of Rhode Island, is a much - frequented summer-resort (mean summer temp. 73°). It is also reached by steamer from New York direct and from Providence and Newport (comp. p. 68).

Beyond Stonington the train turns inland and enters Rhode Island, the smallest state in the Union ('Little Rhody'; 50 M. by 40 M.), but first in the proportion of manufactures to population. We cross the Pawcatuck and reach (142 M.) Westerly (Dixon Ho.), whence steamers ply to Watch Hill (see above). Between (153 M.) Carolina and Kingston the train passes through the famous Cedar Swamp (Narragansett Fort), where King Philip and his Indians were almost annihilated in Dec., 1675. 159 M. Kingston, the junction of a line to (9 M.) Narragansett Pier.

Narragansett Pier (Gladstone, Rockingham, $4-6; Matthewson, Continental, $4-5; Tower Hill, on Narragansett Heights, $3; Atlantic, Berwick, Massasoit, $3-4; Arlington, $3, and many others; also Lodging and Boarding Houses), second only to Newport among the Rhode Island seaside-resorts, has a splendid beach and good opportunities for boating, fishing, and driving. Good views are obtained from Narragansett Heights (200 ft.) and the top of Hazard's Castle (165 ft.). Among the other attractions is a large Casino. The rocks are fine both in form and colour. Point Judith (p. 67) lies 5 M. to the S., and at Hammond's Mills, 7 M. to the N., is the house in which Gilbert Stuart (p. lxxxiii) was born in 1755. Commodore Perry (17851819; p. 268) was a native of Narragansett. Steamers ply daily to Newport (p. 68) and Providence (see below).

166 M. Wickford Junction, for (3 M.) Wickford, whence steamers ply daily to Newport (comp. p. 68).

186 M. Providence. Hotels: NARRAGANSETT, Cor. Broad St. and Dorrance St., $35; DORRANCE, Westminster St., R. from $1; CENTRAL, R. from 50 c. - Tramways through the chief streets. Steamers to New York, Newport, Mount Hope, Block Island, etc.

Providence, one of the capitals of Rhode Island and the second city in New England, with (1890) 132,146 inhab., is pleasantly situated on Providence River (the N. arm of Narragansett Bay), at the influx of the Seekonk River.

Providence was founded by Roger Williams in 1636, after his expulsion from Massachusetts. It carries on important manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, steam-engine s(Corliss Co.), silver-plate (Gorham Co.), iron, etc. (total value, in 1890, $73,000,000 or 14,600,0007).

Near the Union Railway Station, in the centre of the town, stands the handsome City Hall, with a medallion of Roger Williams on the façade ("View from the tower). In front is a Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument, and facing this, at the other end of Exchange Place, is a Statue of General Burnside (1824-81). Westminster Street, the chief business-thoroughfare, runs hence towards the S.W., and from it an Arcade, 225 ft. long, leads to the left to Weybossett St. Among the other prominent buildings are the Post Office, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, and the Rhode Island Hospital. The most interesting part of the town, however, lies on the E. side of the Providence River, reached by a bridge near the Union Depot. Just beyond the bridge, at the corner of College St. and Benefit St., is the County Court House, next to which is the Athenaeum, containing a library of 50,000 vols. and some

interesting portraits (one by Sir Joshua Reynolds) and a small painting on ivory by Malbone ('The Hours').

About 1/4 M. up the hill (cable-car on College St.) are the buildings of BROWN UNIVERSITY, founded in 1764, in a campus shaded with fine old elms (250-300 students). University Hall, the oldest part, dates from 1770. Some of the new buildings are handsome. The Ladd Observatory stands on Tip-Top Hill. To the N., at the corner of Waterman St. and Prospect St., is the University Library (72,000 vols.), and next to it is the hall of the Rhode Island Historical Society, with interesting relics. Prospect Hill Terrace, near the University, commands a fine *View of Providence. Among the interesting old buildings in Providence are the Friends' Meeting House (1759); the Ives House, at the corner of Brown St. and Power St., near the University, with an interesting portico; the Tillinghast House (1710); the Hopkins House (1750); the old John Brown House, Power St., cor. of Benefit St., a fine example of its date (1786); the Whipple House, in Abbott St. (ca. 1660); and the Betsy Williams House (1775), in the Roger Williams Park.

