abound on the coast from Maine to Florida; the season for duck, &c., usually opens about Sept. 1st and continues to April.

Tarpon Fishing in the deep-sea water off Florida, best from Feb. to May, is a superb sport (comp. p. 353).

Buffaloes are nearly extinct. There are not over 1000 on the continent; of these 500 are in Yellowstone Park, where the sound of a gun is never heard.

The Mountain Sheep and Rocky Mountain Goat, in the Far West, are generally protected by law from Jan. to Sept.; in some states they cannot be legally killed at all.

Bicycling. The roads in the United States are as a rule bad, and in the days of the old 'ordinary' (high-wheeled) bicycle touring could not be recommended except in the immediate neighbourhood of the larger cities, or upon a few main highways connecting these with each other. Since the advent of the pneumatic-tired 'safety' bicycle this obstacle is much less serious, and long tours, even across the continent, are now often made. The League of American Wheelmen, which has divisions in every State, is doing what it can to improve the country roads, and its great influence gives hope of success. Already by political action, it has secured for the wheelman many rights formerly denied him, including the freedom of public parks, in almost all cities, on an equality with other vehicles. Clubs exist in every city. Annual race-meetings are held in each State during the riding season; and other meetings are not infrequent. Chief among the latter is the annual 'Wheel about the Hub' (third Frid., Sat., & Sun. in Sept.) of the Boston Bicycle Club (the oldest in America, dating from 1878). The Cyclists' Touring Club of England is represented in the United States by a Chief Consul at Boston (Mr. Frank W. Weston, Savin Hill, Dorchester) and Consuls in many towns and cities; and manufacturers or dealers, from whom information may be sought and wheels hired, are to be found in almost every town.

Lawn Tennis. The annual All-comers Tournament is held at Newport in August; the winner plays the champion of the year before for the championship at singles. A Western Championship Tournament at doubles occurs in Chicago in July, and an Eastern in New York, Saratoga, or Philadelphia; the winners of these meet at Newport. The Ladies Championships are decided in Philadelphia. All these are open to members of recognized clubs, American or foreign. There are many minor tournaments during the season (May to Oct.), usually open to strangers. A Tropical Championship Tournament is held in St. Augustine, Florida, during the winter. The National Association is the governing body, and there are clubs and courts in every city.

Cricket. The best clubs are in Philadelphia; in New York and Chicago

a few Englishmen play, and some of the colleges have elevens. The game, however, has never secured a good foothold, being generally considered too Alexandrine as compared with base-ball.

Polo andCourt Tennis have their headquarters at Newport. Lacrosse is mainly a Canadian game, but there is a Lacrosse League in the cities of the Atlantic coast.

Rowing. The National Association of Amateur Oarsmen is the governing body, and holds an annual regatta, over a different course each year. Other associations are the New England, the Middle States, the Harlem, and the Southern. The best eight-oared crews are those of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, and Pennsylvania Universities. Harvard and Yale race at New London (p. 63) in June; the others either there or on the Hudson River or Cayuga Lake, New York State.

Canoeing. The American Canoe Association holds an annual meeting in Aug., usually in Northern New York. There are canoeists on almost every stream in the country, and clubs innumerable. Sailing is developed at the expense of paddling; in other respects the customs are similar to those in England.

Foot-ball. The game played is a development of the Rugby game, but is played with teams of eleven a side instead of fifteen. Yale, Harvard, and Princeton have the best elevens. They play in Nov. in New York and Springfield (p. 60), having previously met minor teams from other colleges and from the athletic clubs. The Collegiate League includes Yale, Princeton, Pennsylvania, and Wesleyan; the Athletic League includes the Crescents of Brooklyn, the Orange A. C. of New Jersey, and the 'New York A. C. and Manhattan A. C. of New York. Chicago has an eleven of college graduates, and the game is making rapid headway elsewhere. Its season is very short, however, beginning in Sept. and closing with November.

Bowling ("Ten-Pins') is a favourite amusement of both sexes, throughout the United States, and alleys are attached to most gymnasia and athletic club buildings.

Athletics. The track events are the same as those contested in Engand, though long-distance and cross-country running has far fewer lovers, and the short races (100 yards to 1/2 M.) are more generally contested. In hurdling and jumping the standards are very high; walking is not much practised. The owner of the first pair of 'spiked shoes' ever used in the United States, and the winner of the first amateur foot-race ever run here, are still comparatively young men. In weight-throwing the rules differ radically from the English. The chief athletic clubs (outside of New York) are the Boston A. A., the Columbia A. C. (Washington), the Southern A. C. (New Orleans), the Crescent A. C. (Brooklyn), the Olympic A. C. (San Francisco), the Buffalo A. C., the Detroit A. C., and the A. C. of the Schuylkill Navy (Philadelphia). All these hold spring and autumn meetings; and indoor games are held in armouries and other large halls, so that the season practically lasts throughout the year. It is at its height, however, in June and Sept. Many of the colleges send representatives to the Intercollegiate Athletic Association's meeting in New York in May; Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Princeton lead the others. These and many others hold annual meetings in May.

