jacent is a bronze Bust of Wm. Gilmore Simms (d. 1870). To the E. extends the Battery (Pl. B, 2, 3), a broad esplanade, 500 yds. long, affording a good view of the harbour and its forts.

On the island opposite the battery is Castle Pinckney and farther out is Fort Ripley, while Forts Moultrie and Johnston stand opposite each other on Sullivan's Island (left) and James Island (right). Fort Sumter occupies a small island in the middle of the entrance to the harbour. The first shot in the Civil War was fired by the Citadel cadets (see below), from a battery thrown up on Morris Island, against a vessel trying to take reinforcements to the Union troops in Fort Sumter (Jan. 9th, 1861). On April 12th Fort Moultrie and the other batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter, which had been occupied by Major Anderson with a small body of Union troops, and its flag was hauled down on the following day. In 1863 the Federal fleet invested the harbour and began a bombardment of the forts and the city, which lasted, with scarcely an intermission, till the final evacuation of Charleston in 1865. Morris Island had to be abandoned, but Forts Sumter and Moultrie defended themselves successfully against all attacks. Steamer to Fort Sumter, etc., see p. 350.

We now return along EAST BAY (Pl. B, 1, 2), passing the old Post Office, to the new Custom House (Pl. 6), built of white marble (view of harbour from back). A visit may also be paid to one of the Cotton Compresses (no smoking) in this locality.

We may now return to Meeting St. and take the tramway to MARION OF CITADEL SQUARE (Pl. 7; B, 1), adorned with a statue of John C. Calhoun (1782-1850), the famous S. Carolina statesman. On the N. side of the square is the large South Carolina Military Academy, usually known as the Citadel, the cadets of which took a prominent share in the Civil War (see above).

Charleston prides itself, with some reason, on its charitable institutions. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Orphan House (Pl. 8; B, 1), founded in 1792 and said to be the oldest American institution of the kind. The Enston Home, in King St., consists of a group of 40 cottages, with a church.

Other important buildings are the College of Charleston (Pl. 9; B, 2), founded in 1788; St. Philip's Church (Pl. 10; B, 2), Church St., with Calhoun's grave in the churchyard (on the other side of the street); St. Finbar's Cathedral (Pl. 11; R. C.), rebuilt in 1890; the old Huguenot Church (Pl. 12; liturgy translated from the French); the Medical College (PÌ. 13); and the Roper Hospital (Pl. 14).

To the N. of the city, 3 M. from the City Hall (tramway 10 c.; carr. there and back $5), lies Magnolia Cemetery, which should be visited for its fine live-oaks (draped with 'Spanish moss), azaleas, magnolias, camelias, almond-trees, etc. (best in May or June). The boughs of one of the live-oaks have a spread of 100 ft., and the trunk of another is 17-18 ft. in girth.

No one in the season (Mar.-May) should omit to visit the (15 M.) **Gardens of Magnolia, on the Ashley (train at 10 a.m., returning at 1.15 p.m.), the chief glory of which is the gorgeous display of the azalea bushes, which are sometimes 15-20 ft. high and present huge masses of vivid and unbroken colouring. The live-oaks, magnolias, and japonicas are also very fine.

The Church of St. James's Goosecreek, an interesting relic of 1711, lies in the heart of a forest 1 M. from (15 M.) Otranto Station. Otranto was the residence of Dr. Garden, after whom Linnæus named the gardenia.

Near the church is a farm known as The Oaks, from a magnificent * Avenue of Oaks (200 years old) which leads to it.

Excursions may be made to Mt. Pleasant and Moultrieville (Pl. F, 3; New Brighton Hotel, $ 3-4), Sullivan's Island, near Fort Moultrie (p. 349), and to (22 M.) Summerville (p. 347). Osceola (p. 258) died as a captive at Fort Moultrie.

74. From Richmond to Savannah.

a. Viâ Charleston.

518 M. RAILWAY (Atlantic Coast Line) in 15 hrs. ($ 15.50; sleeper $4). From Richmond to (403 M.) Charleston, see R. 72a. The line (Charleston & Savannah R. R.) turns to the left (S.) at (410 M.) Ashley Junction (p. 346) and traverses a marshy district, with forests of moss-draped cypress and oak. Several muddy rivers are crossed. At (464 M.) Yemassee we intersect the railway from Augusta (p. 336) to Beaufort and Port Royal.

Beaufort (Sea Island Ho., $21/2-3; Hotel Albemarle), on St. Helena Island, is a fashionable Southern resort, with a fine shell-road and promenade. Port Royal, with one of the finest harbours on the coast, was the first landing-place of the Charleston settlers (see p. 348).

We cross the wide and slow Savannah before reaching (504 M.) Monteith, and beyond it we cross the line from Augusta (p. 347). 518 M. Savannah, see p. 351.

b. Via Columbia and Augusta.

605 M. RICHMOND & DANVILLE R. R. in 22 hrs. (fares as above). From Richmond to (389 M.) Columbia, see R. 72b. Beyond Columbia the train runs to the W. through a flat, wooded region. 447 M. Trenton. 460 M. Graniteville is the junction of the S. Carolina R. R. to Charleston (p. 347).