At the S. end of the town is the Roger Williams Park, containing a statue of Roger Williams (1559-1683). On the Seekonk River, near the E. end of Power St., enclosed by a railing, is the What Cheer Rock, the first landing-place of Roger Williams.

Among the pleasant points in the environs of Providence are Cranston, 4 M. to the W., with the Narragansett Trotting Park; Mount Hope, seat of King Philip, near (7 M.) Bristol, on the E. shore of Narragansett Pay; Hunt's Mill (3 M.); Pawtucket, Silver Spring (clam-bakes), Rocky Point (clambakes), and other places on Narragansett Bay. The sail down *Narragansett Bay to Newport (there and back 75c.) is very attractive (comp. p. 72). FROM PROVIDENCE TO WORCESTER, 4312 M., railway in 1/4-1/4 hr. This line ascends the pretty industrial valley of the Blackstone. At (7 M.) Lonsdale are the grave and monument of William Blaxton (see p. 75; to the right). 16 M. Woonsocket (pop. 20,830). 432 M. Worcester, see p. 60.

From Providence to Boston we follow the tracks of the Old Colony R.R. 191 M. Pawtucket, a city with 27,633 inhab. and large thread and other mills, was the place where cotton-manufacturing was introduced into the United States by Samuel Slater in 1790. The Slater Mill is still standing. 199 M. Attleboro, in Massachusetts, with manufactories of plate and jewellery; 2161/2 M. Canton Junction (p. 72). The train approaches Boston (Park Square Station) through the suburbs of Hyde Park and Roxbury. 231 M. Boston, see R. 5.

d. Viâ Long Island and Eastern States Line.

253 M. This new route, opened in 1891, starts from Flatbush Avenue Station, Brooklyn, crosses Long Island Sound by steamer, and runs from Hartford along the N. Y. & N. E. R. R. (fares as above). Flatbush Ave. Station is reached from New York viâ the Bridge and Brooklyn Fifth Ave. Elevated R. R., or Flatbush Ave. tramway, or by tramway from South, Wall, Fulton, and Catherine ferries, and from Pennsylvania R. R. Annex. Brooklyn, see p. 52. At (19 M.) Mineola the line turns to the

BAEDEKER's United States.

5

N. At (34 M.) Oyster Bay, a favourite summer-resort, the train is run bodily on board the large transfer-steamer and is ferried across Long Island Sound (see below) to (48 M.) Wilson's Point in about 3/4-1 hr. The next section of the journey, as far as (79 M.) Hawleyville (p. 62), is over the tracks of the Housatonic R. R., passing (51 M.) South Norwalk, (53 M.) Norwalk, and (72 M.) Bethel. The route from Hawleyville to (136 M.) Hartford is described at p. 62, that from Hartford to (253 M.) Boston in R. 4a.

e. By Steamboat.

1. STEAMBOAT to Newport and Fall River in 10-11 hrs. (Pier 28, foot of Murray St.); RAILWAY thence to Boston in 1/3 hr. (through-fare $4; state-room $1-2).

2. STEAMBOAT to Stonington in 8-10 hrs. (Pier 36, N. River) and RAILWAY thence to Boston in 23/4-33/4 hrs. (fares as above). Passengers need not leave their state-rooms at Stonington till 7 a.m.

3. STEAMBOAT of 'Norwich Line' to New London in 10-12 hrs. (Pier 40, N. River) and RAILWAY thence to Boston in 4-5 hrs. (fares as above). 4. STEAMBOAT to Providence in 10-12 hrs. (Pier 29, Ñ. River; in summer only) and RAILWAY thence to Boston in 11/4 hr. (fares as above).

The steamers on all these lines are well fitted up and contain good restaurants, etc.; those of the Fall River Line ('Plymouth', 'Puritan', 'Pilgrim', and 'Providence') are especially large and luxurious (comp. p. 7). All run at night, leaving New York about 5 or 6 p.m., and all proceed through Long Island Sound, so that one general description suffices. Each line runs directly to its terminus, without intermediate stoppages. Cabin-berths are included in the fares on all night-steamers, but state-rooms are extra. Fares are reduced 25 per cent. in winter. The trains in connection are timed to reach Boston about 7-8 a.m. The hours in the reverse direction are similar.