XVI. Educational, Charitable, Penal, and Industrial

Institutions.

The object of many visitors to the United States is to study its systems of schools, prisons, or charities, or to inspect the working of its leading industrial establishments. For such visitors the subjoined brief index-lists may be serviceable.

a. Educational Institutions,

by Professor N. M. Butler of Columbia College.

Public Education is regulated by the several States. The United States Bureau of Education, established in 1867 (Dr. William T. Harris, present Commissioner of Education), maintains a library and educational museum at Washington and issues an annual report. It has, however, no direct authority over education in the States.

Each State maintains an elaborate system of public schools; those of the N. and W. States (e. g., New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, etc.) are especially well organized and administered. In addition to providing free elementary and secondary education, many of the W. States maintain free universities, the original funds for the endowment of the same having been derived from the sale or rental of public lands given by Congress for the purpose. The largest of these is the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (p. 274), with nearly 3000 students. The University of Wisconsin at Madison (p. 289) and the University of California at Berkeley (p. 399) are also worthy of special notice.

As a rule, however, the great colleges and universities are private foundations managed by a corporation or board of trustees. Of these the oldest and most influential is Harvard University (founded in 1636) at Cambridge (p. 83). In 1889-90 the gross annual expenditures of Harvard, including the cost of new buildings, rose to $ 995, 437. Over 2900 students are now in attendance. The other great universities of this class are Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore (p. 248, founded in 1876), which has had a profound influence on higher education in America; Columbia College in New York (p. 39; founded as a college in 1754, reorganized as a university in 1890); Cornell University at Ithaca (p. 190; founded in 1865); Yale University (p. 58; founded in 1700); and the University of Virginia, Charlottesville (p. 304; founded in 1819). Among the newly founded institutions are the Catholic University of America at Washington (p. 262), and the University of Chicago (p. 285).

There are nearly 400 colleges in the United States in addition to the great universities. The best known colleges are Princeton (p. 208), Amherst (p. 36), Williams (p. 141), Hamilton (Clinton, N. Y.), Miami (Ohio), Lafayette (p. 227), Rutgers (p. 208), Pennsylvania (p. 219), and Stanford (p. 437).

The leading colleges for women are Wellesley (p. 61), Vassar (p. 151), Smith (p. 142) and Bryn Mawr (p. 231).

Of the great technical schools for the training of engineers, architects, etc., the most worthy of a visit are the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (p. 79), Stevens Institute of Technology (p. 51), Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, p. 145), and Rose Polytechnic Institute (Terre Haute, p. 310).

Of city school systems the best are those of Minneapolis and St. Paul (pp. 291-293), Indianapolis (p. 302), Denver (p. 406), Boston and Brookline (R. 5), and Brooklyn (p. 52). Duluth (p. 295) and Denver have the finest high-school buildings and equipment. Kindergartens will be found in the public schools of Boston, Philadelphia (p. 210), Paterson (p. 196), San Francisco (p. 428), and elsewhere.

b. Correctional and Charitable Institutions,

by Warren F. Spalding.

--

Penal Institutions. New York State Penitentiaries at Sing Sing (p. 151) and Auburn (p. 190). Institutions on Blackwell's Island (p. 50). -Eastern Penitentiary at Philadelphia (p. 217; the only prison in the country man aged on the 'separate system'). Western Penitentiary, at Allegheny (p. 243). Massachusetts State Prison at Charlestown (p. 85). Boston House of Industry, at Deer Island (p. 85). Northern Illinois Penitentiary, at Joliet (p. 290). -Ohio Penitentiary, at Columbus (p. 264). California State Prison, at San Quentin (Cal.).

-

Reformatories. New York State Reformatory, Elmira (p. 197). Massachusetts Reformatory, Concord (p. 113). Reformatory Prison for BAEDEKER'S United States.

g

Women, Sherborn, Mass. (near South Framingham; p. 61). Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory, Huntington (p. 233). Michigan Reformatory, Ionia (Mich.).