On this railway, 6 M. from Graniteville, lies Aiken (560 ft.; Highland Park, $4/2; Park Avenue, $3; Park Annex, $21/2), a popular winter-resort, much resorted to by consumptive and rheumatic patients and others. It lies in the 'sand hill' or 'pine barren' district of S. Carolina, and is surrounded by vast forests of fragrant pines, growing in a soil of white sand. The gardens of the town, thanks to careful cultivation and a liberal use of fertilizers, are full of jessamine, orange-trees, and other S. plants. The air is dry and balmy. The mean temperature of winter is 50° Fahr., of spring 57°, of autumn 64°.

Farther on the train crosses the Savannah and enters Georgia.

473 M. Augusta (180 ft.; *Bon Air Hotel, at Summerville, see p. 351, $4-5; Arlington, $21/2-4; Planters, $21/2), the third city of Georgia (33,300 inhab.), pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Savannah, at the head of navigation, and connected by a bridge with Hamburg (S. C.) on the left bank. It carries on a large trade in cotton (200,000 bales yearly), and its cotton-mills, run by a system of Water-power Canals, produce more unbleached cotton goods than any other city in America (value of manufactures in 1890,$9,334,360). The main canal, bringing water from the Savannah, is 7 M. long, 150 ft. wide, and 14 ft. deep; it is owned by the city, and its revenues pay nearly the whole interest on the municipal debt. Broad Street,

120 ft. wide and paved with asphalt, is one of the handsomest business-thoroughfares in America; *Green Street, with a fine double avenue of trees, is the most beautiful residence-street. In Broad St. is a handsome Confederate War Monument. Among the chief buildings are the City Hall and the Exchange. In 1892 a movement was started to erect a statue of Eli Whitney, who invented and perfected the cotton-gin in Georgia, in 1792.

On the hills 3 M. to the W. of Augusta (electric tramway) lies Summerville (2276 inhab.), with a U. S. Arsenal and the Bon Air Hotel (see p. 350). Schultz's Hill, at Hamburg (see p. 350), and the Fair Grounds are favourite resorts.

Beyond Augusta the train runs to the S., soon leaving the river. At (526 M.) Millen (160 ft.) the railway forks, the right branch leading to Macon (p. 342). The left branch runs near the left bank of the Ogeechee. At (593 M.) Bloomingdale it turns to the left (S.E.) and soon reaches (605 M.) Savannah.

Savannah. Hotels. *De Soto (Pl. a; B, 3), Madison Sq., a large and handsome house, $ 3-5; Pulaski (Pl. b; B, 1), Screven (Pl. c; B, 2), Johnson Sq., $3-4; Marshall (Pl. d; C, 2), Broughton St., R. from $1; Harnett (Pl e; B, 1), Market Sq., $2-21/2.

Railway Stations. Savannah, Florida, & Western, and Charleston & Savannah R. R. (Atlantic Coast Line), cor. E. Broad and Liberty Sts. (Pl. D, 3); Central R. R. of Georgia, cor. W. Broad and Liberty Sts. (Pl. A, 3). Stations of suburban lines, see p. 352. Tramways traverse the chief streets (5c.). Steamers ply from the wharves on the Savannah, N. side of the city, to New York (55-60 hrs.; $20), Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, Florida, etc.

POST OFFICE (Pl. C, 1), Bay & Drayton Sts.

SAVANNAH THEATRE (Pl.

B, C, 3), Chippewa Sq. (the oldest theatre in the United States; 1818). BRITISH VICE-CONSUL, Mr. Walter Robertson, 891/2 Bay St.

Savannah ('Forest City'), the second city and chief commercial centre of Georgia, lies on the S. bank of the river of the same name, on a bluff 40 ft. above the level of the river and 18 M. from its mouth. It is well built and regularly laid out, and the beautiful semi-tropical vegetation of its numerous parks and squares makes a very pleasing impression. Bay Street is the chief thoroughfare for wholesale business, while Congress Street and Broughton Street contain the best shops. Bull Street is the most fashionable promenade. Pop. (1890) 43,189.

Savannah was settled in 1733 by Gen. Oglethorpe, the founder of the youngest of the 13 original states, and owes much of its present beauty to the foresight of the plan he laid out. His object was to provide an asylum for the poor of England and the Protestants of all nations. John and Charles Wesley visited the settlement in 1736, and George Whitefield reached it in 1737. In the early troubles between the British and Spanish colonists Oglethorpe and his settlers played a prominent part, penetrating to the walls of St. Augustine (p. 357). In 1778 Savannah was captured by the British, who repulsed a Franco-American attempt to retake it the following year. The port of Savannah was closed to commerce by the Federal fleet from 1861 to 1865, and Sherman occupied the city in Dec.. 1864, at the end of his triumphant 'March through Georgia' (comp. p. 336). Since the war its progress has been rapid. Savannah contained 5195 inhab. in 1810; 15,312 in 1850; and 30,681 in 1830. — The first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean started from Savannah in 1819.

Savannah's export-trade is very extensive, the chief articles being cotton (second to New Orleans alone), timber, rice, and naval stores. Its man