The steamers of all the lines start in the North River (p. 23) and proceed round the Battery (p. 25), affording fine views of the city and harbour. To the right lie Ellis, Liberty, and Governor's Islands (p. 3). Passing the last, we bend to the N., enter the East River (p. 23), and pass under the stupendous "Brooklyn Bridge (p. 30), which is seen to great advantage from the steamer's deck. Beyond the bridge, to the right, opens Wallabout Bay, with the U. S. Navy Yard (p. 54). On both sides are wharves crowded with shipping. Farther up we pass between Blackwell's Island (p. 50) and Long Island City (p. 55), and then thread Hell Gate (p. 50), with Ward's Island and Randall's Island (p. 50) to the left.

We now leave the East River and enter Long Island Sound, which extends for a distance of 115 M. between Long Island (see p. 55) on the right and the coasts of New York and Connecticut on the left. Its width varies from 3 M. to 30 M. As we enter the Sound we pass Berrian's Island, the Brothers, and Riker's Island. To the right is Flushing Bay, with the town of Flushing (p. 57). The steamer threads a narrow channel, passes Throgg's Neck (with Fort Schuyler; to the left), and enters a wider part of the Sound. Little Neck Bay, to the right, is famous for its clams. Among the islands which conceal the mainland-coast here are City Island, Hart's Island (with the paupers' cemetery of New York), aud Hunter's Island.

Glen Island, near New Rochelle (p. 57), is a favourite picnic-resort (see p. 22). On Sand's Point, to the right, is a lighthouse (revolving white light). Among the chief points on the mainland farther on are Greenwich (p. 57), Norwalk (p. 57), Bridgeport (p. 57), New Haven (p. 58), and Saybrook (p. 62), at the mouth of the Connecticut River. The lights passed are Captain's Island (fixed white), Stratford Lightship (flash white), Falkner's Island (revolving white), and Cornfield Lightship (fixed red), to the left; and Eaton's Neck (fixed white), Plum Island (revolving white), and Little Gull Island (fixed white) to the right. We are here about 7 hrs. out from New York. The NORWICH STEAMER now heads for shore, enters the Thames, and stops at New London (p. 63), where passengers disembark and proceed by train to Boston (see below).

FROM NEW LONDON TO BOSTON, 108 M., railway in 4-5 hrs. The train follows the bank of the Thames (view to the right). 8 M. Allyn's Point.

13 M. Norwich (Wauregan Ho., $2-21/2; Union Square; Buckingham), an attractive manufacturing city with 16,156 inhab., pleasantly situated between the Yantic and Shetucket, which here unite to form the Thames. Among its chief buildings are the Court House, the Free Academy, and St. Patrick's Cathedral. The old Indian Cemetery, in Sachem St., has been the burialground of the Mohicans or Mohégans from time immemorial, and contains an obelisk to their famous chief Uncas (d. 1683). On Sachem's Plain, near Greenville (13/4-2 M. from Norwich), another monument marks the spot where Uncas captured and executed Miantonomoh, Sachem of the Narragansetts (1643). About 5 M. to the S. of Norwich is Mohegan, with a handful of half-breeds who represent the 'last of the Mohicans'. Steamers run from Norwich to New York (twice weekly), Watch Hill (p. 63), Block Island (p. 63), Fisher's Island, and other points.

At Norwich our line diverges to the right from the New London and Northern R. R., which runs to Brattleboro, etc. (comp. p. 63). 141/2 M. Greenville (see above). At (29 M.) Plainville we intersect the Providence division of the N. Y. & N. E. R. R. About 4 M. to the W. of (38 M.) Danielsonville is Brooklyn, the home of General Israel Putnam (see p. 91). At (47 M.) Putnam (p. 62) we join the main line of the N. Y. & N. E. R. R. Hence to (108 M.) Boston, see R. 4b.

The STONINGTON STEAMER passes the mouth of the Thames, runs inside Fisher's Island, and reaches its landing-place at Stonington (see p. 63), while the NEWPORT and PROVIDENCE STEAMERS keep on their course outside of Fisher's Island.

From Stonington to Boston (95 M., in 23/4-33/4 hrs.), see R. 4c.