Lunatic Hospitals and Asylums. Mount Hope Retreat for the Insane, Baltimore (p. 250). McLean Asylum for the Insane, Somerville (p. 112). Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, Pontiac (Mich.). State Lunatic Asylum, Utica (p. 187). - Willard Asylum for the Insane, Willard (N.Y.). Massachusetts Lunatic Hospital and Asylums at Worcester (p. 61), Danvers (Mass.), Westborough (Mass.), and Tewksbury (Mass.). Ohio Asylums for the Insane at Columbus (p. 264), Toledo (p. 269), and Cleveland (p. 267). Hospital for the Insane in Philadelphia (p. 220). - Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, at Kankakee (p. 302). Hospital for Dipsomaniacs and Inebriates at Foxborough (Mass.), opened in 1893. Institutions for the Blind. Perkins Institution for the Blind, Boston (p. 82). Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind, Jacksonville (p. 400). New York Institutions for the Blind, at New York (p. 40) and Batavia (p. 192). Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, Philadelphia (p. 210). Ohio Institution for the Education of the Blind, Columbus (p. 264).

Institutions for the Deaf. The most important of these are at Northampton (p. 142), Flint (Mich.), New York City (p. 38), Columbus (p. 264), Indianapolis (p. 303), Jacksonville (p. 400), Hartford (p. 59), Philadelphia (p. 218), Knoxville (p. 341), and Delavan (Wis.).

Reformatories for Youth. Among the largest of these are the institutions at West Meriden (Conn.), Plainfield (p. 209), Baltimore (p. 244), Carroll (Md.), Westborough (Mass.; for boys), Lancaster (Mass.; for girls), Lansing (p. 273), Jamesburg (N. J.), Randall's Island (p. 50), Rochester (ps 191), Westchester (N.Y.), Lancaster (Ohio), Cincinnati (p. 307), Philadelphia (p. 210), Morganza (Pa.), Providence (p. 64), and Waukesha (p. 288).

c. Industrial Establishments.

I. METALLIC INDUSTRIES AND MACHINERY. Homestead and Braddock Steel Works, near Pittsburg (see p. 242); Pennsylvania Steel Co., at Steelton (p. 232) and Sparrow's Point (p. 246); Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown (p. 234); Illinois Steel Co., Chicago (p. 282); iron and steel works at Cleveland (p. 267), Buffalo (p. 192), Wilmington (p. 244), Bethlehem (p. 226), and Birmingham (p. 343); agricultural machinery at Chicago (p. 282; McCormick), Louisville (p. 315, Avery), Columbus (p. 264), Akron (p. 278), Springfield (p. 306), Canton (p. 263), and Hoosick Falls (p. 135); sewing machines at Bridgeport (p. 57) and Elizabeth (p. 208); silver and plated goods at Providence (p. 64), New York (p. 6; Whiting Co.), Meriden (Conn.), Taunton (p. 72), and Attleborough (p. 65); bicycles at Hartford (p. 59); stoves at Troy (p. 145) and Buffalo (p. 192); wire at Worcester (p. 60); safes at Cincinnati (p. 307); smelting works at Denver (p. 406); locomotives, at Philadelphia (Baldwin's; p. 217) and Altoona (p. 234). II. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. Cotton at Manchester (p. 116), Lawrence (p. 95), Fall River (p. 72), Chicopee (p. 142), Baltimore (p. 244; cotton-duck), Charleston (p. 347), and Augusta (p. 350); woollens at Lawrence (p. 95), Lowell (p. 116), and Providence (p. 64); linen at Willimantic (p. 62); carpets at Philadelphia (p. 210) and Lowell (p. 116); silk at South Manchester (Conn.) and Paterson (p. 196). III. FOOD PRODUCTS. Flour at Minneapolis (p. 293) and St. Louis (p. 311); malt liquors at St. Louis (p. 312), Milwaukee (p. 276), and Rochester (p. 191); wine at St. Louis (p. 311), Charlottesville (p. 304), and in California (comp. p. 434); meat packing at Chicago (p. 286), Kansas City (p. 400), and Omaha (p. 388); sugar at Brooklyn (p. 52) and Philadelphia (p. 219). - IV. GLASS AND POTTERY. Trenton (p. 209); Elwood (Ind.); Findlay (Ohio); Pittsburg (see pp. 241, 242). -V. CARRIAGES. Columbus (p. 264); South Bend (p. 270; Studebaker); Concord (p. 116); Cincinnati (p. 307); New York (p. 6; Cunningham). VI. RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK. Pullman (p. 286); Buffalo (p. 194; Wagner); Dayton (p. 306); Philadelphia (locomotives; p. 217); Altoona (p. 234). VII. SHIPS. Philadelphia (p. 219); Chester (p. 244); Wilmington (p. 249); San Francisco (p. 228); Cleveland (p. 267);