We now pass out of Long Island Sound, Montauk Point (p. 57) lying nearly due S. of us. On a point to the left, beyond Fisher's Island, is Watch Hill (p. 63; fixed white light), while Block Island (p. 63; light) lies off to the right as we begin to bend towards the N. The revolving white light of Point Judith, 5 M. to the S. of Narragansett Pier (p. 63), next shows ahead, to the left; and in rounding this headland, if anywhere, we may experience a little rough weather. Passing Narragansett Pier (p. 64; left), we keep to the right of the Beaver Tail Light (fixed white), on Conanicut Island (p. 71), steer between Goat Island (with Fort Wolcott; left) and the mainland (Fort Adams; right), and enter Newport harbour.

Newport.

Hotels. OCEAN HOUSE, Bellevue Ave., from $4, omn. 50 c., closes Oct. 1st; CLIFFS HOTEL, with view of the sea; AQUIDNECK HOUSE, Pelham St., $4; CLIFTON, $3; PERRY HOUSE, Washington Sq., commercial, $3. Few of the hotels of Newport compare favourably with those of other large watering-places, as the fashionable visitors reside almost entirely in the so-called "Cottages'. There are numerous Boarding-Houses (Pelham St., Church St., etc.) from $10 per week upwards.

Electric Tramways run from Commercial Wharf and Broadway to Easton's Beach (5 c.), passing near Washington Sq.; also to Morton Park and Middletown. Public Brakes run from Washington Sq. (also from rail. stat. and wharves) along Bellevue Ave. to Bailey's Beach (10 c.); also from Bailey's Beach round the Ocean Drive (50 c. each). Hack (bargaining advisable) about $1 per hr.; round the Ocean Drive (1-4 pers.) $3; from the wharf or station to the hotels 50 c. (1-2 pers.). Hotel Omnibus 50 c.

Bathing. The use of bathing-cabin and costume at First or Easton's Beach costs 25 c. Full costume obligatory when white flag up. The popular hour is 11-12. Beach reserved for gentlemen, 1-3 p.m. (red flag; demi-costume). Boats may be hired at Kinsley's, Long, and Spring Wharves. Newport is a favourite port for Yachts and Yacht Racing.

Steamboats ply frequently to Block Island, Conanicut Island, Narragansett Pier, Providence, Wickford, etc., starting from the Commercial Wharf. The New York steamer starts at the Old Colony Wharf.

Railway Station (for Boston, etc.), West Marlborough St., below Washington Sq. Another route to Boston (and also to New York) is by steamer to Wickford and thence by rail viâ Wickford Junction and the Shore Line (comp. p. 64).

Casino, Bellevue Ave. Concerts 11 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. (50 c.), and on Sun. 8-10 p.m. (25 c.); music and dancing on Mon. & Frid., 9.30 p m. to 11.30 p.m. ($1); adm. at other times 25 c.

Principal Attractions. Those who have but one day to spend at Newport should make their way to the First Beach (p. 69), via Touro Park and the Old Mill (p. 69); walk hence by the Cliff Walk (p. 70) to Bailey's Beach (p. 71); and then take the Ocean or Ten Mile Drive (p. 71). Other interesting points are Purgatory (p. 70), the Hanging Rocks (p. 70), and Second Beach (p. 70).

Newport, the undisputed 'Queen of American seaside-resorts', occupies a low plateau near the S.W. extremity of Rhode Island (see p. 71), rising from a fine harbour which opens on the E. side of Narragansett Bay. It is one of the two capitals of the State of Rhode Island (comp. p. 64) and contains (1890) 19,457 inhabitants. This population is, however, very largely increased in summer (June-Sept.), when visitors flock to the town from all parts of the United States, taking up their abode for the most part in the luxurious country-houses and private villas known here as 'Cottages'. The older part of the town adjoins the harbour, but the new and fashionable quarters lie higher up and farther back, extending across to the ocean side of the narrow island.

The chief reason of Newport's popularity is said to be its balmy and equable climate, but the natural beauty of its cliffs and surroundings would alone justify its reputation. The fashionable people of the whole N.E. part of the United States spend the early months of summer here as regularly as they pass the later amid the Berkshire Hills (p. 136).

Newport was settled in 1639 by William Coddington and other dissenters from the Puritan church of Massachusetts, and a century later had about 5000 inhabitants. In 1770 Newport was surpassed by Boston only in the extent of its trade, which was considerably greater than that of New York. It suffered greatly during the Revolution, however, and never recovered its commercial importance, so that in 1870 its population was